Third Republic

The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. It marked the
culmination of the peaceful campaign for Philippine Independence—the two landmarks
of which were the enactment of the Jones Law in 1916 (in which the U.S. Congress
pledged independence for the Philippines once Filipinos have proven their capability for
self-government) and the Philippine Independence Act of 1934 (popularly known as
Tydings-McDuffie) which put in place a ten-year transition period during which the
Philippines had Commonwealth status. The Third Republic also marked the recognition
by the global community of nations, of the nationhood of the Philippines—a process that
began when the Commonwealth of the Philippines joined the Anti-Axis Alliance known
as the United Nations on June 14, 1942, receiving recognition as an Allied nation even
before independence.
Thus, the inauguration of the Third Republic marked the fulfillment of the long struggle
for independence that began with the Philippine Revolution on August 23, 1896 (recent
scholarship suggests, on August 24) and which was formalized on June 12, 1898, with
the Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite.
From 1946 to 1961, Independence Day was celebrated on July 4. On May 12, 1962,
President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962, which declared
June 12 as Independence Day. In 1964, Congress passed Republic Act No. 4166,
which formally designated June 12 of every year as the date on which we celebrate
Philippine independence. July 4 in turn has been observed as Republic Day since then.
President Roxas takes his oath of office during the Independence Ceremony of July 4,
1946. Administering the oath is Chief Justice Manuel Moran.
The Roxas Administration (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
President Manuel Roxas, in his first State of the Nation Address, detailed the challenges
the country was facing in the aftermath of war: A government “without financial means
to support even its basic functions,”[1] scarcity in commodities, especially of food,
hyperinflation, the “tragic destruction” [2] of a productive economy, and still-ongoing
rehabilitation among the different sectors of society.
President Manuel Roxas addressed the lawmakers of the Second Commonwealth
Congress of the Philippines during his first State of the Nation Address on June 3, 1946,
at a converted schoolhouse at Lepanto Street, Manila.
To solve the massive socio-economic problems of the period, President Roxas
reorganized the government and proposed a wide-sweeping legislative program.
Among the undertakings of the Third Republic’s initial year were: The establishment of
the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (which would be reorganized in 1958 as the
Development Bank of the Philippines); [3] the creation of the Department of Foreign Affair
and the organization of the foreign service through Executive Order No. 18; the GI Bill of
Rights for Filipino veterans; and the revision of taxation laws to increase government
revenues.[4]
President Roxas moved to strengthen sovereignty by proposing a Central Bank for the
Philippines to administer the Philippine banking system [5] which was established
by Republic Act No. 265.
In leading a “cash-starved[6] government” that needed to attend a battered nation,
President Roxas campaigned for the parity amendment to the 1935 Constitution. This
amendment, demanded by the Philippine Trade Relations Act or the Bell Trade Act,
[7]
 would give American citizens and industries the right to utilize the country’s natural
resources in return for rehabilitation support from the United States. The President, with
the approval of Congress, proposed this move to the nation through a plebiscite.
The amendment was necessary to attract rehabilitation funds and investments at a time
when public and official opinion in the United States had swung back to isolationism (the
Cold War, and a corresponding reversal in what had been heretofore a return of
isolationism, would only come a few years later). On March 11, 1947, a total of 432,933
(78.89% of the electorate) voted in favor of the parity amendment. [8] The approval of the
amendment provided the nation with $620 million [9] in war damage compensation,
through the Philippine War Damage Commission.
A major initiative arising from preliminary wartime discussions about the future security
of the Philippines was the US-Philippine Military Bases Agreement of 1947, which gave
the United States the right to retain the use of sixteen bases, free of rent, with the option
to use seven more for a term of 99 years.[10]
The Roxas administration also pioneered the foreign policy of the Republic. Vice
President Elpidio Quirino was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs. General Carlos P.
Romulo, as permanent representative [11] of the Philippines to the United Nations, helped
shape the country’s international identity in the newly established stage for international
diplomacy and relations. During the Roxas administration, the Philippines established
diplomatic ties with foreign countries and gained membership in international entities,
such as the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO),
the International Labor Organization (ILO), etc.
