7

I
t
j t . 'oThe American
War of Independence 1776 - 1786 made the outbreak of the
' French revolution of 1789 inevitable". Discuss (25 marks)
Preamble:-
o A. relevant introduction
o A. clear stand point is required
o
The magnitude to which the AWOI make the outbreak of the French revolution
inevitable.
. The contribution of other factors in making the French revolution inevitable is also
required.
Points to consider:-
. The British colonies of America staged a rebellion against the British in pursuit for
their independence.
o France weighed in on the side of the American commanded by General Lafayette
to end the exploitative rule of King George III of Britannia.
. The war led to Bankruptcy of the French crown.
. Equipped the French soldiers with revolutionary ideas of democracy.
o This war forced the French government to levy the vingtienne tax 1120. From 1,178
- t786.
. The American slogan of "No taxation without representation " influenced the
French masses.
. Gave the French people a practical example to how to overthrow desposotsor
dictators.
o At the end of the war, the Americans formulated a constitution based the British
model which influenced the French soldiers.
. The French soldiers shared with their American counter parts and this aroused the
grievances of the French soldiers.
. King Louis XII was forced to borrow from the middle class.
. After the war, American patriots came to live in Paris e.g Thomas Jefferson the
first American Ambassador to France who influenced the French men to adopt a
constitutional monarchy similar to that of England.
However the factors
. Ancient despotism
. Lack of aparliamentary system.
. Lack of a constitutional system.
. Grievances of the French Army.
. Judicial violation
o Natural calamitiesi poor Harvests 1787 - 1788.
. CobdenTreatylFree Trade treaty 1786.
. Impacts of the 7 years' war 7 56 - 17 63 (France lost Canada and West Indies)
1

. Arbitrary arrests.
. Character and weaknesses of King Louis XVI.
o Negative influence of the Revolutibnary command committee.
. Grievances of the Bourgeosie/ Middle class.
. Social inequalities/ stratification
. Privileges of the Nobles (Aristocratic privileges)
. Grievances of the peasantry in France
o Economic hardships and distress.
. Dismissal of financial ministers Turgot, Necker e.t.c.
. Influencc of the political philosophers, Voltaire, J.J. Rousseau.
. Writings of the Economists and Encyclopeadists
. Calling of the Estates General meeting 5th May, 1789
e.t.c.
Mark as a whole.
(25 marks)
 WHAT EXTENT DID NAPOLEON'S FOREIGN POLICY UNDERMINE THE
2. TO
SURVIVAL OF THE FIRST FRBNCH EMPIRE?
Approach:-
. Candidates should define the l" French Empire and give background of Napoleon's I.
. Give contribution of the foreign policies that led to the decline of the 1" French empire.
. Give role of the domestic policies and other factors that undermined the continuity or
survival of the l" French Empire under Napoleon by 1814/1815.
Foreign policies to a lagerte-ttrel 4a4g*C ,
o Vastness of the Empire exIenj*
. 1805 Battle of 'frafalgar berlin (1805)
. Influence of the Berlin (1S06) and Milan (1807) decrees or introduction of the continental
system.
. 1807 peninsular war with Portugal (1807 -1813)
. 1808 -1810 Spanish campaign with Spain
. 1809 imprisonment of the pope, Pius VIII.
. British Naval Superiority
. 1821 Moscow campaign
o Dynastic political policies (nepotism)
. 1813 3'd coalition.
. l8 14 - 1815, 4th coalition.
. Role of European nationalism
o Napoleon's marriage to Marie Louisie of Austria.
1
. 18 14 - 1815 Vienna settlement Metternich and Austria.
o e.t.c
However to a smaller extent domestic
. His ovefihrowing ambitions (Excessive)
o Betrayal by his trusted arrny generals e.g Bermaddate;.....
. Exhaustion and lack of foresight.
. Exhaustion of Napoleon's Army.
a Recruitment of young children into the army who double crossed.
a His domestio weakness like revival of letter de catchet; neglect of women,
a His age (a9) he had started making questionable decisions.
o Decline of Iirench economy.
a Et.c
Conclude with a stand point.
 r
H 3. EXAMINE THE CONTzuBUTION OF PRTNCE WENZEL CLEMENS
ii
f
VON METTANICK IN THE OUTBREAK OF THE 1830 REVOLUTIOI\S
IN THE HAPSBURG EMPIRE

o..
.- ' !,-i
- Introduction about Metternich .i_ , .y -. +1.u*3b...+.q ;;-.raJ1ri
I- [:ffi;X,1]$res
ort8$q.,+euotffi;
a,,':X*r,-i'u** #' t+--l"Sir-..ri
-1t
t-)
r{.

