- In this lecture, you can learn about tenses.

You will have an overview

of verb tenses: the simple tenses, the progressive tenses, the perfect
tenses, the perfect progressive tenses, and spelling of –ing and –ed
forms.
- These tenses will be studied in more detail in the next chapters/
lectures.

 The Simple Tenses: Simple Present, Simple

Past, Simple Future
 Simple Present
 Form:

Subject + V1+ Rest of the sentence

- Remember to add a final –s when the subject of a sentence is the 3rd

person- he, she, it, or a singular noun.

Compare:

I like apricots, but she likes oranges.

 How to add the final –s
- Be careful with some verbs when using the 3rd person singular.
1. verbs ending in (sh – ch – s – z – x – o )
Add -es to V1.
Examples:
I watch → he watches
I pass → he passes
I go → he goes
I do → he does
2. Verbs ending in –y
Mind the letter that stands before -y.
1. Vowel before -y: Add -s.
Examples:
I play → he plays
2. Consonant before -y: Change -y to -i. Then add -es.
Examples:
I hurry → he hurries
I cry → he cries

 Use
- In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exit
always, usually, habitually; they exist now, have existed in the past,
and probably will exist in the future.

Examples:
 It snows in Alaska.
 Tom watches TV every day.
 What do you do every morning?
 The nerd studies every day. 
 The Sun rises in the east.
 My friend does not study. 
  Simple Past
 Form:

Subject + V2+ Rest of the sentence

- This tense refers to an action that began and ended at a particular

time in the past.

Examples:
 It snowed in yesterday.
 Tom walked to school two days ago.
 It was cold last night.
 Baraa‘ lived in Paris for ten years.
 I did not have breakfast this morning.

 Simple Future
 Form:

Subject + will/ be going to+ V0 + Rest of the sentence

- This tense refers to an action that will happen at a particular time in

the future.

Examples:
 It will snow tomorrow.
 It is going to snow tomorrow.
 Tom will watch TV tonight.
  Jack will finish his work at about 3.00.
 It will be cloudy next week.
 Be careful! You will hurt yourself!
 I am going to paint my bedroom next month.

 Progressive Tenses: Present Progressive, Past Progressive,

Future Progressive
- In general, the progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in
progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action
begins, is in progress, and continues after another time or action.

 Present Progressive
 Form:

Subject + am/is/are + Ving + Rest of the sentence

- This tense refers to an action that began in the past, is in progress at

the present time, and probably will continue.

Examples:
 Tom is sleeping right now.
 It is raining.
 The students are sitting in their desks now.

 Past Progressive
 Form:

Subject + was/were + Ving + Rest of the sentence

- This tense refers to an action that began in the past, was in progress at
a particular time, and probably continued after that time.

Examples:
 Tom was sleeping when I arrived.
 Sarah was studying when they came.
 I was having lunch when you phoned me.

 Future Progressive
 Form

Subject + will/be going to + be + Ving + Rest of the sentence

- This tense refers to an action that will begin in the future, will be in
progress at a particular time in the future, and probably will continue
after that time.

Examples:
 Tom will be sleeping when we arrive.
 I will be studying when you come.
 They will be sitting in class at the same time tomorrow.
 Don‘t get impatient. She will be coming soon.

The Perfect Tenses: Present Perfect, Past Perfect,

Future Perfect
- The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before
another time or event.
  Present Perfect
 Form:
Subject+ have/has + V3+Rest of the sentence.

- In general, present perfect refers to an action that happened before

now in an unknown time.

Examples:
 I have eaten an apple.
 They have moved into a new apartment.
 Have you ever been to London?
 Jack hasn‘t seen it yet.
 She feels bad. She has just heard some bad news. 

 Past Perfect
 Form:
Subject+ had + V3+Rest of the sentence

- Past perfect refers to an action that happened before another action.

Examples:
 Tom had already eaten when his friends arrived.
 Sam had already left when Ann got there.
 After the guests had left, I went to bed.
  The Perfect Progressive Tenses: Present Perfect
Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive, Future Perfect
Progressive
- The Perfect Progressive Tenses give the idea that one event is in
progress immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The
tenses are used to express the duration of the first event.

 Present Perfect Progressive

 Form:
Subject+ have/has + been + Ving+ Rest of the sentence

- This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in

the past and continues to the present.

Examples:
 Tom has been studying for two hours.
 I have been sitting here since seven o‘clock.
 It‘s been raining all day.
 I have been thinking of changing my major.

 None of my friends has been studying since I met them.

 Past Perfect Progressive

 Form:
Subject+ had + been + Ving+ Rest of the sentence
- This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in
the past and continues until another activity or time.

Examples:
 Tom had been studying for two hours before his friends came.
 I had been thinking of changing my major before I took the right
decision.

 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms

 Adding –ed
1. If a verb ends in ‗e‘, add only d.
Hope hoped
date dated
injure injured
2. One-syllable verbs
1 Vowel + 1 consonant = double the final consonant
Examples:
Stop stopped
rob robbed
beg begged

Note:
‘w’ and ‘x’ are not doubled:
Fix fixed
Plow plowed
2 Vowels + 1 consonant = Don‘t double the final consonant

Examples:
Rain rained
Fool fooled
Dream dreamed
3. Two- syllable verbs
If the first syllable is stressed -------- don‘t double the final consonant.
Examples:
Listen listened
Offer offered
Open opened
If the second syllable is stressed -------- double the final consonant
Examples:
prefer preferred
control controlled

Note:
‗w‘ and ‗x‘ are not doubled:
4. verbs ending in -y
Mind the letter that stands before -y.
Vowel before -y: Add ed
Examples:
Play played
enjoy enjoyed
pray prayed
Consonant before -y: Change -y to -i. Then add -ed.
Examples:
hurry hurried
study studied
try tried
reply replied

 Adding –ing
1. If a verb ends in ‗e‘, drop it and then add –ing
Examples:
Hope hoping
date dating
injure injuring

Note:
If a verb ends in ‗ee‘, don‘t drop the final ‗e‘, add –ing
Example
see seeing
2. One-syllable verbs
1 Vowel + 1 consonant = double the final consonant
Examples:
Stop stopping
rob robbing
beg begging

Note:
‘w’ and ‘x’ are not doubled:
Fix fixing
Plow plowing
2 Vowels + 1 consonant = Don‘t double the final consonant
Examples:
Rain raining
Fool fooling
Dream dreaming
3. Two- syllable verbs
If the first syllable is stressed -------- don‘t double the final consonant
Examples:
Listen listening
Offer offering
Open opening
If the second syllable is stressed -------- double the final consonant
Examples:
prefer preferring
control controlling

Note:
‗w‘ and ‗x‘ are not doubled:
4. Verbs ending in -ie
Change -ie to -y.
Examples:
lie lying
die dying
5. Verbs ending in -c
Change -c to -ck.

Example:
picnic picnicking

Page 9 - Exercise 9
Correct the mistakes
1. Does Pedro walks to work every morning?
2. What you are talking about? I'm not understand you.
3. Did you finished your work?
4. My friend doesn't liking her apartment.
5. Do you are working for this company?
6. What time your plane did it arrive?
7. How long have you are living in this city?
8. My brother don't have no job right now.
9. Ali wont to be in class tomorrow.
10. I hadn't never saw snow before I moved to Canada last year.

Homework
Page 11 - Exercise 11
Add ‘-ed’ and ‘-ing’
1. hold
2. hide
3. run
4. ruin
5. come
6. write
7. eat
8. sit
9. act
10. pat
11. open
12. begin
13. earn
14. fry
15. die
16. employ

Part II
1. boil
2. try
3. stay
4. tape
5. tap
6. offer
7. prefer
8. gain
9. plan
10. tie
11. help
12. study
13. admit
14. visit
15. hug
16. rage

Part III
1. dare
2. jar
3. jeer
4. dot
5. loot
6. point
7. exit
8. permit
9. intensify
10. destroy
11. suffer
12. occur
13. raid
14. ride
15. bid
16. bury
17. decay
18. tie
19. tame
20. teem
21. trim
22. harm
23. ripen
24. regret

- In this lecture, you can learn about simple present, present

progressive (continuous), stative verbs, am, is, are + being
+adjective, regular and irregular verbs, regular verbs: pronunciation
of final –ed endings, some troublesome verbs, and a list of irregular
verbs.
- First, let‘s review present and past verbs

Exercise 1 Page 12
1. I am not agree with your opinion.
I am do not agree with your opinion.
Take note: You should negate the present simple verbs using do or does
2. I'm not knowing Sam's wife.
I don’t know Sam's wife.
Take note: ‗Know‘ is a stative verb that does not occur in progressive
tenses
3. A: What you are talking about?
B: I talking about the political situation in my country.
I am talking about the political situation in my country.
Take note: the form of the present progressive is
Subject + am/is/are + Ving + Rest of the sentence
4. My roommate usually watch television, listen to music, or going out in
the evening.
My roommate usually watches television, listen to music, or going out in
the evening.
Take note: You must add a final –s to the verb if the subject is he, she, it,
or a singular noun.
5. When I turned the ignition key, the car was starting.
When I turned the ignition key, the car started.
Take note: It is a sequence event in the past, so you should use past
simple + past simple.
6. This class is consisting of students who are wanting to learn English.
This class consists of students who want to learn English.
Take note: the two verbs ‗consist‘ and ‗want‘ are stative verbs.
7. The children drawed some pictures in school this morning.
The children drew some pictures in school this morning.
Take note: The verb ‗draw‘ is an irregular verb.

Draw drew drawn

8. While Tom's reading in bed last night, his phone ring. When he was
answering it, the caller hanged up.
While Tom was reading in bed last night, his phone rang. When he
answered it, the caller hung up.
Take note 1: ‗last night‘ means the event happened in the past, so you
have to write in past verbs- was reading and rang
Take note 2: ‗answer‘ is not a prolonged verb and does not take time, so
you‘d better use it in simple tenses.
Take note 3: The verb ‗hang‘ is an irregular verb if it means "to end a
telephone conversation"

hang hung hung

9. Right now Sally in the kitchen eating breakfast.
Right now Sally is in the kitchen eating breakfast.
Take note: the form of the present progressive.
10. When the sun raises, it is appearing from below the horizon.
When the sun rises, it appears from below the horizon.
Take note: The verb ‗appear‘ is a stative verb
Also, See troublesome verbs
 - Now let us move to the Simple present tense.

