introduction
to the
Study of
Globalization
Prepared by: Monica Gamis
WHY DO YOU
NEED TO STUDY
THE WORLD?
objectives
-Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization
- Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization
- Agree on a working definition of globalization for the
course
1. Cure parochialism
From close-mindedness to
stretched imagination, outlook, and
concern. One's concern is not only
for their immediate context or
environment.
Parochialism is the state of mind
whereby one focuses on small
sections of an issue rather than
considering its wider context.
More generally, it consists of being
narrow in scope. In that respect, it
is a synonym of "provincialism".
2. It can teach you more
about yourself.
With knowledge about other countries, one
can compare their society's condition with
that of other societies/countries. This
comparison may point out uniqueness and
even similarities.
3. You are interacting with
the world.
As global citizens, being aware of what
is happening with the world is a given.
With all the interconnectedness and
interdependence, the events happening
outside us might bring a positive or
negative impact.
Defining Globalization
How did
Globalization
Began?
1. Trading of rare
commodities
like salt, spices
and gold.
Why salt was valuable as gold?
2. In other words, there is
exchange of goods among traders of
different countries mainly because
some of these commodities and
goods are not found in their own
country.
Example: Silk Road (silk is a highly prized commodity) is
an Asian ancient trade route that linked China and
Europe via an overland route to exchange silk, wool,
gold, silver, jade, tea, spices, etc.
3. Advancement in transportation
and communication resulted to an
easier and increased exchange of
information and goods easily.
-Geographical challenges are no longer an issue.
Globalization represents the global integration of international trade,
investment, information technology and cultures. Government policies
designed to open economies domestically and internationally to boost
development in poorer countries and raise standards of living for their
people are what drive globalization.
The literature on definitions of
globalization revealed that
definitions could be classified as
either
1. broad and inclusive
2. narrow and exclusive
Ohmae (1992) -..."globalization means the onset of the borderless
worlds..."
Robert Cox -"the characteristics of the globalization trend include
the internationalizing of production, the new international division of
labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new
competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the
internationalizing of the state...making states into agencies of the
globalizing word."
VARIOUS
DEFINITIONS
OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Thomas Larson (2001)
"The process of the world shrinkage, of distances getting
shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing
ease with which somebody on one side of the world can
interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side
of the world." (p.9)
2. Martin Khor
Martin Khor, the former President of
the Third World Network (TWN)
regarded globalization as colonization.
3. World Health Organization
Globalization is “the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of
peoples and countries, is generally understood to include two inter-related
elements: the opening of international borders to increasing fast flows of
goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and
policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such
flows. Globalization has the potential for both positive and negative effects
on development and health.
4. Thomas Friedman
"The inexorable integration of markets, transportation
systems, and communication systems to a degree never
witnessed before-in a way that enabling corporations,
countries, and individuals to reach around the world
farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before"
GLOBALIZATION:
A WORKING DEFINITION
Manfred Steger
"The term globalization should be used to refer to a set
of social processes that are thought to transform our
present social condition into one globality.
"The expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and across world-
space."
Manfred Steger
EXPANSION refers to both the creation of new social networks and
the multiplication of existing connections that cut across
traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries.
Manfred Steger
Expansion of global connections – with this connection,
transactions happen at a higher speed – integration of
economies, markets nation-states, cultures, institutions.
Manfred Steger
THE HUMAN PERCEPTION OF TIME AND SPACE;
Steger notes that globalization processes do not occur merely
at the objective, material level but they also involve the
subjective plane of human consciousness.
The perception that the world has become a smaller space and
distance has collapsed from thousands of miles to just mouse-
click away.
GLOBALISM versus GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALISM GLOBALIZATION
Globalism is an ideology based on Globalization is the spread of
the belief that people, information, technology, products, information,
and goods should be able to cross and jobs across nations.
national borders unrestricted.
Involves increasing interconnection
The ideological component of between people and regions
globalization. throughout the world.
Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996)
identifies multiple and intersecting
dimensions of global cultural flows he calls
'landscapes' or 'scapes' (Steger, 2014: 13).
These five conceptual dimensions are:
1. Ethnoscape
Flows of people. The movement of
people.
2. Technoscape
Flows of technology. Development and boom of
technology that facilitates cross-border
connections and transactions. E.g. the internet,
information technology, and engineering.
3. Finanscape
Flows of money. The flow of global capital.
International banking and cash systems allow this
to happen. E.g. credit card systems.
4. Mediascape
Flows of information. The production and dissemination of
information through electronic means. The access of people
to modern popular culture. E.g. access to international
entertainment like Hollywood films, K-drama, and anime; media
such as newspapers, magazines, the social network.
5. Ideoscape
Flows of ideas. Ideologies of state, and social movements.
E.g. posting of your views on a certain event or human reality
on Facebook; religious missionaries spreading their doctrines
to other regions or countries; environmentalism.
HOW CAN WE APPRECIATE THESE
DEFINITIONS? HOW CAN THESE HELP US
UNDERSTAND GLOBALIZATION?
1. The perspective of the person who defines globalization
shapes its definition.
"Globalization is a 'world of things' that have different
speeds, axes, points or origin and termination, and varied
relationships to institutional structures in different
regions, nations, or societies””. - Arjun Appadurai (as cited
in Chowdhury, 2016, p. 137)
2. Globalization is a debate
and the debate is
globalization.
2. Globalization is a debate and the debate
is globalization.
- It is an uneven process that affects
people differently.
3. Globalization is reality.
REFERENCE:
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pangasinan-state-
university/the-contemporary-world/lesson-1-introduction-to-the-
study-of-globalization/19596964
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING?