Other Lauses of potitical unrestsnin'Europe.betrroeen h&hS-t8a{Iir.

- Conclude with a stand point

ivletternich rvas chancellor of, Austria since I 809 up to I 848

- Hecaus€,:lp+liti.,al,=ii,cstsinEuropelike l820revolution, 18, 1830and 1848re"v+l';lic;rsin

Europe among other unrests
- Mettirnich ini-tiated the unfair and unrealistic Vienna settlement of 1815
- His pursuit for the congress systern or concert of Europe which was also un realistic
- His iestoration of legitimate iulers in Europe who were despotic, autocratic and conservative
- His Metternich system which promoted dictatorship in Europe
- He delayed the unification ol ltaly and Germany through Suffocating Nationalism
- Metternich promoted poor education system which denied intellectualism
- She influenced the Metternich's aggressive action in the Ottoman Empire e"g. in Greece
- He promoted religious intolerance i.e. Catholicism against others
.- Mettemich system led to the collapse of the congress system which had promoted peace
- He failed to totally put all European leaders into one thinking cup
Metternich policies promoted Austrian imperialism in different parts of Europe
- Metternich policies promoted over taxation in Europe through hscal policies
- Suppression of human rights e.g. through press censorship and no freedom of speech
- Promotion of nepotism by Mettemich through his rigid policy of no change
Mettemich's leadership by decrees e.g. the 1819 Carlsbad decrees
- -His strong spy network called C.C.S.M (Clandestine counter secrete movement)
- Promoted the policy's of divide and rule policy
- Projected and diverted Atmtria's problem to other European countries and vice visa
- Imposed Austrian Hapsburg rule over large area of Italy and other parts of Europe
- Imposed strict censorship'of the press to suppress the spread of nationalism and
liberalism
- Encouraged social backwardness as a means to keep the population ignorant
- Established and used the Austrian army to quell/ crush revolutions in Europe i.e. the young
Italy movement the Carbonari in ltaly, revolutions in Naples and Spain.
-.'r x>**>Ee __..-___.___-_-___-
Other factors that caused

Political dominance by big powers

The British support of Liberalizations
Sooia^class system in Europe
The negative impact of industrialization
Economic hardships and distress
Lack of parliamentary
Rise and role of reactionary leaders in Europe e.g. Louis Kossuth, Louis Blanc
Religions strife/ [conflicts eh Belgium
The rise of socialism
Great influence of Napoleonic and the Erench revolutionary ideas
Inspiration from other successful revolutibns
Rise of middleclass and urbanization
Desire to attain national independence and unification
Desire to liberal reforms
Desire to end the unjust governance in Europe
Natural calamities
,Dopu{aiion expiosion in Europe
Influ:::':: of intelligentsia / rise of an elite class
Conclude with a stand point-

II
 4. DISCUSS THE ROLE
OF KING VICTOR
'TRUIMPH OF ITALIAIY NTATIONALISM EMMANUBL II TO THE
AFTER 18s6.
Candidates are expected to;
- 'Give a brief background of the Italian Unification
- ;"J;,;ry;&;;ilributions and victoq Emmanuel I[.
'';lii*iffffiiii,,j,,";;; orvirtoi emmanuer rr in rhe
the rote tf other factors including
individual personality and other
E:tlter
Conclude with a standard clear
independent
point.
-'iiiii,:T:'i?#il**i1*fi*lXlfrargamarion orvarious rtarian srates into a
singre
- The states inciuded L";;;.d)r v"r"ri", parna,
States. Modena, Tuscany, Romagna and papal
- victor Emmanuel II succeeded the faiiher charles
Albert as king of piedmont in l g4g