 Simple Present
Form:
Subject + V1+ Rest of the sentence

Remember to add a final –s when the subject of a sentence is the 3rd

person- he, she, it, or a singular noun.

Use
The simple present is used
1. General statements of fact and timeless truth
- The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in
the present, and will be true in the future.

Examples:
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
The average person breathes 21.600 times a day.
The world is round.
2. Habitual or everyday activities
- The simple present expresses habitual or everyday activities

Examples:
I study for two hours every night.
I get up at seven every morning.
He always eats a sandwich for lunch.

 Present Progressive
Form:
Subject + am/is/are + Ving + Rest of the sentence

Use
The present progressive is used
1. An action taking place at the moment of speaking
- The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress at the
moment of speaking.

Examples:
John is sleeping right now.
I need an umbrella because it is raining.
The students are sitting at their desks now.
2. An activity of a general nature in progress
- The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress this
week, this month, this year, etc.
- In other words, it expresses an action that is in progress for a period
although this action is not taking place at the moment of speaking.

Examples:
Susan is writing a book this year.
I am working on my pronunciation.
He is taking five courses this semester.

Exercise 4 Page 14
1. Diane can't come to the phone because she (wash) is washing her
hair.
2. Diane (wash) washes her hair every other day or so.
3. Kathy (sit, usually) usually sits in the front row during class, but today
she (sit) is sitting in the last row.
3. Please be quiet. I (try) am trying to concentrate.
5. (you, lock, always) Do you always lock the door to your apartment
when you leave?
6. I wrote to my friend last week. She hasn't answered my letter yet. I am
still waiting (wait, still) for a reply.
7. After six days of rain, I'm glad that the sun (shine) is shining again
today.
8. Every morning, the sun (shine) shines in my bedroom window and
(wake) wakes me up.
9. A: Look! It (snow) is snowing.
B: It's beautiful! This is the first time I've ever seen snow. It (snow, not)
does not in my country.
10. A: Close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (I, do) Am I doing?
B: You (rub) are rubbing the top of your desk with your hand.
A: Close, but not exactly right. Try again.
B: Aha! You (rub) are rubbing your hands together.
A: Right!

 Stative Verbs
- Some English verbs have stative meanings. They describe states:
conditions or situations that exist such as sense perceptions.
- When they have stative meanings, they are not used in progressive
tenses.

Take note:
Stative verbs have different meanings when used in progressive.
Mind the example:
- I see you now. (use eyes)
- I am seeing a doctor today. (have meeting)
* If you are not sure about these verbs, use the dictionary.
- Common verbs that have stative meanings:
1. Mental verbs
Know
Realize
Understand
Recognize
Believe
Feel
Suppose
Think
Imagine
Doubt
Remember
Forget
Want
Need
Desire
Mean
Love
Like
Appreciate
Please
Prefer
Hate
Dislike
Fear
Envy
Mind
Care
Astonish
Amaze
Surprise
Possess
Have
Own
Belong
Taste
Smell
Hear
Feel
See
Seem
Look
Appear
Sound
Resemble
Look like
Cost
 Owe
Weight
Equal
Be
Exist
Matter
Consist of
Contain
Include

 Am, Is, Are + Being + Adjectives

- Be + a verb usually expresses a stative meaning.
Examples:
Ann is sick
I am hungry.
She is tall and beautiful.
He is tall and handsome.
- Am, is, are + being + an adjective is used to describe temporary, in
progress behavior.
Examples:
Jack does not feel well, but he refuses to see a doctor. He is being foolish.
Sue is being very quiet today. I wonder if anything is wrong.
- Some adjectives cannot be used with am, is, are + being + an
adjective because they do not describe a temporary behavior such as
angry, beautiful, handsome, happy, healthy, hungry, lucky, nervous,
sick, tall, thirsty, young.
- Here are some adjectives that can be used with am, is, are + being +
an adjective
bad (ill-behaved)
careful
cruel
fair
foolish
funny
generous
good (well-behaved)
illogical
impolite
irresponsible
loud
nice
noisy
patient
pleasant
polite
quiet
responsible
rude
serious
silly
unfair
unkind
unpleasant
kind
logical

Exercise 7 Page 17
1. Don't pay any attention to Johnny. He's just being _______
Tired funny
foolish silly
2. A: You shouldn't act like that, Tommy. You're not being _______
B: Okay, Dad. I'm sorry.
Careful kind
healthy responsible
3. A: There's something different about Tom today.
B: What do you mean?
A: He's being so _______ today.
handsome quiet
polite tall
4. I don't approve of Ann's behavior. She is being _______
Angry unfair
cruel unpleasant
5. The children are being awfully _______ today.
noisy hungry
sick good

 Pronunciation of final –ed

- Final –ed can be pronounced as /t/, /d/, or /əd/
- It is pronounced as /t/ after voiceless sounds such as k, p, s, f, etc.
Examples:
Looked
Clapped
Missed
Watched
Finished
Laughed
- It is pronounced as /d/ after voiced sounds such as l, v, n, b, and all
vowel sounds.
Examples:
Smelled
Saved
Cleaned
Robbed
Played
- It is pronounced as /əd/ after /t/ or /d/.
Examples:
Decided
Needed
Wanted
Invited
Take note: the /əd/ sound adds a syllable to a word.
Need = one syllable
Needed= two syllables

 Troublesome verbs
- Raise, set, and lay are transitive verbs; they are followed by an
object.
- Rise, sit, and lie are not are followed by an object.
Transitive Intransitive
Raise, raised, raised Rise, rose, rosen
 Set, set, set Sit, sat, sat
Lay, laid, laid Lie, lay, lain

Take note:
The verb ‗lie‘ is a regular verb when it means ‗not tell the truth.‘
He lied to me about his age.

Exercise 17 Page 26
1. The student (raised, rose) his hand in class.
2. Hot air (raises, rises).
3. Ann (set, sat) in a chair because she was tired.
4. I (set, sat) your dictionary on the table a few minutes ago.
5. Hens (lay, lie) eggs.
6. Sara is (laying, lying) on the grass in the park right now.
7. Jan (laid, lay) the comb on top of the dresser a few minutes ago.
8. If you are tired, you should (lay, lie) down and take a nap.
9. San Francisco (lay, lies) to the north of Los Angeles.
10. Mr. Faust (raises, rises) many different kinds of flowers in his garden.
11. The student (raised, rose) from her seat and walked to the front of the
auditorium to receive her diploma.
12. Hiroki is a very methodical person. Every night before going to bed,
he (lays, lies) his clothes for the next day on his chair.
13. Where are my keys? I (lay, laid) them here on the desk five minutes
ago
14. Fred (set, sat) the table for dinner.
15. Fred (set, sat) at the table for dinner.
16. The fulfillment of all your dreams (lies, lays) within you—if you just
believe in yourself.

 Irregular verbs

Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle

Arise arose arisen

Awake awoke, awaked awoken, awaked

Be was, were been

bear bore borne, born

beat beat beaten, beat

become became become

beget begot begotten

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bereave bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft

beseech besought, beseeched besought, beseeched

bet bet, betted bet, betted

bid bade, bid bidden, bid, bade

bide bade, bided bided

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

bless blessed, blest blessed, blest

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast, broadcasted broadcast, broadcasted

build built built

burn burnt, burned burnt, burned

burst burst burst

bust bust, busted bust, busted

buy bought bought

can could (kein Participle)

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cleave cleft, cleaved, clove cleft, cleaved, cloven

cling clung clung

clothe clothed, clad clothed, clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

crow crowed crew, crowed

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbad, forbade forbid, forbidden

forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted

forget forgot forgotten

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

geld gelded, gelt gelded, gelt

get got got, gotten

gild gilded, gilt gilded, gilt

give gave given

gnaw gnawed gnawed, gnawn

go went gone

grind ground ground

grip gripped, gript gripped, gript

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

heave heaved, hove heaved, hove

hew hewed hewed, hewn

hide hid hidden, hid

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled

knit knitted, knit knitted, knit

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leant, leaned leant, leaned

leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped

learn learnt, learned learnt, learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lit, lighted lit, lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

may might (kein Participle)

mean meant meant

meet met met

melt melted molten, melted

mow mowed mown, mowed

pay paid paid

pen pent, penned pent, penned

plead pled, pleaded pled, pleaded

prove proved proven, proved

put put put

quit quit, quitted quit, quitted

read read read

rid rid, ridded rid, ridded

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawn, sawed

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn, sewed

shake shook shaken

shall should (kein Participle)

shear sheared shorn, sheared

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shit shit, shitted, shat shit, shitted, shat

shoe shod, shoed shod, shoed

shoot shot shot

show showed shown, showed

shred shred, shredded shred, shredded

shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

slay slew slain

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slunk slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sown, sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped, speeded sped, speeded

spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled

spend spent spent

spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled

spin spun spun

spit spat spat

split split split

spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled

spread spread spread

spring sprang, sprung sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank, stunk stunk

stride strode stridden

strike struck struck

string strung strung

strive strove striven

swear swore sworn

sweat sweat, sweated sweat, sweated

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen, swelled

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

telecast telecast, telecasted telecast, telecasted

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden

understand understood understood

wake woke, waked woken, waked

wear wore worn

weave wove woven

wed wed, wedded wed, wedded

weep wept wept

wet wet, wetted wet, wetted

win won won

wind wound wound

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

- In this lecture, we are going to have a look back upon troublesome

verbs and discuss some issues concerning some past tenses: simple
past, past progressive (continuous). In addition, we will learn about
using progressive verbs with always to complain and using
expressions of place with progressive tenses.

 Troublesome verbs
- Raise, set, and lay are transitive verbs; they are followed by an
object.
- Rise, sit, and lie are not are followed by an object.
Transitive Intransitive
Raise, raised, raised Rise, rose, rosen
Set, set, set Sit, sat, sat
Lay, laid, laid Lie, lay, lain

Take note:
The verb ‗lie‘ is a regular verb when it means ‗not tell the truth.‘
He lied to me about his age.

