THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING • Starvation for Aneurysms

A. Intuitive Period • Hydroelectric Baths for Migraines

B. Apprentice Period
C. Educational Period EARLY CIVILIZATION AND ANCIENT
D. Contemporary Period CITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION
TO MEDICINE
INTUITIVE PERIOD (PRIMITIVE
ERA- 6th CETURY) MESOPOTAMIA
• No distinction between rational
What is intuition? science and magic
Nursing was “untaught” and instinctive. It • Diagnostic Handbook- introduced
was performed of compassion for others, out the methods of therapy and cause.
of the wish to help others. Nurse’s role was The text contains a list of medical
instinctive and directed toward comforting, symptoms and often detailed
practicing midwifery and being wet nurse to empirical observations along with
a child logical rules used in combining
observed symptoms on the body of a
• Nursing was a function that patient with its diagnoses and
belonged to women. prognosis.
• No caregiving training evident • Asipu – medical authority/
• Primitive men believed that illness Exorcist- Healer
was caused by the invasion of the • Prophylaxis
victim’s body of evil spirits • Mental illness is associated with
• Believed that medicine man was deities
called shaman or witch doctor
having the power to heal using EGYPT
white magic • Egyptians are considered “The
• Trephining healthiest of all men”
• Public Health System
EARLY THEORIES • Medical information in the Edwin
• Music or singing was often used to Smith Papyrus may date to a time
chase away spirits as early as 3000 BC. It details cures
• In some cases trephining was used: ailment and anatomical observation
Cutting a hole in the head of the • Edwin Smith Papyrus – is an
afflicted to let out the evil spirit. ancient textbook on surgery almost
completely devoid of magical
PREHISTORIC MEDICAL PRACTICE thinking and describes in exquisite
Different prehistoric medical practices detail the examination, diagnosis,
• Uses of mercury treatment, and prognosis of
• Bloodletting with the use of leeches numerous ailments
• Lobotomies – mental illness • The Kahun Gynaecological
• Heroin (pain medication) for Papyrus treats women’s complaints,
headaches including problems with conception
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • The earlist known physician is also
– mental illness, hallucinations credited to ancient Egypt (“Chief of
• Trephining Dentists and Physicians” for King
• Cannibalistic Medical Practices Djoser in the 27th century BCE)
• Radium Water • Peseshet – Earliest known woman
• Ecraseur physician.
• Plombage
• Peg Legs
• Morphine for teething
 INDIA THE BEGINNING OF RELIGIOUS
• The Atharvaveda – Ancient text • A religious war or holy war is a
dealing with Medicine war primarily caused or justified by
• Ayurveda – “Complete knowledge differences in religion
for log life” Medical system of India • The Crusades – They were Holy
with 8 brances of medicine Wars waged in an attempt to
• Charaka and Sushruta – 2 most recapture Holy Land from the Turks
famous medical textbooks that who denied Christ’s pilgrims
describes physical examinations, permission to visit holy sepulcher
diagnosis, treatment and prognosis
and several surgixal procedures. MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND
• Suśrutasamhitā – Describes THEIR WORK
several surgical procedures • Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
(Italian)- Also known as “Knight
CHINA Hospitalers” They founded
• Huangdi neijing – the foundational Hospitals
text of Chinese medicine written 5th • Teutonic Knights (German) –
century to 3rd century BC – Basis Established tent hospitals for the
traditional Chinese medicines, wounded
acupuncture and moxibustion (leaf • Knights of St. Lazarus – Founded
with hot water) primarily for nursing care of lepers
in Jerusalem
GREECE AND ROMAN EMPIRE • The Alexian Brothers were
• Wound treatment members of a monastic order
• The Romans attempted to maintain founded 1348. They established the
vigorous health, because illness was Alexian Brother Hospital School of
a sign of weakness Nursing the largest school of
• Care of the ill was left to the slaves nursing under religious order. It
or Greek physicians. Both groups operated exclusively for men in
were looked upon as inferior by united states
Roman Society.
THE RISE OF SECULAR ORDER
THE APPRENTICE PERIOD (6th • There was the rise of Religious
CENTURY – 18th CENTURY) Nursing Orders for women.
• What is an apprentice? Although Christianity promoted
• Period of “on the job” training equality to all men, women were
• From the founding of the Religious still concentrated in their roles as
orders in the 11th century up to 1836 wives and mothers.
with the establishment of the • Religious taboos and social
Kaiserwerth Institute for training of restrictions influenced nursing at the
Deaconesses. time of religious nursing orders