On April 15, 1948, following a speech before an audience of assembled airmen at Clark
Field Air Base, President Roxas died of a heart attack. Vice President Elpidio Quirino
assumed the presidency on April 17, 1948.
On April 17, 1948, Vice President Elpidio Quirino, back in Malacañan Palace, knelt and
wept unabashedly before the casket bearing the remains of Manuel Roxas. (Photo
courtesy of the National Library of the Philippines.)
The Quirino Administration (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)
President Elpidio Quirino’s goal as chief executive, as stated in his first State of the
Nation Address, revolved around strengthening the people’s confidence in the
government and the restoration of peace. To achieve these, the Chief Executive
traveled around the country to inspect firsthand the condition of the nation.
President Elpidio Quirino delivered his First State of the Nation Address on January 24,
1949.

President Quirino established the Action Committee on Social Amelioration

through Administrative Order No. 68, to efficiently promote the welfare of citizens in the
rural districts. He established the Social Security Study Commission by Executive Order
No. 150, to investigate the socio-economic problems of the working class and formulate
legislation developing social welfare. The Labor Management Advisory Board,
established by Executive Order No. 158, formulated labor policies and conducted
studies on the ways and means of preventing, minimizing, and reconciling labor
disputes. The Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration was
established by Republic Act. No. 821, assisted farmers in securing credit as well as
developing cooperative associations to efficiently market their agricultural commodities.
The Quirino administration reached out to the leaders and members of Hukbo ng Bayan
Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP) and the Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga
Magbubukid (PKM) to negotiate peace and put an end to the insurgency. In 1948,
through Proclamation No. 76, the government granted amnesty to the insurgents that
surrendered arms. The negotiation failed to persuade HUKBALAHAP leader Luis Taruc
and other rebel leaders, as they conceded to register but never disarm. From 1950 to
1953, Secretary of National Defense Ramon Magsaysay and President Quirino exerted
efforts in reforming the nation’s Armed Forces and promoting the welfare of citizens in
the rural areas through the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR) [12] and Land
Settlement and Development Corporation (LASEDECO) [13]. This resulted in a
considerable improvement in the country’s insurgency problem. There were over 25,000
armed communists in early 1950—two-thirds of which had either been captured, killed,
or voluntarily surrendered; an estimated 60,000 firearms were surrendered or captured.
[14]

President Elpidio Quirino shook hands with Huk Leader Luis Taruc upon issuing
amnesty to the rebel group on the condition that they disarm on June 21, 1948. The
negotiation will eventually collapse in August 1948. (Photo courtesy of the National
Library of the Philippines.)
The Quirino administration came to a close in the presidential elections of 1953. It was a
battle between the incumbent Liberal Party of President Elpidio Quirino against the
charismatic Nacionalista candidate Ramon Magsaysay. It was a landslide victory for
Ramon Magsaysay, who gained 2,912,992 votes or 68.9% of the electorate.
President-elect Ramon Magsaysay tries out the presidential chair, on the invitation of
President Elpidio Quirino, when Magsaysay arrived to fetch the latter on an inaugural
day. Taken on December 30, 1953. (Photo taken from Palacio de Malacañang)
The Magsaysay Administration (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)
Helping the rural masses was the focal point of the populist administration [15] of
President Ramon Magsaysay. President Magsaysay insisted on meeting and
communicating with his people. In his first Executive Order, he established the
Presidential Complaint and Action Commission, which investigated various citizen
complaints and recommended remedial actions through different government agencies.
The Commission served to boost the nation’s confidence in its government; it was seen
as a fulfillment of President Magsaysay’s promise, stated in his inaugural address, to
become a President for the people. The principles of the Magsaysay administration
were codified in the Magsaysay Credo and became the theme of leadership and public
service.
Champion of the Masses – President Ramon Magsaysay was warmly received by the
crowd during one of his Presidential visits. (Photo courtesy of the National Library of the
Philippines.)