Exercise 17 Page 26
1. The student (raised, rose) his hand in class.
2. Hot air (raises, rises).
3. Ann (set, sat) in a chair because she was tired.
4. I (set, sat) your dictionary on the table a few minutes ago.
5. Hens (lay, lie) eggs.
6. Sara is (laying, lying) on the grass in the park right now.
7. Jan (laid, lay) the comb on top of the dresser a few minutes ago.
8. If you are tired, you should (lay, lie) down and take a nap.
9. San Francisco (lay, lies) to the north of Los Angeles.
10. Mr. Faust (raises, rises) many different kinds of flowers in his garden.
11. The student (raised, rose) from her seat and walked to the front of the
auditorium to receive her diploma.
12. Hiroki is a very methodical person. Every night before going to bed,
he (lays, lies) his clothes for the next day on his chair.
13. Where are my keys? I (lay, laid) them here on the desk five minutes
ago
14. Fred (set, sat) the table for dinner.
15. Fred (set, sat) at the table for dinner.
16. The fulfillment of all your dreams (lies, lays) within you—if you just
believe in yourself.

 Simple Past
Form:

Subject + V2+ Rest of the sentence

 1. This tense refers to an action that began and ended at a particular
time in the past.

Examples:
 It snowed in Alaska yesterday.
 Tom walked to school two days ago.
 It was cold last night.
 He lived in Paris for ten years.
 I did not have breakfast this morning.

Note:
We use the word ―when‖ to join two clauses.
2. If a sentence contains ‗when‘ and has the simple past in both clauses,
the action in the ‗when‘ clause happens first.

Examples

 Rita stood under a tree when it began to rain.

(1st: The rain began. 2nd: She stood under a tree.)

 When Mrs. Chu heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate.

 When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap.

 PAST PROGRESSIVE
Form:
 Subject + was/were + Ving + Rest of the sentence

- This tense refers to an action that began in the past, was in progress at
a particular time, and probably continued after that time.

Examples:
 Tom was sleeping when I arrived.
 Sarah was studying when they came.
 At eight o'clock last night, I was studying.

 Last year at this time, I was attending school.

- This tense is used when both actions occur at the same time in the
past, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other
action occurred.

Examples:

 I was walking down the street when it began to rain.

1st: I was walking down the street. 2nd: It began to rain.

 While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.

 Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain.

- Sometimes the past progressive is used in both parts of a

sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously.

Example:
  While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommate
was having a party in the other room.

Exercise 19 Page 28

1. I am sitting in class right now. I (sit) was sitting in class at this exact
same time yesterday.

2. I don't want to go to the zoo today because it is raining. The same thing
happened yesterday. I (want, not) didn’t want to go to the zoo because it
(rain) was raining.

3. I (call) called Roger at nine last night, but he was not(be, not) at home.
He (study) was studying. at the library.

4. I (hear, not) didn’t hear the thunder during the storm last night because
I (sleep) was sleeping.

5. It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun
(shine)was shining. A cool breeze (blow) was blowing. The birds (sing)
were singing.

6. My brother and sister (argue) were arguing about something when I

(walk) walked into the room.

7. I got a package in the mail. When I (open) opened it, I (find) found a
surprise.
8. While Mrs. Emerson (read) was reading the little boy a story, he (fall)
fell asleep, so she (close) closed the book and quietly (tiptoe) tiptoed out
of the room.

9. A: Why weren't you at the meeting?

B: I (wait) was waiting for an overseas call from my family.

10. A: (you, hear) Did you hear what she just said?

B: No, I (listen, not) was not listening. I (think) was thinking about
something else.

 USING PROGRESSIVE VERBS WITH ALWAYS TO

COMPLAIN

- In sentences referring to present time, usually the simple present

is used with always to describe habitual or everyday activities.

Example:

 Mary always leaves for school at 7:45.

- In special circumstances, a speaker may use the present

progressive with always to complain, i.e., to express annoyance or
anger.

Example:
  Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up!
Who does she think I am? Her maid?

- In addition to always, the words forever and constantly are also

used with the present progressive to express annoyance.

Example:

 I am always/ forever/ constantly picking up Mary's dirty socks!

- Always, forever, and constantly can also be used with the past
progressive to express annoyance or anger.

Example:

 I didn't like having Sam for my roommate last year. He was always
leaving his dirty clothes on the floor.

COMPARE:

(1) Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor. (expresses
annoyance. )

(2) Mary always leaves her dirty socks on the floor. )It is a statement
of fact in which the speaker is not necessarily expressing an
attitude of annoyance.)

Note that annoyance can be shown by the speaker's tone of voice.

  USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE WITH
PROGRESSIVE VERBS

- An expression of place can sometimes come between the auxiliary be

and the -ing verb in a progressive tense

Be + expression of place + V4

Examples:

 What is Kay doing?

- She's studying in her room.

Take note about this example! The focus of both the question and the
answer is on Kay's activity in progress, i.e., on what she is doing.

 - Where's Kay?

- She's in her room studying.

Take note about this example! The focus of both the question and the
answer is on Kay's location, i.e., on where Kay is.

 - What was Jack doing when you arrived?

- He was reading a book in bed.

 - Where was Jack when you arrived?

- He was in bed reading a book.

Note:

In formal English, a subject pronoun follows than: He's older than I (am).
In everyday informal English, an object pronoun is frequently used after
than: He's older than me.

Exercise 24 Page 32

1. listen to music in her room

A: Where's Sally?

B: She's in her room listening to music.

2. listen to music in the living room

A: What's Surasuk doing?

B: He's in the living room listening to music.

3. watch TV in his bedroom

A: Where was Jack when you got home?

B: He was in his bedroom watching TV

4. watch TV \in his bedroom

A: What was Jack doing when you got home?

B: He was watching TV in his bedroom.

5. take a nap on the couch in the living room

A: What's Roy doing?

B: He's taking a nap on the couch in the living room.

6. take a nap on the couch in the living room

A: Where's Roy?

B: He's on the couch in the living room taking a nap.

7. attend a conference in Singapore

A: Where's Ms. Chang this week?

B: She's in Singapore attending a conference

EXERCISE 25 Page 35

Correct the errors.

1. Breakfast is an important meal. I'm always eating breakfast.

Breakfast is an important meal. I always eat breakfast.

2. During I was working in my office yesterday, my cousin stops by to

visit me.
While I was working in my office yesterday, my cousin stopped by to
visit me.

3. Portugal lays to the west of Spain.

Portugal lies to the west of Spain.

4. Yuki staied home because she catched a bad cold.

Yuki stayed home because she caught a bad cold.

5. My brother is looking like our father, but I am resembling my

mother.

My brother looks like our father, but I resemble my mother.

6. As a verb, "sink‖ is meaning "move downward.‖ What it means as a

noun?

As a verb, "sink‖ means "move downward.‖ What does it mean as a

noun?

7. Sang-Joon, are you listen to me? I am talk to you!

Sang-Joon, are you listening to me? I am talking to you!

8. I rewinded the rented video before I return it to the store yesterday.

I rewound the rented video before I returned it to the store yesterday.

9. Abdallah is want a snack. He's being hungry.

Abdallah wants a snack. He is being hungry.

10. Anna rose her eyebrows in surprise.

Anna raised her eyebrows in surprise.

11. Yesterday, I was working at my computer when Shelley was

coming to the door of my office. I wasn't knowing she was there. I
was concentrate hard on my work. When she suddenly speak, I am
jump. She startle me.

Yesterday, I was working at my computer when Shelley came to the door

of my office. I didn’t know she was there. I was concentrating hard on
my work. When she suddenly spoke, I jumped. She startled me.

12. While I was surfing the net yesterday, I was finding a really
interesting Web site.

While I was surfing the net yesterday, I found a really interesting website.

- In this lecture, we are going to learn about present perfect, present

perfect progressive, and past perfect.
- .‫في هذه الوحاضزة سوف نتعلن الحاضز التام و الحاضز التام الوستوز و الواضي التام‬

 Present Perfect
- The present perfect expresses the idea that something
happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in
the past. The exact time it happened is not important.
Examples:
 They have moved into a new apartment.
 Have you ever visited Mexico ?
 I have never seen snow .
 I have already seen that movie .
 Jack has not seen it yet .
 Ann started a letter to her parents last week, but she still has not
finished it .
 Alex feels bad. He has just heard some bad news.

Note:
- If there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used
They moved into a new apartment last month.

 Tips and advice:

- Here are some adverbs frequently used with the present perfect:
 Ever: with question
Have you ever been to Paris?
 Never: with negative sentences
I have never seen snow.
Mind:
I have never seen snow. (negative sentence) ( )
I have not never seen snow. ( X ) (incorrect- two negatives)

 Already
I have already met Sami.
 Yet: with questions and negative sentences
Have you done your homework yet?

 Still
She still hasn’t received any reply.

 Just
They have just finished their training.

 So far
We have had four tests so far this semester.
- The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before
now.

Examples:
 We have had four tests so far this semester .
 I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks .
 I have met many people since I came here in June .
 I have flown on an airplane many times.
- The present perfect with for or since expresses a situation that
began in the past and continues to the present.
Note:
since + a particular time
for + a duration of time

Examples:
 I have been here since seven o'clock .
 We have been here for two weeks .
 I have had this same pair of shoes for three years .
 I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child .
 I have known him for many years.

Exercise 3 Page 36
Use simple past or present perfect
1. I (attend, not) haven't attended any parties since I came here.
2. Al (go) went to a party at Sally's apartment last Saturday night.
3. Bill (arrive) arrived here three days ago.
4. Bill (be) has been here since the 22nd.
5. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You
(miss, already) have already missed too many classes. You (miss)
missed two classes just last week.
6. So far this week, I (have) have had two tests and a quiz.
7. Alex is an artist. He (draw) has drawn many beautiful pictures in his
lifetime. Last week, he (draw) drew a beautiful mountain scene.
 8. Jack really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he
(call) has called here four times trying to reach you. He (call) called
at 9:10, 10:25, 12:15, and 1:45.
9. Janet (wear) has worn her new blue dress only once since she bought
it. She (wear) wore it to her brother's wedding last month.
10. The night has ended, and it's daylight now. The sun (rise) has
risen. It (rise) rised at 6:08.

