Introduction to Boolean Algebra and
Logic Circuits
Dr Adarsh Rag S
Department of ECE
Contact: 8951172344
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 1
Topics to be covered
▪ Boolean Algebra and Logic Circuits:
Binary numbers, Number Base Conversion, octal & Hexa Decimal
Numbers, Complements, Basic definitions, Axiomatic Definition of
Boolean Algebra, Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra,
Boolean Functions, Canonical and Standard Forms, Other Logic
Operations, Digital Logic Gates (Text 2: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,2.1, 2.2, 2.3,
2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7).
▪ Combinational logic: Introduction, Design procedure, Adders-
Half adder, Full adder (Text 2:4.1,4.2, 4.3)
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 2
Number Systems
Decimal
Hexa- Number Binary
decimal System
Octal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 3
Number Systems
▪ Decimal Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 10. Available
symbols to represent numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
▪ Binary Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 2. Available
symbols to represent numbers are 0,1
▪ Octal Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 8. Available
symbols to represent numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
▪ Hexa-Decimal Number System: Base/Radix is equal to 16.
Available symbols to represent numbers are
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 4
Number Conversion
Decimal
Binary
Octal
Hexa-
decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 5
Number Conversion
Absolute
▪ Decimal to Binary Fraction
value value
conversion conversion
MSD ( Most Significant Digit ) is same as MSB ( Most Significant Bit )
LSD ( Least Significant Digit ) is same as LSB ( Least Significant Bit )
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 6
Number Conversion
Absolute
▪ Decimal to Octal Fraction
value value
conversion conversion
MSD ( Most Significant Digit ) is same as MSB ( Most Significant Bit )
LSD ( Least Significant Digit ) is same as LSB ( Least Significant Bit )
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 7
Number Conversion
Absolute ▪ Decimal to Hexa-decimal Fraction
value value
conversion conversion
MSD ( Most Significant Digit ) is same as MSB ( Most Significant Bit )
LSD ( Least Significant Digit ) is same as LSB ( Least Significant Bit )
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 8
Number Conversion
Binary
Octal
Hexa-
decimal
Decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 9
Number Conversion
Binary to Decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 10
Number Conversion
Octal to Decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 11
Number Conversion
Hexa-decimal to Decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 12
Number Conversion
Multiply with place value and ADD
Hexa-
Binary Octal Decimal
decimal
LSB MSB
Integer Decimal
MSB
LSB
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 13
Number Conversion
Binary
Octal
Decimal
Hexa-
decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 14
Number Conversion
Binary to Octal Octal to Binary
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 15
Number Conversion
Binary
Octal
Decimal
Hexa-
decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 16
Number Conversion
Binary to Hexadecimal Hexadecimal to Binary
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 17
Number Conversion
Octal
Binary
Decimal
Hexa-
decimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 18
Number Conversion
Octal to Hexadecimal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 19
Number Conversion
Hexadecimal to Octal
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 20
Exercise for Students- Cross verify the below table
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 21
Binary Operations
Binary
Numbers
Signed Unsigned
Sign
1’s 2’s
Magnitude
Complement Complement
Form
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 22
Binary Operations
• Binary Addition
a. 1’s Complement Method
• Binary Subtraction
b. 2’s Complement Method
• Binary Multiplication
• Binary Division
Binary Addition
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 23
Binary Operations
Binary Addition
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 24
Binary Operations
Binary Addition
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 25
Binary Operations
Binary Addition
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 26
Binary Operations
Binary Addition
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 27
Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 28
Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 29
Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 30
Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 31
Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 32
Binary Operations
Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 33
Binary Operations: Summary
Binary Subtraction – 1’s Complement method rules with examples
Binary Subtraction – 2’s Complement method rules with examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 34
Complements
Complements
Diminished Radix
Radix
(r-1)’s
r’s complement
complement
Base: r
Base (r) r’s complement (r-1)’s complement
2 2’s complement 1’s complement
10 10’s complement 9’s complement
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 35
Diminished Radix Complements
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 36
Diminished Radix Complements
Number: N
Base: r
Having: n digits
𝑟 − 1 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑟 𝑛 − 1 − N
Base (r) r-1 (r-1)’s complement
2𝑛 − 1 − N
2 1 2𝑛 : 1 followed by n 0’s
2𝑛 − 1: n 1’s
Base (r) r-1 (r-1)’s complement
10𝑛 − 1 − N
10 9 10𝑛 : 1 followed by n 0’s
10𝑛 − 1: n 9’s
𝑟 − 1 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 of octal or hexadecimal number: subtract each number from
7 or F(15) respectively
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 37
Radix Complements
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 38
Radix Complements
Number: N
Base: r
Having: n digits
𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑟 𝑛 − N
= 𝑟𝑛 − 1 − N + 1
𝑟 − 1′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 1
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 39
Examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 40
Examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 41
Examples
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 42
Axioms of Boolean Algebra
Axiom
The sets of logical expressions are known as Axioms or postulates of
Boolean Algebra. An axiom is nothing more than the definition of three
basic logic operations (AND, OR, and NOT).
▪ +denotes the Logical OR operation
▪ . denotes the Logical AND operation
▪ ! denotes the Logical NOT operation
▪ 0 and 1 denotes the Logical False and True respectively
▪ 0+1 = 1
▪ 0.0 = 0
▪ 1+0 = 1
▪ 0.1 = 0
▪ 1+1 = 1
▪ 1.0 = 0
▪ !0=1
▪ 1.1 = 1
▪ !1=0
▪ 0+0 = 0
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 43
Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 44
Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 45
Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 46
Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 47
Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 48
Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 49
Complement of a function
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 50
Complement of a function
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 51
Complement of a function
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 52
Boolean functions
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 53
Boolean functions
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 54
Algebraic Manipulation
▪ Boolean function: each literal is the input to a gate and each term is
implemented with a gate
▪ Literal minimisation
▪ No specific rules
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 55
Canonical and Standard forms
Minterms and Maxterms
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 56
Canonical and Standard forms
Any Boolean function can be expressed as sum of minterms; sum = OR
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 57
Canonical and Standard forms
▪ Any Boolean function can be expressed as product of maxterms;
product = AND
▪ Boolean function expressed as product of maxterms or sum of
minterms is said to be in canonical form
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 58
Sum of Minterms
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 59
Sum of Minterms
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 60
Other Logic Operations
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 61
Other Logic Operations
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 62
Digital Logic Gates
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 63
Digital Logic Gates
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 64
Extension to multiple inputs
A gate can be extended to have multiple inputs if the binary
operation it represent is commutative and associative
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 65
Combinational logic: Introduction
▪ Combinational Logic Circuits are the circuits whose
output at any instant of time depends only on present
inputs.
▪ The combinational circuits are memoryless.
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 66
Design Procedure
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 67
Adders
Half adder
Adders
Full adder
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 68
Half Adder
▪ Half adder is a combinational logic circuit with two
inputs and two outputs.
▪ The half adder circuit is designed to add two single bit
binary numbers say A and B.
▪ It is the basic building block for addition of two single bit
numbers.
▪ This circuit has two outputs sum and carry.
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 69
Half Adder
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 70
Half Adder: Various implementation
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 71
Full Adder
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 72
Full Adder
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 73
Full Adder
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 74
Full Adder
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 75
Full Adder
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 76
Thank you
Basic Electronics: Module 3 Dr Adarsh Rag S 77