i!!",?11i*f"1"#dHrf r:iru;rtri?:T#j*ffi#;ii!p.o,r,*c.eadershipand
[!ffi:[l"',:,'.U:l.1ttrff XllJ#;:Tfu*iil boo,t.a the uniricarion as most or
cuuor. and his ."ro,rirliur became
:l?ft"t#"'support rhe comer stone of Italian
court camille cavour to various
ministerial posts i.e. commerce, finance,
- ffi'J#ted
Granted liberal and constitutional
reforms
educationar reforms, freedom that furthered the unification
or*.o"iuiio.^"ra rr""aom of the press. of Italy e.g.
role in tr," annexation of tire papal Srares
5:"'r'f.",X11;to'""tial "onqr";; and centrar
resume his premiership post
,:ffi:?:1,?il:fi: in 1860, which moral boosted the
move
- Restrained cavour from his
ambition to fight Austria after
which could have led to the the withdrawar of France (1s60)
- Accepted to lead the kingdom
io* orm-biltth"t had been annexed in rg59
of North"* itiry'i, rg6r when
- His foreign policy tu-"i Italy diplomlti" ,rpfort ancl
it was procraimed at Turin.
helped to i.otJt. Austria e.g.
crimean *u. or t8s4 - Ldio,^r,rr*iug.
fl,il:,'J#T,1,:TT u.t*"; rii, ou,gr,ter and
- Steered the-unification process
andthe temporal resignation
encouraged the centrar Duchies achievements
of parm4 ilr;;;;' and ruscany join of the struggre and
ro
_io.. in r g60
+il*?flT : ffit,l;.,ffi Lffi,, f#;ffi**ffifl n the stru g gi" ror iun uni n cati o n o r
- He supported his prime *initi"'
in their various reform programs
which prepared Itary for
ffi Tl',""t,t-d-"1*;**,gt;*1*il;lt*:H-ardeveropmentand"""r".iu,ti"ur
struggre thereby sorving rhe
-
,,;'.Hi:,r:?iii!'#H:,r,*m*ffii".1;*3;lllu.,in.utron
He welcomedall the poriti"ui^"*i1* ,9;i.
-
unification r'"rv pop,'l+ uri** ilr;;;; and-this made rhe idea of the Itarian
G iiriir"
- He allied with Bismarck"inTs66 auriig G;;ilil;".uio*r".ry ro Itarians)
tt" d;;;:'Russian war where he assisted

.: -a
-*a!w[M
and in turti Bisrnarc:k assiste'lr';'ic:";''
Bismarck to tigjrt iusl,ria tn the seven weeks wat
adding it to Piedmoni'
Emmanuel to acqulre Venetia irom Austria hence
Pie undertook education reftirms
conservattsm
H" ;h;"["d the church political power,. rigidities and
was invested in railways etc
He created N"* staie B;"dihtd.gh whiJh money