 Present Perfect Progressive:

- This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that
began in the past and continues to the present.

Examples:
 Right now, I am sitting at my desk. I have been sitting here since
seven o'clock.
 I have been sitting here for two hours .
 You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don't you take a
break?
 It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.

 Tips and advice:

- Some time words that are frequently used in present perfect
progressive:
For
Since
All + _____: all morning, all day, all week, etc.
Lately
Recently

Remember!
- Stative verbs are not used in the progressive. Therefore, the
present perfect is used with stative verbs to describe the duration of a
state.
Mind:
I have known Alex since he was a child.

I have been knowing Alex since he was a child. (X)

- When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it

expresses a general activity in progress recently, lately.

Examples:
 I have been thinking about changing my major.
 All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next
week.
 My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is
too soft.
- With certain verbs (most notably live, work, teach), there is no
difference in meaning between the two tenses when since or for is
used.

Examples:
  I have lived here since 1995.
 I have been living here since 1995 .
 He has worked at the same store for ten years.
 He has been working at the same store for ten years.

Exercise 11 Page 43
Use present perfect or present perfect progressive
1. It (snow) has been snowing all day. I wonder when it will stop.
2. We (have)have had three major snowstorms so far this winter. I
wonder how many more we will have.
3. It's ten P.M. I (study) have been studying for two hours and
probably won't finish until midnight.
4. I (write) have written them three times, but I still haven't received a
reply.
5. The telephone (ring) has rung four times in the last hour, and each
time it has been for my office mate.
6. The telephone (ring) has been ringing for almost a minute. Why
doesn't someone answer it?
7. A: (you, be) Have you been able to reach Bob on the phone yet?
B: Not yet. I (try) have been trying for the last twenty minutes, but
all I get is a busy signal.
8. A: Hi, Jenny. I (see, not) have not seen you for weeks. What (you,
do) have you been doing lately?
 B: Studying

 Past Perfect
- The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before
another activity or time in the past.

Examples:
 Sam had already left by the time Ann got there .
 The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door.
 Sam had already left when Ann got there.
First: Sam left.
Second: Ann got there.
- If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is
often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear.
The simple past is used.

Examples:
 Sam had left before Ann got there.
 Sam left before Ann got there.
 After the guests had left, I went to bed
 After the guests left, I went to bed.

Exercise 15 Page 46
1. Sam (be) was/had been a newspaper reporter before he (become)
became a businessman.
 2. I (feel) felt a little better after I (take) took the medicine.
3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) had already given a quiz
when I (get) got to class.
4. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) was over, the rain
(stop) had stopped.
5. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) roamed the earth, but they
(become) had become extinct by the time humankind first (appear)
appeared.
6. I (see, never) had never seen any of Picasso's paintings before I
(visit) visited the art museum.
7. Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see) saw Pam Donnelly, an old friend of
mine. I (see, not) hadn’t seen her in years. At first, I (recognize, not)
didn’t recognize her because she (lose) a great deal of weight.
- In this lecture, we are going to learn about future tenses.

 WILL vs. BE GOING TO

1. To express a prediction: Use will or be going to
When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something
she/he thinks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be
going to is possible.

Example:
 According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow.
 According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
1. To express a PRIOR PLAN: Use only BE GOING TO.
When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker
intends to do in the future because in the past she/he has made a plan or
decision to do it), only be going to is used.

Example:
 A: Why did you buy this paint?
B: I'm going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
Notice that Speaker B has made a prior plan. Last week she decided to
paint her bedroom. She intends to paint it tomorrow.
 I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He's
going to buy a car. That's what he told me.
Notice that the speaker knows Bob intends to buy a car. Bob made the
decision in the past, and he plans to act on this decision in the future.

Note:
Will is not appropriate in the previous examples.
2. To express WILLINGNESS: Use only WILL.

Examples:
 A: The phone's ringing.
B: I'll get it
Speaker B is saying "I am willing; I am happy to get the phone." He is not
making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is
volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his willingness.
 A: I don't understand this problem.
 B: Ask your teacher about it. She will help you.

EXERCISE 2.
WILL VS. BE GOING TO.
Use will and/or be going to with the verb in parentheses.

PART I
1. Sue (graduate) will graduate / is going to graduate in June. After that,
she (begin) will begin / is going to begin work at an electronics firm.
2. Fred (be) ______ at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come) ______
too.
3. A: Can you give Ed a message for me?
B: Sure. I (see, probably) ______ ______ him at the meeting this evening.
4. A: Mr. Swan (be, not) ______here next term. He has resigned. Who
(be) ______ the new teacher? Do you know?
B: Yes. Ms. Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (each) ______the same courses
Mr. Swan taught: English, algebra, and geometry. I (be) ______ in her
algebra class.
5. In what ways (the damage we do to our environment today, affect)
______ ______ ______ ______ the quality of life for future generations?

PART II.
EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN VS. WILLINGNESS
Use be going to if you think the speaker is expressing a prior plan. If you
think she/he has no prior plan, use will.
6. A: This letter is in French, and I don't speak French. Can you help me?
B: Sure. I (translate) will translate it for you.
7. A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) am going to go to the
shopping mall downtown.
B: Sure. What time do you want to leave?
8. A: Who wants to erase the board? Are there any volunteers?
B: I (do) ______ it!
C: I (do) ______it!
9. A: Why does he have an eraser in his hand?
B: He (erase) ______the board.
10. A: How about getting together for dinner after work?
B: Sounds good. Where?
A: How about Alice's Restaurant or the Gateway Cafe? You decide.
B: Alice's Restaurant. I (meet) will meet you there around six.
A: Great
11. A: Do you have plans for dinner?
B: Yes. I (meet) will meet a co-worker for dinner at Alice's Restaurant.
Want to join us?
12. A: This light doesn't work. The bulb is probably burned out. Do we
have any new light bulbs?
B: I (get) will get one for you.
A: Thanks
13. A: I (enroll) am going to enroll in the community college next spring.
B: Oh? I didn't know you wanted to go back to school.
A: I need to sharpen my skills so I can get a better job. I (take) am going
to take a course in word processing.
14. A: Uh, oh! I've spilled coffee on my shirt!
B: Just a minute. I (get) will get a damp cloth for you.
15. A: Janice, do you want to come with us?
B: I can't. I have to study.
A: Oh, c'mon! You can't study all day and all night.
B: All right, I (go) will go with you. I guess I can finish this stuff
tomorrow
16. A: I (sell) am going to sell my bicycle. I have to.
B: What? Why? You need your bicycle to get to work.
A: I know. But I need money right now to pay for my baby's doctor and
medicine. I can walk to work.
17. A: How do you spell "accustomed"?
B: I'm not sure. I (look) will look : it up for you.
A: Thanks.
B: Here it is. It has two "c"s but only one "m."
  EXPRESSING THE FUTURE IN TIME
CLAUSES
- Will or be going to is NOT used in a time clause.
- The meaning of the clause is future, but the simple present tense is
used.
when + subject + verb = a time clause

Example:
 Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we will see him.
- A time clause begins with such words as when, be/ore, after, as soon
as, until, while and includes a subject and a verb.
- The time clause can come either at the beginning of the sentence or in
the second part of the sentence:

Example
 When he comes, we'll see him. OR
 We'll see him when he comes
- Sometimes the present progressive is used in a time clause to express
an activity that will be in progress in the future:

Example
 While I am traveling in Europe next year, I'm going to save money
by staying in youth hostels.
- The present perfect in the time clause emphasizes the completion of
the act before the other act occurs in the future.
Example:
 I will go to bed after I finish my work.
 I will go to bed after I have finished my work.

Exercise 4 Page 55
1. Peter is going to leave in half an hour. He (finish) will finish / is going
to finish all of his work before he (leave) leaves.
2. I'm going to eat lunch at 12:30. After I (eat)eat , I (take, probably) will
probably take a nap.
3. I'll get home around six. When I (get)get home, I (call)am going to call
Sharon.
4. I'm going to watch a TV program at nine, but before I (watch) watch
the program, I (write) will write a letter to my parents.

5. Gary will come soon. I (wait) will wait here until he (come)comes .

6. I'm sure it will stop raining soon. As soon as the rain (stop)stops, I
(walk) will walk to the store to get some film.

7. I'm a junior in college this year. After I (graduate) graduate with a

B.A.

next year, I (intend) intended to enter graduate school and work for an
M.A. Perhaps I (go) will go on for a Ph.D. after I (get) get my Master's
degree.
8. I (listen) am going to listen to English language tapes while I (sleep)
sleep tonight. Do you think it will help me learn English faster?
9. A: How long (you, stay) are you going to stay in this country?

B: I (plan) plan to be here for about one more year. I (hope) hope to
graduate a year from this June.

A: What (you, do) will you do after you (leave)leave

B: I (return) will return home and (get) get a job. How about you?

A: I (be) will be here for at least two more years before I(return) return
home and (get) get a job.

 USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS
FUTURE TIME
- The present progressive may be used to express future time when the
idea of the sentence concerns a planned event or definite intention.
- A future meaning for the present progressive tense is indicated either
by future time words in the sentence or by the context.

Examples:
 My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is seeing Dr. North
next Tuesday.
 Sam has already made his plans. He is leaving at noon tomorrow.
 A: What are you going to do this afternoon?
 B: After lunch I am meeting a friend of mine. We are going shopping.
Would you like to come along?
- The simple present can also be used to express future time in a
sentence concerning events that are on a definite schedule or
timetable.
- These sentences usually contain future time words. Only a few verbs
are used in this way: e.g., open, close, begin, end, start, finish, arrive,
leave, come, return, etc.

Examples:
 The museum opens at ten tomorrow morning.
 Classes begin next week.
 John's plane arrives at 6:05 P.M. next Monday.

 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
- The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at
a time in the future.