THE APPRENTICE PERIOD SECULAR ORDERS FOUNDED

• Nursing performed without any DURING THE PERIOD OF CRUSADES
formal education and by people who • Orders of St. Francis of Assisi
were directed by more experienced (1200-present)
nurses • The Beguines – composed of lay
• Founding of religious order nurses who devoted their lives to the
service of suffering humanity
• The oblates (12th century)
• Benedictines
• Ursulines
 its foundation to the work of
IMPORTANT NURSING benevolent men and women,
PERSONAGES the crusades and the guilds
• St. Clare – founder of the second • But this progress in nursing was
order of St. Francis of Assisi brought to a halt by industrial and
• St. Elizabeth of Hungary – known political revolution and the
as the “Patroness of Nurses”, she Reformation in the 16th century.
was the daughter of the Hungarian
King. She lived her life frugally DARK PRIOD OF NURSING 17th to 19th
despite her wealth. CENTURY
• St. Catherine of Siena – The first • Also known as the period of
lady with the lamp. She was a reformation and American civil
hospital nurse, prophetess, war
researcher and a reformer of society • Hospitals were closed
and the church • Nursing was the works of least
desirable people
THE RISE OF PROTESTANTISM • Nurses were uneducated, filthy
(1520-1562) and overworked
• From 1520 onwards, Martin • Mass exodus of nurses
Luther’s ideas and works could be • The religious upheaval led by
found in France – they even Martin Luther destroyed the
influenced the court of Francis I. unity of the Christian faith. The
The king’s sister Marguerite of wrath of Protestantism swept
Angouleme asjed the Bishop of away from everything connected
Meaux to reform his diocese so he with Roman Catholicism in
asked james Lefevre d’Etaples to schools, orphanages and
come and join him hospitals. Properties of hospitals
• He was author of a French version and schools were confiscated
of the new testament which has
beem considered heretical by the DARK PERIOD OF NURSING 17th TO
Sorbonne and was the founder of the 19th CENTURY
circle of reformers in Meaux which • Theodore Fliedner – Reconstituted
has been forbidden by the church the deaconesses and later
luther’s works were translated into established the school of nursing in
French, mostly printed in Kaiserwerth, Germany where
Switzerland and passed from one Florence Nightingale has her first
person to another in secret formal training for 3 months as a
• The Protestants, who were called nurse.
‘Lutherans’ at the time, belonged
to the higher, literate class of 1st TRAINING SCHOOL OF NURSING
society and were condemned as United States of America
heretics by the Church. Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing
Persecution began in 1521: they • Founded in 1873 in New York. It
had to pay fines, were sent to was the first school of nursing in the
prison and even burnt at the stake. united states to be founded on the
principles of nursing established by
THE START OF DARK PERIOD OF Florence Nightingale
NURSING Philippines
• The world of nursing, despite Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing
wars and plagues made • Established in 1906 it is the first
considerable progress under hospital in the Philippines which
the influence of Christianity. It trained Filipino nurse.
maybe said that nursing owes
 NIGHTINGALE ERA EDUCATION PERIOD (18th – 20th
• Florence Nightingale CENTURY
• Born on May 12, 1820 Florence Nightingale was one of
• Born to a wealthy English parents the pioneers in establishing the
• Known as “The Mother of modern idea of nursing schools from her
nursing” “The Lady with the Lamp” base at St Thomas' Hospital,
and “Professional Nurse Pioneer London in 1860 when she opened
• Most famous for her work during the 'Nightingale Training School for
the Crimean war (1854-1856) Nurses’, now part of King's College
• Under Florence’s leadership, the London.
nurses brought cleanliness,
sanitation, nutritious food and NIGHTINGALE SCHOOL OF
comfort to the patients. NURSING
• Nightingale was known for During the war a public subscription fund
providing the kind of personal care, was set up for Florence Nightingale to
continue her education of nurses in England,
like writing letters home for
and the Nightingale Training School at St.
soldiers, that comforted them and
Thomas’
improved their psychological health
Hospital opened in 1860. The education of
• Her group of nurses transformed the
recruits involved a year of practical
hospital into a healthy environment
instruction in the wards, supplemented with
within six months, and as a result,
courses of lecturing, and followed by two
the death rate of patients fell from
years of work experience in the hospital.
40 to 2 percent (5). In 1857,
After graduation, many of the students
Florence returned home a heroine. It
staffed British hospitals, and others spread
was the soldiers in Crimea that
the Nightingale education system to other
initially named her the “Lady with
countries.
the Lamp” because of the reassuring
sight of her
CONCEPTS IN THE NIGHTINGALE
carrying around a lamp to check on
SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
the sick and wounded during the
1. Government funds should be allotted to
night, and the title remained with
nursing education
her
• First nurse political activist
• Published in 1859 Notes on
2. Training schools of Nursing should be in
Nursing provides a simple but
close affiliation
practical discussion of good patient 3. Professional nurses should train nurses
care, along with helpful hints. 4. Nursing students should be provided with
According to Florence Nightingale, residence near their training hospitals
hygiene, sanitation, fresh air, proper • Written orders of doctors were insisted
lighting, a good diet, warmth, • Nurses should go with doctors during their
quietness and attentiveness were rounds
necessary conditions for hospitals
5. All nurses must be trained, in a regular
and were to be ensured by trained civil hospital
nurses. 6. Training was fundamentally on the
• Environmental Theory and apprenticeship model: hands- on, in the
Statistical wards, under the ward sister
• Nightingale- implemented 7. Classes, given by medical doctors,
handwashing and other augmented training in the wards
hygiene practices in the war hospital 8. The “home sister” or “mistress of
in which she worked. probationers” organized the training
More soldiers die because from 9. District nurses had to be hospital trained
infection than from bullets (or they would not see enough serious cases)
she advocated sanitary living
conditions as of great importance.
10. Midwifery nurses had to be • Volume of patients drastically
hospital trained change the role of nurses
11. Training was required for administrative • The nurses performed triage as
positions patients came in on ambulance
12. Probationers kept diaries and case notes trains, directed corpsmen who had
of their work, examined by the matron and little medical training, managed
home sister, and often by Nightingale. entire wards of patients and
13. A major component of training was performed a variety of procedures,
moral: ethical standards for patient care including irrigating
14. Technical training had to be updated wounds and managing infection.
15. A Probationers’ Home should be • Dependent to Independent nursing
provided, with a private room for each, practice
comfortable (common) living • Good Infection control and wound
16. Responsibility for probationers’ care even with the absence of
health and safety, including rules to prevent antibiotics and electricity
septicemia and ongoing monitoring of • American nurses worked on base
probationers’ health hospitals, hospital trains, hospital
17. Certificates and letters of reference had ships, field hospitals, camp hospitals
to be dated and were relevant only for a and even evacuation hospitals and
short time mobile units.
18. A matron should have a housekeeper • Mobilizing women and women
under her so that she could concentrate on empowerment
the nursing and the nurse training • Nurses earned the respect of
19. The superintendent herself must have the
those they served with, and they
highest knowledge of nursing, be herself were decision-makers. That was
resident in the hospital, make the training in
very different for them, not just
nursing her first object, and be herself a as nurses but as women
trained nurse of the highest order.