Among the accomplishments of the Magsaysay administration were the Social Security
Law of 1954 and Republic Act No. 1161. To solve the problems of communism and
insurgency, President Magsaysay sought to protect the farmers, through the creation o f
laws such as the Agricultural Tenancy Act of the Philippines or Republic Act No. 1199; the Land
Reform Act of 1955 through Republic Act No. 1400; the formation of the Court of Agrarian
Relations through Republic Act No. 1267; and the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Administration (NARRA) through Republic Act No. 1160. The administration achieved victory
over insurgents with the surrender of Huk leader Luis Taruc in 1954.

The Agricultural Tenancy Act and the Land Reform Act of 1955 are among the laws
enacted by President Ramon Magsaysay to help protect the local farmers. (Photo
courtesy of the National Library of the Philippines.)
In the field of international diplomacy and defense, President Magsaysay, through the
Manila Pact of 1954 or the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, led the
establishment of the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO). [16]
The Laurel-Langley Agreement, signed during the Magsaysay administration, gave the
Philippines a preferential trade system [17] with the United States and other countries.
Among its provisions were the right to impose quotas on non-quota articles and the right
to impose export taxes.[18]
On March 17, 1957, President Magsaysay and 25 other passengers of the presidential
plane Mt. Pinatubo perished in a crash, at Mt. Manunggal, Cebu. Vice President Carlos
P. Garcia succeeded in the presidency on March 18, 1957.
[READ: Learn more about the death of President Ramon Magsaysay]
A nation in mourning—a huge crowd joined the funeral procession of President Ramon
Magsaysay as it passed through the streets of Manila. Our Guy and his Legacy—The
Ramon Magsaysay Award, created in 1957, is the highest prize for leadership in Asia.
The award is presented every 31st of August—the birth anniversary of President
Ramon Magsaysay. (Photo courtesy of the National Library of the Philippines.)
The Garcia Administration (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)
President Carlos P. Garcia, in his inaugural address, sought the help and support of the
masses in accomplishing the tremendous responsibilities of the presidency and in
carrying on the legacy of the Magsaysay administration. President Garcia used the
momentum of the previous administration’s campaign on social welfare and signed the
amendment of the Social Security Law through Republic Act 1792, establishing the
Social Security System on September 1, 1957. [19]
President Garcia ran for the presidential elections of 1957. It was the first time in
electoral history that there were four serious contenders for the presidency, namely:
Jose Yulo, Claro M. Recto, Manuel Manahan, and President Garcia. The incumbent
president won the elections with 41.3% of the electorate. It was the first time that a
president was elected by a plurality of candidates instead of a majority vote. It was also
the first time that the elected president and vice president did not come from the same
political party—President Garcia was a Nacionalista and Vice President Diosdado
Macapagal a Liberal.
President Carlos P. Garcia was received by the crowd during his campaign for the
Presidential Elections of 1957. (Photo courtesy of the National Library of the
Philippines)(From left to right) Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, First Lady Leonila
Dimataga-Garcia, President Carlos P. Garcia, and Mrs. Eva Macapagal during their
inauguration on December 30, 1957. (Photo courtesy of the National Library of the
Philippines)The second inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia was at the Independence
Grandstand (now Quirino Grandstand). (Photo courtesy of the National Library of the
Philippines)
The Garcia administration promoted the “Filipino First” policy, whose focal point was to
regain economic independence; a national effort by Filipinos to “obtain major and
dominant participation in their economy.” [20] The administration campaigned for the
citizens’ support in patronizing Filipino products and services and implemented import
and currency controls favorable for Filipino industries. [21] In connection with the
government’s goal of self-sufficiency was the “Austerity Program,” which President
Garcia described in his first State of the Nation Address as “more work, more thrift,
more productive investment, and more efficiency” that aimed to mobilize national
savings.[22] The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, through Republic Act No. 301,
aimed to prevent corruption, and promote honesty and public trust. Another
achievement of the Garcia administration was the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement of 1959,
which shortened the term of the lease of the US military bases in the country from the
previous 99 to 25 years.[23]
President Garcia lost to Vice President Diosdado Macapagal in the presidential race of
1961.[24]
The Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965)
President Diosdado Macapagal, during his inaugural address on December 30, 1961,
emphasized the responsibilities and goals to be attained in the “new era” that was the
Macapagal administration. He reiterated his resolve to eradicate corruption and assured
the public that honesty would prevail in his presidency. President Macapagal, too,
aimed at self-sufficiency and the promotion of every citizen’s welfare, through the
partnership of the government and private sector, and to alleviate poverty by providing
solutions for unemployment.