Examples:
 I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be
studying when you come.
 Right now, I am sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, I will be
sitting in class.
- The progressive form of be going to:

be going to + be + -ing
Examples:
 Don't call me at nine because I won't be home. I am going to be
studying at the library.
- Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future
progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event
will occur at an indefinite time in the future.
Examples:
 Don't get impatient. She will be coming soon.
 Don't get impatient. She will come soon.
 FUTURE PERFECT
- The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed before
another time or event in the future. (Note: by the time introduces a
time clause; the simple present is used in a time clause.)

Examples:
 I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I
will have graduated.

 I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date

tonight.

 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVI

- The future perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity
that will be in progress before another time or event in the future.

Examples:
  I will go to bed at ten P.M. Ed will get home at midnight. At
midnight, I will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping two hours by
the time Ed gets home.
- Sometimes the future perfect and the future perfect progressive have
the same meaning. Also, either of these two tenses may begin in the
past.

Examples:
 When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45
years.
 When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching
for 45 years.

Review:
Exercise P 49
Error analysis: present and past verbs.
Correct the errors.
1. Since I came to this country, I am learning a lot about the way of
life here. I have learned
2. Before I come here, I never was buying anything from a vending
machine. I came here, I had never bought
3. I arrive here only a short time ago. I am here only since last
Friday. I arrived , I have been here
4. When I arrived here, I hadn't known much about the United
States. I saw many movies about America, but that wasn't enough.
I didn't know , I had seen
5. My understanding of this country changed a lot since I arrived.
Has changed
6. When I was in my country, I had coached a children's soccer
team. When I came here, I had wanted to do the same thing. Now I
am coaching a soccer team at a local elementary school. I am
coaching this team for the last two months.
I coached , I wanted, I have been
7. My grandfather had lived in a small village in Italy when he was
a child. At nineteen, he had moved to Rome, where he had met and
had married my grandmother in 1947. My father had been born in
Rome in 1950. I am born in Rome in 1979.
My grandfather lived , he moved , when he met and married.
8. I'm living in my cousin's apartment since I have arrived here. I'm
not able to find my own apartment yet. I look at several places for
rent, but I don't find one that I can afford.
I have been living , I arrived, I haven't been, I have looked ,
but I haven't found
9. How long you been living here? I been here for almost two year.
How long have you , I have been, years
10. Why you no have been in class the last couple of days?
Why haven't you.
- In these papers, we can learn about adverb clauses.

EXERCISE 1. Error analysis: review of verb tenses.

Directions: Correct the errors.
1. I am studying here since last January.

have been
2. By the time I return to my country, I am away from home for more than
three years.

I will have been

3. As soon as I will graduate, I going to return to my hometown.

am going
4. By the end of the 21st century, scientists will had discovered the cure
for the common cold.

have

5. I want to get married, but I don't meet the right person yet.

haven’t met
6. I have been seeing that movie three times, and now I am wanting to see
it again.

seen / want
7. Last night, I have had dinner with two friend. I knew both of them for a
long time.

friends
8. I am not like my job at the restaurant. My brother wants me to change
it. I am thinking he is right.

don’t / think

9. So far this week, the teachers are giving us a lot of homework every
day.

have given
10. There are more than forty presidents of the United States since it
became a country. George Washington had been the first president. He
was become the president in 1789.

have been / was / became

11. While I will be studying tonight, I'm going to listen to Beethoven's
Seventh Symphony. (am)
12. We washed the dishes and clean up the kitchen after our dinner guests
were leaving.

cleaned / left
13. My neighbors are Mr. and Mrs. Jones. I know them ever since I am a
child.

have known
14. It's raining tomorrow morning.
It will rain
15. Many scientists believe there is a major earthquake in California in the
next few years.

will be / is going to be
16. When I got home to my apartment last night, I use my key to open the
door as usual. But the door didn't open. I trying my key again and again
with no luck. So I am knocking on the door for my wife to let me in.
Finally the door opens, but I don't saw my wife on the other side. I saw a
stranger. I had been try to get into the wrong apartment! I quickly
apologizing and am went to my own apartment.

used / tried / knocked / opened / didn’t see / trying / apologized

 Introduction
- Q: What is a phrase?
- A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject
and a verb. For example,
―The blue book‖ (there is no verb)
- Q: What is a clause?
- A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
- If a clause expresses a complete meaning, it is called
independent clause or main clause. If not, it is called dependent
clause or subordinate clause.
Independent clause (or main clause) is a complete sentence.
She lives in Homs. (Subject + verb + complete thought= complete
sentence= independent clause)
If you listen to his story (Subject + verb + there is no complete
meaning = dependent clause)
No verb= phrase
S + V= clause
S +V +meaning= independent clause= main clause=sentence
S +V+ not complete meaning= dependent clause= subordinate
clause

- An adverb clause is one kind of dependent clause.

- A dependent clause must be attached to an independent, or main,

clause.

See these examples:

(a) When the phone rang, the baby woke up.

"When the phone rang" is an adverb clause of time.

(b) When the phone rang . The baby woke up. )INCORRECT(
It is incorrect because the adverb clause is not connected to the
main clause.
(c) The phone rang. The baby woke up.
It is correct because there is no adverb clause. The two main
clauses are both independent sentences.
- An adverb clause can come in front of a main clause.
(d) When the phone rang, the baby woke up.
(e) The baby woke up when the phone rang.
- Notice that a comma is used to separate the two clauses when the
adverb clause comes first.
 When the phone rang, the baby woke up.
 The baby woke up when the phone rang.

Exercise 7 Page 71

Complete the sentences with your own words.

1. I will call you before I come over.
2. Last night I went to bed after I finished my homework
3. Tonight I will go to bed after I finish/do my homework
4. Ever since I was a child, I have been afraid of dogs.
5. Jane's contact lens popped out while she was playing basketball
6. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you hand it in to the teacher
tomorrow.
7. By the time I left my apartment this morning, the mail carrier had already
delivered the mail.
8. I have known Jim Bates since he was ten years old.
9. A black cat ran across the road as I was driving my car to work this morning.
10. By the time I leave this city, I will have been here for four months.
11. Whenever Mark gets angry, his nose gets red.
12. I went to the beach whenever the weather was nice, but now I don't have time to
do that because I have to study.
13. We will have a big party when I graduate.
14. The next time I to Hawaii, I'm going to visit Mauna Loa, the world‘s largest
active volcano.
15. I had fried chicken the last time I ate at that restaurant.
Note:
After and before are commonly used in the following expressions:
shortly after, shortly before a short time after a short time before a little
while after a little while before not long after not long before soon after

EXERCISE 9. Verb tenses in adverb clauses of time.

1. As soon as Martina saw the fire, she _____ the fire department.
A. was telephoning B. telephoned C. had telephoned D. has telephoned
2. Before Jennifer won the lottery, she _____ any kind of contest.
A. hasn't entered B. doesn't enter C. wasn't entering D. hadn't entered
3. Every time Prakash sees a movie made in India, he _____ homesick.
A. will have felt B. felt C. feels D. is feeling
4. Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I _____ to visit friends and family
several times.
A. return B. will have returned C. am returning D. have returned
5. While he was washing his new car, Mr. De Rosa _____ a small dent in
the rear fender.
A. has discovered B. was discovering C. is discovering D. discovered
6. Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Matthew _____ on
the company's annual report.
A. was working B . had been working C. has worked D. works
7. Tony _____ to have children until his little daughter was born. After
she won his heart, he decided he wanted a big family.
A. doesn't want B . hadn't wanted C. wasn't wanting D. hasn't wanted
8. After the horse threw her to the ground for the third time, Jennifer
picked herself up and said, "I _____ on another horse as long as I live."
A. never ride B. have never ridden C. will never ride D. do not ride
9. The next time Paul _____ to New York, he will visit the Metropolitan
Museum's famous collection of international musical instruments.
A. will fly B. flies C. has flown D. will have flown
10. Ever since Maurice arrived, he _____ quietly in the corner. Is
something wrong?
A. sat B. has been sitting C. had been sitting D. will have sat
- In these hand papers, you can learn about subject-verb agreement.

- Before we begin, let‘s review:

 How to add the final –s

1. verbs ending in (sh – ch – s – z – x )
Add -es
Examples:
I watch → he watches
I pass → he passes
I go → he goes
I do → he does
2. Verbs ending in –y
Mind the letter that stands before -y.
 3. Vowel before -y: Add -s.
Examples:
I play → he plays
4. Consonant before -y: Change -y to -i. Then add -es.
Examples:
I hurry → he hurries
I cry → he cries
 Basic Subject-Verb Agreement:
- My friends (live, lives) in Hama.