However there were other factors and

- The role of cavour is his reforms diplomacy, ILLRISORGIMENTO newspaper
charismatic leadqPshiP' the young
- The rol.e of Mazzlm,his sensitization, programs-and mobitization through
Italian*o,,"*",tthatearnedGaribaldithel000redshirt. war (1854 - 1856) liberated
crimean
- The contribution of Garibarai *rto rorght in the
(1866).and Rome (1870)
Sicily ana Najt"s (1861), Venetia -
reorganizaiion of ltalian states lay formation for
- The role of Napoleon I whose reforms and
uniflrcation"'+r^-
- The contribution of^r\To^nlann I whose miTitary assistance was very s ignificant in the
Napoleon III
liberation of LombardY in 1859'
The contribution of Bismarck in the liberation of
venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1870
- inspired Italians to join the
- The role of rop" ri*' EX whose liberalism and reforms
struggle for unification'
on Napoleon lll's life in 1859
The role Orsin Felicy as a martyr. His assassinatio.lfltempt
terrified him to assisi Iialians against Austria in t 859. Giacomo
.- . r
. - The role of w'riters,
phitosophiJs and other intellectr-:al e'g' Abbe Giobert;
Leoparch, Allessandro; Silvio; Peltico etc
-TheroleofGtadstoneandJohnRussellofBritain.
- The role of Charles Albert
nationalism
- The role of Mettemic h i-e. his oppressive rule strengthened
' Role of foreign powers and foreign assistance
- The role of culture and comtnon traditions
"orn-ott
The role of Italy's past History and glory
- The role of secret societies
- The effects of the 1848 revolution
- The role of the Franco -Prussian war of 1870 - 1871'
- .
The role of a strong army
- Determination of tow n and rural dwellers
- The collapse of the congress system in 1830 .
-ThefreetradepolicybetweenPiedmontandBritain
-
- Effects of the Crimean war 1854-1856
Change in leadership in other E'uropean countries
- Downfall of Mettemich
- Effects of the 1789 French revolution
 5. ACCOUNT FOR THE OUTBREAK
OF THE BALKAN UNREST
Balkan unrest by 1856 involves BY 1856.
events ranging from the Greek
war of independence
-
1821 1833' the syrian question
-
I 83 I ll4l,the Straits convention of r g4 r
finally rhe Crimean war l g54 _ l g56 and
The causes of politicar unrest
in the Balkan region included,
oSultan's failure to fulfill his promise
to meremet Ari of Egypt.
oGrowth of Greek nationalism
.Religiousintolerance
. Cultural arrogance of Muslims
. Inspiration of the l7g9 French revolution.
' Rise of nationalists or elites Byron, constantine Regus, Hypslanti, capodistrons.
. Over taxation
. Support of foreign countries
. Corruption and embezzlement
. Influence of Serbian revolt lg04 _ lgl3
. The influence of Unkiar_ Skellessi treaty
t Sultan Mohammad II's desire to preserve 1g33.
the ottoman empi re at anycoast.
' Russian imperialism and her desire
o Russian occupation of the provincesto break the ottoman Empire.
of wallachier and Moldavia July
. Russian support of pan slavist movement 1g53.
. The sinope massacres of November
1g53.
' The conflicts over the control of
. Weakness of the Ottoman Empire.the Holy places by France and Russia
' France's desire to revenge the rg12 Moscow campaign/ humiliation.
' Russian's demand to perfect the orthodox christians.
. Collapse of the congress system.
o Britain's desire to safeguard her
imperiar interests.
o The violation of the straits convention
a
of lg4l
Napoleon III's ambitious foreign
policies
- ie to please catholics, Bonapartists
revive French glory and prestigl. and
a Miscalculations by czar Nicholas
I in the Barkans.
a Divergent interests of the European
powers.
a Roles of men on the spot i.e. Stratford,
prince merschikoff.
 /

- o Restored the principle of diplomacy in Europe

. Promoted and guaranteed security for international trade.
I o Granted independence of small states
. Released war prisoners and resettling people.
.
I Observed principles of nationalism.
NB: conclude with a stand Point.
 {
\

; 6. WHY DID EUROPEAN POWERS FAIL TO AVERT THB OCCURAI{CE OF

I WOLD WAR I IN 1914?
' World War I broke out in 191.4 and it was fought between two hostile camps i.e. Triple
Entente and Triple Alliance. The war was sparked off by the assassination of the
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia at Sarajevo.
The following factors made European powers unable to avert or to prevent the occuffence
of World War I 1814.
. Arms race : '

i . Alliance system
roreign PoricY

: ffiL".:ffii:::""ve
. Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
. The Balkan crisis
war
: ir;;::':Tffi#j:i:ffi:c'.Prussian
. The Darwin's theory of survival for the fittest
. Rise of nationalism
.. Violation of the 1839 London Treaty by Germany.
. Resignation of Bismarck
. Public opinion or people's attitude towards war.
o Austro - Serbian rivalry
o Anglo - Germany rivalry
o Germany militarism.
. Balance of power in Europe.
o E.t.c.
NB conclude with a stand point
 7. "THE VIABILTTY OF THE VERSAILLES PEACB SETTLEMENT OF 1919
WAS QUESTIONABLB RIGHT FROM TTS INCEPTION" DISCUSS.
The candidates should define the versailles peace treaty of 1919.
Expected points
. Based on Woodrow Wilson's 14 points which allied powers did not welcome
o Timing of the settlement was poor
. The venue was also questionable
. Exclusion of defeated powers and,Russians was questionable
I . Chairmanship of Clemenceau was questionable
. Selfish interests mistrust and suspicion among the peace makers.
i
. Ignored the principle of nationalism
o Created weaker states
o Isolation of USA right from start
. Allied powers lacked resources, army, and money to enforce their decisions
o TreatY clauses were questionable e.g disarmament, war guilt, reparations e.t.c.
. Character of leaders who lacked commitment to the settlement e.g Lloyd George,
Woodrow Wilson, and Clemenceau
. Failure to satisff Japan and [taly
o Created weak LONs.
. The treaty was hurriedly signed
' It paved way for the triumph of new dictators in Italy, Germany and Spain
. The treaty was dominated by Britain and France so it was Agro-Franco affair
. It paved way for the outbreak of world war II
. It paved way for the economic depression of 1929-1935.
How unquestionable it was/ how it was tround to succeed
o Germany's loss of colonies was meant to weaken her economic and mititarily
. Disarming Germany was viable to contain German aggression
o Formed the LONs as an international peace keeping body
. Map of Europe was redrawn
o Democratic states were created along nationality lines
. Harsh measures such as reparations were necessary basing on the destruction
caused by Germany and her allies e.tc
. It concluded world war I which created peace
 Y
\