“To solve the immediate problems of the present” and “to build materially and spiritually
for the future” were the goals of the “New Era” of President Diosdado Macapagal.
(Photo courtesy of the National Library of the Philippines)
Among the laws passed during the Macapagal administration were: Republic Act No.
3844 or the Agricultural Land Reform Code (an act that established the Land Bank of
the Philippines)[25]; Republic Act No. 3466, which established the Emergency
Employment Administration; Republic Act No. 3518, which established the Philippine
Veterans Bank; Republic Act No. 3470, which established the National Cottage
Industries Development Authority (NACIDA) to organize, revive, and promote the
establishment of local cottage industries; and Republic Act No. 4156, which established
the Philippine National Railways (PNR) to operate the national railroad and tramways.
The administration lifted foreign exchange controls as part of the decontrol program in
an attempt to promote national economic stability and growth.
President Diosdado Macapagal signs the first leasehold contract in Plaridel, Bulacan in
front of a crowd of tenant farmers and landowners on July 4, 1964. (Photo courtesy of
National Library of the Philippines)
In the field of foreign relations, the Philippines became a founding member of
Maphilindo, through the Manila Accord of 1963. [26] The regional organization of Malay
states strove for “Asian solutions by Asian nations for Asian problems,” and aimed to
solve national and regional problems through regional diplomacy.
President Sukarno, President Macapagal, and Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman of
Malaysia signed agreements forming the MAPHILINDO on August 5, 1963, at the Juan
Luna Hall of the Department of Foreign Affairs. (Photo courtesy of National Library of
the Philippines)
The Macapagal administration closed with the presidential elections of 1965. The “Poor
boy from Lubao” was defeated by the Nacionalista candidate Ferdinand E. Marcos.
The Marcos Administration (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)
The last president of the Third Republic of the Philippines was President Ferdinand E.
Marcos. Before the events of Martial Law, the first term of the Marcos administration, as
emphasized in his inaugural address on December 30, 1965, focused on “the revival of
the greatness of the nation.”
The first inauguration of President Ferdinand Marcos was held at the Quirino
Grandstand, Manila, on December 30, 1965. (Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
President Marcos, faced with the challenge of corruption in the government,
reorganized the Armed Forces, the Philippine Constabulary, and the Bureau of Internal
Revenue. In an attempt to solve the problem of technical smuggling, the Bureau of
Customs was also reorganized. The administration, to strengthen the local economy,
devised construction programs and irrigation projects. The promotion of Philippine
heritage, culture, and arts was achieved through the establishment of the Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP) in 1969.[27]
Under the Marcos administration, the country hosted the Manila Summit in 1966. The
conference aimed to resolve the Vietnam War and sought the restoration of peace and
the promotion of economic stability and development throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
[28]

Among the laws approved by President Marcos were: Republic Act No. 5186 or the
Investments Incentives Act; Republic Act No. 4864 or the Police Act of 1966;
and Republic Act No. 5173, which established the Philippine Coast Guard.
President Marcos won his re-election bid in the 1969 presidential elections against
Liberal Party’s Sergio Osmeña Jr. President Marcos gained 5,017,343 votes or 61.47%
of the electorate to become only the second Philippine president in history to win
reelection and the first to do so in the Third Republic.
Re-election President Ferdinand Marcos during his campaign for the Presidential
Elections of 1969. (Photo courtesy of the National Library of the Philippines)
On the 30th of January 1970, to protest the violent dispersal of the student-led rally
during President Marcos’ fifth State of the Nation Address four days earlier, a
demonstration was held in front of Malacañan Palace. This event intensified into a
protracted and vicious battle between authorities and the students who tried to storm
the palace. A fire truck was rammed into one of the Palace gates; properties were
destroyed and fires were started by the rallyists. Two persons were reportedly killed and
106 were injured. The incident and the rallies thereafter became known as the First
Quarter Storm, a period of unrest marked by a series of demonstrations against the
Marcos administration.[29]
On November 27 of the same year, Blessed Pope Paul VI traveled to the Philippines,
attending to the 63.2 million Filipino Catholic faithful. It marked the first time the head of
the Catholic church visited the country. Surviving an assassination attempt upon his
arrival, the Pontiff continued his Philippine visit. He officiated the first Papal Mass in the
Far East at the Manila Cathedral, as well as an open-air mass at the Rizal Park. [ Learn
more about papal visits to the Philippines.]