(live) is the correct answer because the subject in the sentence is plural so
you must choose the plural verb
- Every man, woman and child (needs, need) love.
- Each book and magazine (is, are) listed .
Every and Each: are always followed by singular noun, so the verb you
put will be a singular verb.
- Reading books (is, are) interesting.
Gerund used as the subject of the sentence requires a singular verb.
 Using Expressions of Quantity:
Some of the book (is, are) good.
Some of books (is, are) good.
None of the boys (is, are) here.
Note:
In most expressions of quantity, the verb is determined by the noun that
follows of.
- One of, Each of, Every of take a singular verb even if the noun is
plural. It should be an argument between the noun and the verb.
 The number of students (is, are) fifteen.
A number of students (was, were) late.
- (The number) is the subject in the first sentence, while (A number of)
in the second one is an expression of the quantity meaning ―a lot of‖
and it is followed by a plural noun and plural verb.
Complete:
One of my friends needs me.
Each of my friends needs me.
Every one of my friends needs me.
 Choose:
There (is, are) many books (plural).
There (is, are) a fly (singular).
‗There be‘ depends on the noun following it
Note:
There is many books. (very informal)
So, try not to write a singular verb if there is a plural noun following
‗There be.‘
There is many books)‫(غيز رسوي‬
 Some Irregularities :
- The United States (is-are)
‘The United States’ refers to the pronoun ―it‖, so the verb will be
singular.
- The news (is-are).
‘News’ is singular.
- Diabetes (is-are) an illness
 Certain illnesses that end with-s are singular .
Diabetes, measles, mumps, rabies, rickets, shingles.
Six hours of sleep (is-are)
The dollars (is-are)
Five thousand miles (is-are)
- Expressions of time, money, and distance usually require a singular
verb.
Two and two (is-are) four.
Two and two (equals- equal) four.
Arithmetic expressions require singular verb.
Those people / the police / Cattle (have-has).
- People, police, and cattle don‘t end in –s, but they are plural nouns and
require plural verb.
English (is-are) spoken
English = language
Arabic (are-is) my language.
Arabic = language
The English (drinks- drink) tea.
The English = people from England.
- Some nouns of nationality that end in-sh, -ese, and -ch can mean either
language or people, e.g., English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese,
Vietnamese, Portuguese, French.
The poor have many problems.
The rich get richer
- A few adjectives can be preceded by ‗the‘ and used as a plural noun
(without final -s) to refer to people who have that quality.
Examples: the young, the elderly the living, the dead, the blind, the deaf,
the disabled.
 EXERCISE 8. Preview: subject-verb agreement.
Choose the correct answer in parentheses.
1- The results of Dr. Noll's experiment (was, were) published in a
scientific journal.
2. The weather in the southern states (gets, get) very hot during the
summer.
3. A woman and her child (is, are) waiting to see Dr. Chang.
4. Every man, woman, and child (is, are) protected under the law.
5. Washing the dishes (is, are) the children's job.
6. A lot of the students (is, are) already here.
7. Some of the furniture in our apartment (is, are) secondhand.
8. Some of the desks in the classroom (is, are) broken.
9. At least three-quarters of that book on famous Americans (is, are) about
people who
lived in the nineteenth century.
10., One of the countries I would like to visit (is, are) Italy.
11. Some of the cities I would like to visit (is, are) Rome and Venice.
12. Each student in the class (has, have) to have a book.
13. Each of the students (has, have) a notebook.
14. None of the students (was, were) late today.
15. The number of students in this room right now (is, are) twenty.
16. A number of students in the class (speaks, speak) English very well.
17. There (is, are) some interesting pictures in today's paper.
18. There (is, are) an incorrect statement in that newspaper article.
19. The United States (is, are) located in North America.
20. Economics (is, are) Dan's favorite subject.
21. Ten minutes (is, are) more than enough time to complete this exercise.
22. Most people (likes, like) to go to the zoo.
23. The police (is, are) coming. I've already called them.
24. Japanese (is, are) very difficult for English speakers to learn.
25. The Japanese (has, have) a long and interesting history.
26. The elderly in my country (is, are) cared for by their children and
grandchildren.
27. My cousin, along with my aunt and uncle, (works, work) in my
grandpa's hardware store.
28. Cattle (is, are) considered sacred in India.
29. Anna, as well as her two older sisters, (is, are) in college.
30. This exercise on singular-plural agreement of subjects and verbs (is,
are) easy.
 EXERCISE 9. Subject-verb agreement.
Choose the correct answer in parentheses.
1. The extent of Jane's knowledge on various complex subjects (astounds,
astound) me.
2. The subjects you will be studying in this course (is, are) listed in the
syllabus.
3. Lettuce (is, are) good for you.
4. Oranges, tomatoes, fresh strawberries, cabbage, and lettuce (is, are) rich
in vitamin C.
5. The professor and the student (agrees, agree) on that point.
6. Almost every professor and student at the university (approves,
approve) of the choice
of Dr. Brown as the new president.
7. Each girl and boy in the sixth-grade class (has, have) to do a science
project.
8. Making pies and cakes (is, are) Mrs. Reed's specialty.
9. Getting to know students from all over the world (is, are) one of the best
parts of my job.

10. Annie had a hard time when she was coming home

from the store because the bag of groceries (was, were)

too heavy for her to carry.

11. Where (does, do) your parents live?

12. Why (was, were) Susan and Alex late for the meeting?

13. (Is, Are) having the responsibility for taking care of

pets good for young children?

14. Alex, as well as his two older brothers, (has, have) a

good full-time job.

 EXERCISE 10. Using expressions of quantity.

Choose the correct answer in parentheses.
1. Some of the fruit in this bowl (is, are) rotten.
2. Some of the apples in that bowl (is, are) rotten.
3. Half of the students in the class (is, are) from Arabic-speaking
countries.
4. Half of this money (is, are) yours.
5. A lot of the students in the class (is, are) from Southeast Asia.
6. A lot of clothing in those stores (is, are) on sale this week.
7. One of my best friends (is, are) coming to visit me next month.
8. Each boy in the class (has, have) his own notebook.
9. Each of the boys in the class (has, have) his own notebook.
10. Every one of the students (is, are) required to take the final test.
11. None of the animals at the zoo (is, are) free to roam. All of them (is,
are) in enclosures.
12. A number of students (is, are) absent today.
13. The number of employees in my company (is, are) approximately ten
thousand.
14. One of the chief materials in bones and teeth (is, are) calcium.
15. (Does, Do) all of the children have their books?
16. (Does, Do) all of this homework have to be finished by tomorrow?
17. Why (was, were) some of the students excused from the examination?
18. Why (was, were) one of the students excused from the examination?
19. What percentage of the people in the world (is, are) illiterate?
20. What percentage of the earth's surface (is, are) covered by water?
21. (Does, Do) any of you know the answer to that question?
  EXERCISE 11. Using THERE and BE
Choose the correct answer in parentheses.
1. There (isn't, aren't) any letters in the mail for you today.
2. There (isn't, aren't) any mail for you today.
3. There (is, are) a lot of problems in the world.
4. There (is, are) a hole in his sock.
5. There (is, are) over 600,000 kinds of insects in the world.
6. How many kinds of birds (is, are) there in the world?
7. Why (isn't, aren't) there a hospital close to those villages?
8. There (was, were) a terrible earthquake in Iran last year.
9. Why (is, are) there a shortage of available apartments for rent in this
city at present?
10. There (is, are) more women than men in my office.
11. There (has been, have been) a line in front of that theater every night
for the past two weeks.
12. How many wars do you suppose there (has been, have been) in the
history of the world since the dawn of civilization?
 Irregularities in subject-verb agreement. Choose the correct
answer in parentheses.(p.93):
1. The United States (has, have) a population of around 250 million.
2. The news about Mr. Hogan (is, are) surprising.
3. Massachusetts (is, are) a state in the northeastern part of the United
States.
4. Physics (seeks, seek) to understand the mysteries of the physical world.
5. Statistics (is, are) a branch of mathematics.
6. The statistics in that report on oil production (is, are) incorrect.*
7. Fifty minutes (is, are) the maximum length of time allowed for the
exam,
8. Twenty dollars (is, are) an unreasonable price for the necklace.
9. Six and seven (is, are) thirteen.
10. Many people in the world (does, do) not have enough to eat.
11. The police (is, are) prepared in case there is a riot.
12. Rabies (is, are) an infectious and often fatal disease.
13. The English (is, are) proud, independent people.
14. English (is, are) not my native language.
15. Many Japanese (commutes, commute) to their places of work.
16. Portuguese (is, are) somewhat similar to Spanish, (isn't, aren't) it?
17. The poor (is, are) helped by government programs.
18. The effect of a honeybee's sting on a human being (depends, depend)
on that person's susceptibility to the bee's venom. Most people (is, are) not
in danger if they are stung,
but there (has, have) been instances of allergic deaths from a single
honeybee sting.
 Correct the errors in subject-verb agreement. Some sentences
contain no errors.(p.94-95):
1 . The books in my office are very valuable to me.
2. All of the windows in our house were broken in the earthquake, (no
errors)
3. All of the employees in that company (are) required to be proficient in
a second language.
4. A lot of the people in my class (work) during the day and attends class
in the evening.
5. Listening to very loud music at rock concerts(has) caused hearing loss
in some teenagers.
6. Many of the satellites orbiting the earth (are) used for communications.
7. The news about the long-range effects of air pollution on the
development of children's lungs is disturbing. (no errors)
8. Chinese (has) more than fifty thousand written characters.
9. About two-thirds of the Vietnamese (work) in agriculture.
10. A number of planes were delayed due to the snowstorm in Denver.( no
error)
1 1 . The number of passengers affected by the delays was great.(no
error)
12. More men than women are left-handed.(no error)
13. Every girl and boy (is) required to have certain immunizations before
enrolling in public school.
14. Seventy-five percent of the people in New York City (live)in upstairs
apartments, not on the ground floor.
15. Unless there (is) a profound and extensive reform of government
policies in the near future, the economic conditions in that country will
continue to deteriorate.
16. While I was in Paris, some of the best food I found (was) not at the
well-known eating places, but in small out-of-the-way cafes.
17. (where are) gloves? Have you seen them anywhere? I can't find them.
18. Where's Kenya? Can you find it for me on the map?
(no errors)
19. Approximately 80 percent of all the data* in computers around the
world is in English.( No errors)
20. Why are the police here? (no errors)
21. Studying a foreign language often (leads) students to learn about the
culture of the (country) where it is spoken.
22. Two hours is too long to wait, don't you think? (no errors)
23." Some of the (movies) about gangsters were surprisingly funny.
24. Some of the movies these days contain too much violence.
(no errors)
25. How many people (are) there in Canada?
26. What is the population of Canada? (no errors)
27. Which one of the continents in the world (is) uninhabited?
28. One of the most common names for dogs in the United States are
"Rover."
29. Everybody in my family enjoy music and reading.
30. Most of the mountain peaks in the Himalayan Range (are) covered
with snow the year round.
 EXERCISE 16. Review: subject-verb agreement.
Write the correct form of the given verb. Use only the simple present.
(p.96-97)
1. My alarm clock rings at seven every morning, (ring)
2. There are a lot of sheep in the field, (be)
3. One of my friends keeps a goldfish bowl on her kitchen table, (keep)
4. Sensitivity to other people's feelings makes him a kind and
understanding person, (make)
5. Each car, truck, and motorcycle is stopped at the border by customs
officials, (be)
6. My driver's license is in my wallet, (be)
7. Does John's uncle live in the suburbs? (do)
8. do most of the students live in the dormitories? (do)
9. An orange and black bird is sitting in that tree, (be)
10. An orange bird and a black bird are sitting in that tree, (be)
11. The insurance rates on our car are high because we live in a city, (be)
12. Are January and February the coldest months of the year in the
Northern Hemisphere? (be)
13. Is Almost two-thirds of the land in the southwestern areas of the
country unsuitable for farming, (be)
14. A hummingbird's heart beats 600 times a minute, (beat)
15. Four hours of skiing provides plenty of exercise, (provide)
16. In many respects, this magazine article on wild animals in North
America oversimplifies the very real danger of extinction that many
species face, (oversimplify)
17. A car with poor brakes and no brake lights is dangerous, (be)
18. A number of people from the company plans to attend the
conference, (plan)
19. Most of the news on the front pages of both daily newspapers
concerns the progress of the peace conference, (concern)
20. The northern most town in the forty-eight contiguous states
(is)Angle Inlet, Minnesota, (be)

21. The number of human skeletons found at the archaeological (is)site

seven, (be)

22. Almost all the information in those texts on the Aztec Indians and their
civilization appears to be well researched, (appear)
23. Every day there are more than a dozen traffic accidents in the city,
(be)
24. No news is good news, (be)
25. Every member of this class speaks English very well, (speak).
- In these papers, you can learn about nouns in English.
First, let us review some exercises about the future.