o Restored the principle of diplomacy in Europe

. Promoted and guaranteed securify for international trade.
o Granted independence of small states
. Released war prisoners and resettling people.
. Observed principles of nationalism.
NB: conclude with a stand point.
 7
8. 6.THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (LON) WAS BOUND TO FAIL RIGHT FROM
its START,,, DISCUSS
THE CANDIDATE IS EXPECTBD TO;
. Give a brief background of the League of Nations including major aims and
objectives.

I . Identi&, explain, illustrate and analyze the terms of the League of Nations showing
the degree to which they were bound to fail.
. Identify, explain, illustrate and analyza the terms of the League of Nations showing
the degree to which they were bound to succeed.
. Conclude with a clear and consistent stand point.
EXPECTED STAND POINTS.
The league of Nations originated from president Woodrow Wilson's 14'h point and was
formally established on 10'h Jan 1920.

It was established to; maintain peace and stability, administration on mandate states,
promotion of co-operation, improve the standard of living, stop external aggression and
illicit trade in slave trade and drugs.

The extent to which the League of Nations was bound to fail.

. It was established and operated on false assumption that all powers were interested
in peace
o It was linked to the unrealistic and unpopular Versailles treafy of 1919.
. Lacked sufficient funds to finance its activities.
The league lacked a popular mass support as its activities were dominated by just a

few nations in Europe.

a The failure of disarmament policy led to rearrnament and aggression.
a The crisis created by economic depression.
a The system of free entry and exit of members made it very easy for members to
pull out of the league.
It did not have a universally accepted policy to deal with aggression.
Lacked an arrny to enforce its own resolutions and deal with aggression.
Had a weak administrative system e.g the secretary general had limited powers.
Its discussion making was very slow as it would meet very few times in a year.
Disunify amongst the members failed the spirit of togetherness.
. Ideological differences amongst member states i.e. capitalist and communist states.
. The members were more concerned with selfish national interest as opposed to
collective interest of the organizatton.
o Existence of secret alliances between the various powers.
. The rise of nationalism that escalated the level of aggression in Europe.
. The rise and aggression of dictators e.g. Hitler and Mussolini.
. The league neglected the interest o.f small/ weak states, which made them to lose
faith and confidence in the organiiation.
. Appeasement policy pursued by Britain and France contradicted the role of the
League of Nations in maintaining peace.
. It used ineffective penalties against aggression e.g sanctions.
. The outbreak of World War II created a very chaotic situation that made the
success of the League of Nations impossible.
THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS WAS BOUND TO
SUCCEED/STRENGTH
o Maintained relative peace for at least 20 years.
. Had the international court ofjustice to handle legal disputes between states.
. Promoted international cooperation through conferences like the Lacarno peace
. conference of 1925 in which Germany was admitted to the league.
. It discussed the issue of the Jews.
. It provided loans and financial assistance to small and poor nations.
. It addressed the issue of refugees intemally Displaced persons and prisoners of
war.
o Controlled drug and women trafficking and promoted children's welfare by
checking on obscene literature.
o The conditions of workers were improved through WHO e.g Typhoid and leprosy
were handled.
. Conclude with a clear and consistent stand point.
9. HOW SUCESSFUI, WAS THB NAZI GOVERNMBNT IN GERMANY UP TO
194s. (2s MARKS)
PREAMBLE
. A relevant introduction.
o Successes of Nazism in Germany
o Failures of Nazism in Germany
o I clear stand point.
. Nazism was a German Political Movement initiated in 1920 by the Nazi ParV.
. Its aim was to make German great empire, restore German pride and in
Totalitarianism.
SUCC--BSSES:-
o Strengthened the Germany Army.
o Established law and order.
. Land refonns
o Improved workers conditions
o Infrastructural development
o Industrialdevelopment
. Agriculturaldevelopment
o d suc.cessful fbreign policy
. Promoted2 parts.
o Encouraged high population rates.
o Launched a campaign against smoking.
o E,.t.c
FAILURES
o Promoted despotism.
o Persecuted the Jews
. Censored the press
o Loss of lives
o Destruction of wars
. Militarism/ Navy wars.
o Persecuted the communists
. Abolished trade unions
 \