NURSING AFTER WORLD WAR II

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (21st • New Opportunities for
CENTURY) Women: Wartime and the
What is Contemporary? American Workforce
How will you describe nurses and nursing • Nurses on the Front Lines
today? • The Scars of War: PTSD in
WWII Nurses (Post Traumatic
NURSING AFTER WORLD WAR I Stress Disorder)
• World War I - World War I (often
abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also RISE OF THE BSN CURRICULUM
known as the First World War or the
Great War, was a global war The Degree of Bachelor of Science in
originating in Europe that lasted Nursing: 1941-1951
from 28 July 1914 to 11 November A nursing curriculum which was based on
1918 the thesis presented by Julita V. Sotejo,
• Conflict between the great powers graduate of the Philippine General Hospital
of Europe were divided into two School of Nursing, tackles on the
coalitions: the Triple development of a nursing education within a
Entente—consisting of France, University- based College of Nursing.
Russia and • When the Japanese occupied the
Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Philippines in 1942, training and
Germany, practice at the hospital schools of
Austria-Hungary and Italy nursing in Manila was “violently
• The silver lining of the great war disrupted.”
 • However, U.S. colonial patterns 3. Teacher
in Philippine nursing education soon 4. Client Advocate
returned after the U.S. reclaimed the 5. Counselor
country in 1945 6. Change Agent
and even after the Philippines 7. Leader
gained independence from the 8. Manager
U.S. July 4, 1946 9. Case Manager
10. Expanded Career Roles
The First Colleges of Nursing in the
Philippines EXPANDED CAREER ROLES FOR
NURSES
University of Santo Tomas – College of • Nurse Practitioner
Nursing (1946) • Clinical Nurse Specialist
In 1947, the Bureau of Private Schools • Nurse Anesthetist
permitted UST to grant the title Graduate • Nurse Midwife
Nurse to the • Nurse Research
21 students who were of advanced standing • Nurse Administrator
from 1948 up to the present • Nurse Educator
• Nurse Entrepreneur
Manila Central University- College of
Nursing (1947)
The MCU Hospital first offered BSN and
Doctor of Medicine degrees in 1947 and
served as the clinical field for practice.

University of the Philippines Manila –

College of Nursing (1948)
The idea of opening the college began in a
conference between Miss Julita Sotejo and
UP President. In April 1948, the University
Council approved the curriculum, and the
Board of Regents recognized the profession
as having an equal standing as Medicine,
Engineering etc. Miss Julita Sotejo was its
first dean.

NURSING IN TODAY’S SOCIETY

• Change is the only constant thing in the
world
• “Nursing is caring” (Womb to Tomb)
• “Nursing is an Art”
• Recipient of Nursing - Patients,
community, family, clients and
co-workers
• Scope of Nursing
1. Promoting Health and Wellness
2. Preventing Illness
3. Restoring Health
4. Care for the Dying
• Roles and Functions of the Nurse
today
1. Caregiver
2. Communicator