EXERCISE 7. Using the present progressive to express future time.

Direction: Use the present progressive to complete the sentences. Use any
verb that makes sense.
1. A: How about going across the street for a cup of coffee?
B: I can't. I am meeting Jennifer at the library at 5:00.
2. A: Why are you in such a hurry?
B: I have to be at the airport in an hour. I am taking the 4 o'clock plane
to New York. I have an important meeting there tomorrow.
3. A: We got an invitation in the mail from Ron and Maureen. They are
having a dinner party next Saturday evening. Do you want to go? I'd like
to.
B: Sure. I always enjoy spending time with them. Let's call and tell
them we are coming.
4. A: Your cough sounds terrible! You should see a doctor.
B: I know. It just won't go away. I am seeing this afternoon Dr. Murray
later.
5. A: Have you seen Jackie?
B: She just left. She has some shopping to do, and then she is going to
the health club for her yoga class. She should be back around 4:30.
6. A: Where are you and your family going for your vacation this
summer?
B: Ontario
A: Are you planning to fly?
B: No, we are driving, so we can take our time and enjoy the scenery.
7. A: We're going to a soccer match next week.
B: Who is playing?
A: A team from Brazil and a team from Argentina. It ought to be a
really exciting game.
P.S. "When ‘who’ is used as the subject of a question, the verb is singular.

8. A: I see you're smoking. I thought you stopped last month.

 B: I did. I don't know why I started again. I am stopping tomorrow, and
this time I mean it.

EXERCISE 10. Using the future progressive.

Directions: Use the future progressive or the simple present.
1. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday at this time, I was attending
class. Tomorrow at this time, I will be attending class.

2. Tomorrow I'm going to leave for home. When I arrive at the airport,
my whole family will be waiting for me.

3. When I get up tomorrow morning, the sun will be shining, the birds
will be singing, and my roommate will still be lying in bed fast asleep.

4. A: When do you leave for Florida?

B: Tomorrow. Just think! Two days from now I will be lying on the
beach in the sun.

A: Sounds great! I will be thinking about you.

5. A: How can I get in touch with you while you're out of town?

B: I will be staying at the Pilgrim Hotel. You can reach me there.

Nouns
 Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns
- The plural of most nouns is formed by adding final –s
Example:
song-songs
- Final -es is added to nouns that end in -sh, -ch, -s, -z, and –x.
Example:
box-boxes
- The plural of words that end in a consonant + -y is spelled –ies.
Example:
baby-babies
- The nouns in have irregular plural forms that do not end in -s.
Example:
man-men
woman-women
child-children
ox-oxen
foot-feet
goose-geese
tooth-teeth
mouse-mice
louse-lice
- Some nouns that end in -o add –es to form the plural.

Example:
echo-echoes
hero-heroes
potato -potatoes
tomato –tomatoes
- Some nouns that end in -o add only -s to form the plural.
auto-autos
ghetto-ghettos
kangaroo-kangaroos
kilo-kilos
memo -memos
photo-photos
piano -pianos
radio-radios
solo-solos
soprano -sopranos
studio -studios
tattoo - tattoos
video-videos
zoo-zoos
- Some nouns that end in -o add either -es or -s to form the plural (with
-es being the more usual plural form).
memento  mementoes/mementos
Mosquito -mosquitoes mosquitos
tornado  -tornadoes/tornados
volcano  –volcanoes/volcanos
zero –zeroes/ zeros.
- Some nouns that end in f /or fe are changed to -ves to form the
plural.
calf-calves
half-halves
knife—knives
leaf-leaves
life-lives
loaf-loaves
self-selves
shelf-shelves
thief-thieves
wolf-wolves
scarf-scarves/scarfs
- Some nouns that end in f simply add -s to form the plural.
belief-beliefs

chief-chiefs

cliff-cliffs

roof-roofs

- Some nouns have the same singular and plural form: e.g.,

One deer is . . . . Two deer are

one deer-two deer

one fish -two fish

one means-two means

one offspring-two offspring
one series-two series
one sheep-two sheep
one shrimp-two shrimp
one species—two species

- Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have
foreign plurals:
criterion -criteria
phenomenon -phenomena
cactus-cacti/cactuses
fungus-fungi
nucleus-nuclei
stimulus-stimuli
syllabus-syllabi/syllabuses
formula-formulae I formulas
vertebra -vertebrae
appendix-appendices/appendixes
index-indices/indexes
analysis-analyses
basis-bases
crisis-crises
hypothesis-hypotheses
oasis-oases
parenthesis -parentheses
thesis-theses
bacterium -bacteria
curriculum -curricula
datum-data
medium-media
memorandum –memoranda

EXERCISE 2. Plural nouns. Write the correct form of the nouns in

parentheses. (p.101):
1. I met some interesting t men at the meeting last night, (man)
2. I need some t matches to light the fire, (match)
3. The baby got two new teeth . (tooth)
4. The farmer loaded his cart with boxes of fresh vegetables to take to
market. His cart was pulled by two oxen . (box, ox)
5. Alex saw some mice running across the floor, (mouse)
6. The north side of the island has no beaches . There are only
Steep cliffs. No one can climb these steep walls of rock, (beach, cliff).
7. If a houseplant is given too much water, its lower leaves turn yellow,
(leaf)
8. Before Marie signed the contract, she talked to two attorneys.
(attorney)

9. New scientific discovers are made every day in laboratories

throughout the world, (discovery, laboratory)

10. I caught several fish in the lake, (fish)

 11. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some wolves,
foxes, deer and wild sheep (wolf, fox, deer, sheep)

12. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear echoes of our voices,
(echo)

13. The music building at the university has 27 pianos . Students need to
sign up for practice times, (piano).

14. Thunder and lightning are phenomena of nature, (phenomenon)

15. People get most of their news about the world through the mass media
that is, through radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines,
(medium).

 Possessive Nouns
- To show possession, add an apostrophe (‘) and -s to a singular noun:
Ex: The girl’s book is on the table.

- If a singular noun ends in –s, there are two possible forms:

1. Add an apostrophe and -s: Thomas’s book.
2. Add only an apostrophe: Thomas’ book.

SINGULAR NOUN POSSESSIVE FORM

the girl the girl‘s

my wife my wife‘s

Thomas Thomas‘s/Thomas‘

Tom Tom‘s

a lady a lady‘s

- Add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in –s

Ex: The girls’ books are on the table.

- Add an apostrophe and -s to plural nouns that do not end in –s

Ex: The men’s books are on the table.

PLURAL NOUN POSSESSIVE FORM

their wives their wives‘

the men the men‘s

the girls the girls‘

the ladies the ladies‘

my children my children's

Exercise 4 Page 103

1. (Mrs. Smith)
Mrs. Smith’s husband often gives her flowers.
2. (boy)
The boy’s hat is red.
3. (boys)
The boys’ hats are red.
4. (children)
The children’s toys are all over the floor.
5. (child)
I fixed the child’s bicycle.
6. (baby)
The baby’s toys are in the crib.
7. (babies)
The babies’ toys are in their cribs.
8. (wives)
Tom and Bob are married. Their wives’ names are Cindy and Judy,
respectively.
9. (wife)
That is my wife’s coat.
10. (Sally)
Sally’s last name is White.
11. (Phyllis)
Phyllis’ / Phyllis’s last name is Young
12. (boss)
That‘s my boss’s office.
13. (bosses)
Those are my bosses’ offices.
14. (woman)
This is a woman’s purse.
15. (women)
That store sells women’s clothes.
16. (sister)
Do you know my sister’s husband?
17. (sisters)
Do you know my sisters’ husbands?
18. (yesterday)
Did you read yesterday’s newspaper?
19. (today)
There are many problems in today’s world.
20. (month)
It would cost me a month’s salary to buy that
- In these papers, you can learn about nouns in English.

 USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS

- When a noun is used as a modifier, it is in its singular form.
MODIFIERS.‫ععي ُمه َععحدال و ُمهححداال اللصاال همثًال‬
Example:
 The soup has vegetables in it, so it is vegetable soup.
Note that vegetable modifies soup.
 The building has offices in it. It is an office building.
Note that office modifies building..
- When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number
expression, the noun is singular and a hyphen (-) is used.
Example:
The test lasted two hours. It was a two-hour test.
Her son is five years old. She has a five-year-old son.
INCORRECT: She has a five years old son.
Note:
Hyphen is the sign (-) used to join words.
 EXERCISE7 . Using nouns as modifiers.
Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the singular or plural
form as appropriate. Include hyphens (-) as necessary.

1. (shoe) They sell shoes at that store. It is a shoe store.