Pope Paul VI with President Ferdinand E. Marcos on the balcony of the north wing of
Malacañan Palace. (Photo from Malacañan Palace: The Official Illustrated History)
As opposition to President Marcos grew significantly due to corruption in the
administration, the Liberal Party then saw an opportunity in the midterm elections of
1971. The Meeting de Avance of the Liberal Party held at Plaza Miranda on August 21,
1971, was cut short when two bombs were hurled at the opposition candidates, killing
nine people and injuring about a hundred. [30] Because of this incident, President Marcos
suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus, leading to the arrest and incarceration of twenty
people.
The Plaza Miranda bombing, alongside the increasing strength of the Communist Party
of the Philippines and its military wing, the New People’s Army, and the Marcos-staged
ambush on the convoy of Secretary of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile on the night of
September 22, 1972, was the pretext for Marcos’ declaration of Martial Law
on September 23, 1972, by Proclamation No. 1081. The said proclamation was dated
September 21, when in fact it was only put into effect on September 23.
The audience at the Plaza Miranda was caught in a panic following the 1971 blast.
(Photo courtesy of the Presidential Museum and Library)
Opponents of the administration were incarcerated; decree-making powers were
asserted by the President, and when the ongoing Constitutional Convention produced a
draft document, a series of “barangay assemblies” were held to prevent Congress from
convening as scheduled in January 1973. After claiming approval of a new Constitution,
the dictatorship ordered Congress padlocked. The “ratification” of the 1973
Constitution marked the end of the Third Republic and the beginning of the Bagong
Lipunan—the New Society as the martial law regime was called—under President
Marcos.
Senators Doy Laurel, Eva Estrada Kalaw, Ramon Mitra, Gerry Roxas, and Jovito
Salonga outside the padlocked Senate session hall. (Photo from Doy Laurel by Celia
Diaz-Laurel)
In 1981, through Proclamation No. 2045, Martial Law was lifted throughout the country
and marked the beginning of the “New,” or Fourth, Republic of the Philippines.
Bibliography
___. Blue Book of the First Year of the Republic. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1947.
Abinales, Patricio N., Amoroso, Donna J., State and Society in the
Philippines. Maryland: Rowman & Little Publishers, Inc., 2005.
Castro, Pacifico A., Diplomatic Agenda of the Philippine Presidents 1946-1985. Manila:
Foreign Service Institute, 1985.
Gleeck Jr., Lewis. The Third Philippine Republic 1946-1972. Quezon City: New Day
Publishers,1993.
Guillermo, Artemio R. Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Maryland: Scarecrow
Press, Inc., 2012.
Sagmit, Rosario S. Sagmit-Mendoza, Ma. Lourdes. The Filipino Moving Onward.
Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2007.
Leclerc, Grégoire and Hall, Charles A. S., Making World Development Work: Scientific
Alternatives to Neoclassical Economic Theory, New Mexico: University of New Mexico
Press, 2007, p. 168 – 169
Lopez, Salvador. The Judgment of History. Mandaluyong: Elpidio Quirino Foundation,
1990
McFerson, Hazel M. Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience
on Politics and Society in the Philippines. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2002.
Official Calendar of the Republic. Manila: Presidential Communications and Strategic
Planning Office, 2014.
Philippine Electoral Almanac. Manila: Presidential Communications and Strategic
Planning Office, 2013.
Shavit, David. The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary. Connecticut:
Greenwood Press, 1990.
Weatherbee, Donald E. Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations.
Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008.