o Controlled th education
. Alried with or system

. persecr,.o
*#l,T:fj:.'
e.g Mussorini
in rrary
. Banned political
pluralism
. E.t.c
Conclude with
a stand point.

Mark as a whole
(25 marks)
 /

t'
I

I 10. ASSESS THE PERFoRMANCE oF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION

(uNo) uP To 1970.
APPROACH
. Background of U.N.O and founders
. Brief knowledge of its aims and objectives.
. Give the achievements of strength of the U.N.O.
r I stand point is a must.
. Conclude.
,*
POITS TO CONSTDER
1. U.N.O- Llnited Nations Organization was (is) an international body formed at the end of
World War II in 1945 to replace the defunct League of Nations with headquarters at
Geneva.
2. It was created with six organs to implement its aims and objectives that is to say
economic and social council, the trusteeship council, the international court ofjustice,
secretariats as well as the general assembly and the Security Council.
3. U.N.O aimed at among other the following.
. To maintain [aw, peace and order.
. To control drug traffickers
. To promote economic cooperation.
o To promote heatth standards.
? To ensure effective disarmament through the security council
. To promote democratization and decolonization.
. To control threats to the environment.
. Women empowerment.
To protect rights of children.
. To promote justice.
. To rehabilitate and resettle refugees
r Promote cultural co-operations
. To prevent exploitation of workers by employers especially capitalists
It performed positively to a greater extent in the following ways
. Addressed the social and economic problems of the time
. Refugee problems were addressed
. Enforced equality between men and women
o Protection of the rights of women and children through UNICEF, LfNESCO and WHO
. Environmental related evils like pollution, rural urban improvement addressed.
. Fought against drugs through sensitization programs.
 . Improved the welfare and standards of living of workers through (ILO)
. Encouraged trade and development through LINDP since 1968.
o Gave financial assistance to developing Nations through IMF and World Bank.
. Gave timely assistance to the decolonization process
. Succeed in solving and resolving world conflicts of the time for example Korean war
1953, Berlin blocked 1948, Suez canal conflict lg56,Kashmir I94g -
196l,Congo crisis
1960, Cuban missile crisis 1962 among others.
. It initiated disarmament talks 1948 and,.!956 - SALTS I and II respectively.
. Established the Jewish state of Israel in 1948 to protect the minorities and displaced
persons.
o Decapained cultural racial imperialism for example Apartheid in south Africa.
o Established Atomic energy commission to check the spread of sophisticated weapons of
mass destruction.
. Relief and Aid to the homeless and displaced through LTNHCR, [INIRWA
o Improved agriculture among major states (FAO, IFAD)
o Carried out population related activities like census, family planning, settlement and
resettlement - UNFPA
. However it performed negatively to a small extent in the following ways
FAILURES
. Failed to effectively carry out disarmament programs.
. Failed to end the Arab- Israel conflict since 1948.
. Failed to condemn the 1956 USSR'S invasion of Hungary
. Failed to wipe out drug and human trafficking which were evils against humanity
. Failed to stop crises which threatened world peace for example Kashmir Korean crisis
among others.
. Failed in its colonization program by 1970 and democratization
. Refugee problems persisted on.
o Failed to end the cold war that threatened world peace.
o Assassinations and hijacking of planes were rampant by 1970.

' Human rights violations were rampant by 1970 especially children and women
. Failed to stop dictatorship/ stagnant leadership.
o Failed to end economic rivalry.
. Failed to eliminate religions function especially between Muslims and Christian
members.