2. (flower) My garden has flowers in it. It is a flower garden.
3. (bean) This soup is made from black beans It is black bean soup.
4. (baby) People can buy special food in small jars for babies. It is called
baby food.
5. (child) Dr. Adams is trained as a psychologist for children.
She is a child psychologist.
6. (salad) At a formal dinner, there are usually two forks on the table. The
smaller fork is for salads. It is a salad fork.
7. (fax) In our office we have a machine that sends and receives faxes It is
called a fax machine.
8. (can) A kitchen tool that opens cans. It's called can potato.
(potato) A tool that peels potatos is called a potato peeler.
9. (airplane) Seats on airplanes are uncomfortable. Airplane
seats should be made more comfortable and convenient for the passengers.
10. (mosquito) In tropical climates, sometimes it is necessary to hang a net
over a bed to protect the sleeper from mosquitos. It is called a mosquito
net.
11. (two + hour) The plane was late. We had a two-hour wait.
to wait for two hours.
12. (ten + year + old) My brother is ten years old. I have a ten- year -old
brother.
13. (ten + speed) Joe can shift his bicycle into ten different speed . He
has a ten - speed bike.
14. (six + game) The basketball team has won six games in a row (i.e.,
they haven't lost one of their last six games). They have a six - game
winning streak.
15. (three + letter) "Arm" and "dog" are three letter words. Each word
has three letters.
 SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS
- This list is a sample of nouns that are commonly used as noncount
nouns.
- Many other nouns can also be used as noncount nouns.

 WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF SIMILAR ITEMS :

baggage

clothing

equipment

food

fruit

furniture

garbage

hardware

jewelry

junk

luggage

machinery
 mail

makeup

money

Cash

Change

postage

scenery

traffic

 FLUIDS

Water

Coffee

Tea

Milk

Oil

Soup

Gasoline
blood

 SOLIDS

Ice

Bread

Butter

Cheese

meat

Gold

iron

Silver

Glass

Paper

Wood

Cotton

Wool

 GASES
Steam

Air

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Smoke

Smog

pollution

 PARTICLES

Rice

Chalk

Corn

Dirt

Dust

Flour

Grass

Hair
Pepper

Salt

Sand

Sugar

wheat

 ABSTRACTIONS

Beauty

Confidence

Courage

Education

Enjoyment

Fun

Happiness

Health

Help

Honesty
Hospitality

Importance

Intelligence

Justice

Knowledge

Laughter

Luck

Music

Patience

Peace

Pride

Progress

Recreation

Significance

Sleep

Truth
Violence

wealth

Advice

Information

News

Evidence

Proof

Time

Space

Energy

Homework

Work

Grammar

Slang

Vocabulary

 LANGUAGES
Arabic

Chinese

English

Spanish

 FIELDS OF STUDY

Chemistry

Engineering

History

Literature

Mathematics

Psychology

 RECREATION

Baseball

Soccer

Tennis

Chess
 Bridge

poker

 ACTIVITIES

Driving

Studying

Swimming

Traveling

Walking

All gerunds are noncount nouns.

 NATURAL PHENOMENA

Weather

Dew

Fog

Hail

Heat

Humidity
 Lightning

Rain

Sleet

Snow

Thunder

Wind

Darkness

Light

Sunshine

Electricity

Fire

gravity

 EXERCISE 10
Complete the sentences with the given nouns, adding final -s-es if necessary.
Use each noun only once.
advice homework music stuff

change information progress thunder

garbage junk river traffic

hardware luggage baggage screwdriver

1. I have some coins in my pocket. In other words. I have some

change in my pocket.
2. The Mississippi, the Amazon, and the Nile are well-known rivers.
3. I like to listen to operas, symphonies, and folk songs. I enjoy
music.
4. The street is full of cars, trucks, and buses. It is full of traffic.
5. I put some banana peels, empty juice cartons, and broken bottles
in the waste can. The can is full of garbage.
6. They have a rusty car without an engine, broken chairs, and an old
refrigerator in their front yard. Their yard is full of junk.
7. Paul has books, pens, papers, notebooks, a clock, scissors, a tape
recorder, and some other things on his desk. He has a lot of stuff
on his desk.
8. The children got scared when they heard thunder during the
storm.
9. Tools that are used for turning screws are called screwdrivers.
10. I went to the store to get some nails, hammers, and screws. In
other words, I bought some hardware.

Pronoun
A pronoun is used in place of a noun. The noun it refers to is called
the "antecedent."
In (a): The pronoun it refers to the antecedent noun book.
A singular pronoun is used to refer to a singular noun, as in (a). A
plural pronoun is used to refer to a plural noun, as in (b).
(a) I read a book. It was good.
(b) I read some books. They were good.
Sometimes the antecedent noun is understood, not explicitly stated.
In (c): / refers to the speaker, and you refers to the person the
speaker is talking to.
(c) like tea. Do you like tea too?
Subject pronouns are used as subjects of sentences, as he in (d).
(d) John has a car. He drives to work.
Object pronouns are used as the objects of verbs, as in (e), or as the
objects of prepositions, as in (f).
(e) John works in my office. I know him well.
(f) I talk to him every day.
Possessive pronouns are not followed immediately by a noun; they
stand alone, as in (g).
In (h) : Possessive pronouns do NOT take apostrophes.
(g) That book is hers Yours is over there
(h) INCORRECT: That book is her's. Your's is over there.
Possessive adjectives are followed immediately by a noun; they do
not stand alone.
( i ) Her book is here. Your book is over there.
COMPARE: Its has NO APOSTROPHE when it is used as a
possessive, as in (j).
It's has an apostrophe when it is used as a contraction of it is, as in
(L), or it has when has is part of the present perfect tense, as in
(m).
( j ) A bird uses its wings to fly.
(k) INCORRECT: A bird uses it's wings to fly
(D) It's cold today.
(m) The Harbour Inn is my favorite old hotel. It's been in business
since 1933.
EXERCISE 1 p. 131 . Preview: personal pronouns.
Correct the errors you find in pronoun usage.
1. Some North American food is very good, but I don't like most of
them.it
2. When we were schoolgirls, my sister and me I used to play
badminton after school every day.
3. If you want to pass you're your exams, you had better study
very hard for it. them
4. The work had to be finished by my boss and I me after the store
had closed for the night.
5. A hippopotamus spends most of it's its time in the water of
rivers and lakes.
6. After work, Mr. Gray asked to speak to Tim and I me about the
company's new policies. He explained it them to us and asked for
ours our opinions.
7. A child Children should learn to respect other people. They
need to learn how to treat other people politely, including their
playmates.
8. My friends asked to borrow my car because their's theirs was in
the garage for repairs.
EXERCISE 2 p.132 . Personal pronouns: antecedents.
Identify the personal pronouns and their antecedents.
1. Jack has a part-time job. He works at a fast-food restaurant.
-> (he — a pronoun; Jack = the antecedent)
2. Most monkeys don't like water, but they can swim well when
they have to. They = pronouns , monkey = antecedent
3. The teacher graded the students' papers last night. She returned
them during class today. She = pronoun = teacher = antecedent,
them = pronoun papers = antecedent
4. Nancy took an apple with her to work. She ate it at lunch time.
She= pronoun Nancy= antecedent
5. A dog makes a good pet if it is properly trained.
It= pronoun , dog= antecedent.
6. Tom's cat is named Maybelle Alice. She is very independent.
She never obeys Tom. His dogs, on the other hand, obey him
gladly. They like to please him.
She = pronoun cat= antecedent
PERSONAL PRONOUNS: AGREEMENT WITH
COLLECTIVE NOUNS:
EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIVE NOUNS
audience couple family public
class crowd government staff
committee faculty group team
When a collective noun refers to a single impersonal unit, a
singular gender-neutral pronoun (it, its) is used, as in (a).
(a) My family is large. It is composed of nine members
When a collective noun refers to a collection of various
individuals, a plural pronoun (they, them, their) is used, as in (b).
(b) My family is loving and supportive. They are always ready to
help me.
EXERCISE 6 p.136. Personal pronoun use with collective
nouns.
Complete the sentences with pronouns. In some of the
sentences, there is more than one possibility. Choose the
appropriate singular or plural verb in parentheses where
necessary.
1. I have a wonderful family. I love them very much, and they
love(loves, love) me.
2. I looked up some information about the average American
family. I found out that it (consists, consist) of 2.3 children.
3. The crowd at the soccer game was huge. It exceeded 100,000
people.
4. The crowd became more and more excited as the premier's
motorcade approached. They began to shout and wave flags in the
air.
5. The soccer team felt unhappy because they had lost in the
closing moments of the game.
6. A basketball team is relatively small. It (doesn't, don't) have as
many members as a baseball team.
7. The audience clapped enthusiastically. Obviously they had
enjoyed the concert.
8. The audience filled the room to overflowing. It (was, were)
larger than I had expected.
9. The class is planning a party for the last day of school. They
(is,are) going to bring many different kinds of food and invite
some of friends to celebrate with .
10. The class is too small. It (is, are) going to be canceled.
EXERCISE 8 p.137 . Preview of reflexive pronouns:

Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexive pronouns.

1. Everyone drew self-portraits. I drew a picture of myself

2. Ali drew a picture of himself

3. Rosa drew a picture of herself

4. The children drew pictures of themselves

5. We drew pictures of ourselves

6. Olga, you drew a picture of yourself , didn't you?

7. All of you drew pictures of yourselves , didn't you?

8. When one draws a picture of oneself , it is called a self-portrait.

Reflexive pronouns.
Complete the sentences with a word or expression from the list and
an appropriate reflexive pronoun.
angry at enjoy entertained feeling sorry for
introduced killed laugh at pat
promised proud of talking to taught

2. Did Roberto have a good time at the party? Did he enjoy

himself .
3. All of you did a good job. You should be proud of yourselves
4. You did a good job, Barbara. You should pat yourself on the
back.
5. A man down the street committed suicide. We were all shocked
by the news that he had killed himself.
6. The children played very well without adult supervision. They
entertained themselves by playing school.
7. I had always wanted to meet Mr. Anderson. When I saw him at
a party last night, I walked over and introduced myself to him.
8. Nothing good ever comes from self-pity. You should stop
feeling sorry for yourself, George, and start doing something to
solve your problems.
9. People might think you're a little crazy, but talking to your self
is one way to practice using English.
10. Humor can ease the trials and tribulations of life. Sometimes
we have to be able to
11. Carol made several careless mistakes at work last week, and
her boss is getting impatient with her. Carol has laugh at
ourselves to do better work in the future.

12. Yesterday Fred's car ran out of gas. He had to walk a long way
to a gas station. He is still angry at himself for forgetting to fill
the tank.