Leclerc, Grégoire and Hall, Charles A. S., “Making World Development Work: Scientific
Alternatives to Neoclassical Economic Theory”, New Mexico: University of New Mexico
Press, 2007
Suhrke, Astri, “US-Philippines: The End of a Special Relationship”, The World Today,
Vol. 31, No. 2 (Feb. 1975), pp. 80-88
“History: Milestones in Corporate Existence”, Landbank website, accessed on July 2,
2015, link
Cooley, Alexander, Base Politics: Dramatic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas, NY:
Cornell University Press, 2008, p. 68, link
“Manila Accord”, United Nations Treaty Collection, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
“History”, Cultural Center of the Philippines website, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
“Lyndon B. Johnson: “Manila Summit Conference Documents.,” October 25, 1966”, The
American Presidency Project. accessed on July 2, 2015, link
Endnotes
[1]
 “President Roxas on First State of the Nation Address, June 3, 1946”, Official
Gazette, June 3, 1946, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[2]
 “President Roxas on First State of the Nation Address, June 3, 1946”, Official
Gazette, June 3, 1946, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[3]
 ____, “History of the Development Bank of the Philippines”, About DBP, accessed on
July 2, 2015, link
[4]
 ____, Blue Book of the First Year of the Republic, Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1947, p.
27
[5]
___, “Creating a Central Bank for the Philippines”, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
website, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[6]
 Gleeck, Lewis, The Third Republic, New Day Publishers, Quezon City,1993, p.47
[7]
 Leclerc, Grégoire and Hall, Charles A. S., “Making World Development Work:
Scientific Alternatives to Neoclassical Economic Theory”, (New Mexico: University of
New Mexico Press, 2007), link
[8]
 Electoral Almanac, p. 23.
[9]
 Guillermo, Artemio R. Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Maryland: Scarecrow
Press, Inc., 2012, p. 71, link
[10]
 “Message of President Roxas to the Senate on the Agreement Concerning American
Military Bases in the Philippines, March 17, 1947”, Official Gazette, March 17, 1947,
accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[11]
 Castro, Pacifico A., Diplomatic Agenda of the Philippine Presidents, Foreign Service
Institute, Manila, 1985, p. 1.
[12]
 Lopez, Salvador, The Judgment of History, Elpidio Quirino Foundation, 1990, p.133.
[13]
 Executive Order No. 355, s. 1950
[14]
 Quirino, Carlos, Apo Lakay, Total Book World, Makati, 1987, p. 109.
[15]
 Gleeck, Lewis, “The Third Republic”, New Day Publishers, Quezon City,1993, p.150.
[16]
 Shavit, David. The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary. Connecticut:
Greenwood Press, 1990. p. 332 – 333
[17]
 Suhrke, Astri, US-Philippines: The End of a Special Relationship, The World Today,
Vol. 31, No. 2 (Feb. 1975), pp. 80-88, link
[18]
 “December 15, 1954”, Official Tumblr Page of the Presidential Museum and Library,
accessed on July 2, 2015,
[19]
 “SSS Guidebook: 2010 Web Site Edition”: SSS web site, accessed on July 2,
2015, link
[20]
 Carlos P. Garcia, Third State of the Nation Address, January 25, 1960, Official
Gazette, January 25, 1960, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[21]
 Abinales, Patricio N., Amoroso, Donna J., State and Society in the
Philippines. Maryland: Rowman & Little Publishers, Inc., 2005. p. 182, link
[22]
 McFerson, Hazel M. Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial
Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
2002., p. 227, link
[23]
 Cooley, Alexander, Base Politics: Dramatic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas,
NY: Cornell University Press, 2008, p. 68, link
[24]
 Electoral Almanac p. 40
[25]
 “History: Milestones in Corporate Existence”, Landbank website, accessed on July 2,
2015, link
[26]
 “Manila Accord”, United Nations Treaty Collection, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[27]
 “History”, Cultural Center of the Philippines website, accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[28]
 “Lyndon B. Johnson: “Manila Summit Conference Documents.,” October 25, 1966”,
The American Presidency Project. accessed on July 2, 2015, link
[29]
 Official Calendar of the Republic, p. 27
[30]
 Official Calendar of the Republic, p.177

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