Digital
Modulation
Engr. Jeffrey John R. Medija
DIGITAL MODULATION
• is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals (carriers) between two or more points in
a communications system. Digital modulation is sometimes called digital radio because
digitally modulated signals can be propagated through Earth’s atmosphere and used in wireless
communications systems
• In essence, electronic communications is the transmission, reception, and processing of
information with the use of electronic circuits.
• Digital communications include systems where relatively high-frequency analog carriers are
modulated by relatively low frequency digital information signals (digital radio) and systems
involving the transmission of digital pulses (digital transmission).
TYPES OF ENCODING
• Analog information to Analog signal
• Analog information to Digital signal
• Digital information to Digital signal
• Digital information to Analog Signal
DIGITAL TO ANALOG
CONVERSION
M-ARY ENCODING
• M-ary is a term derived from the word binary
• M simply represents a digit that corresponds to the number of conditions, levels, or
combinations possible for a given number of binary variables.
• It is often advantageous to encode at a level higher than binary (sometimes re¬ ferred to as
beyond binary or higher-than-binary encoding) where there are more than two conditions
possible. For example, a digital signal with four possible conditions (voltage levels, frequencies,
phases, and so on) is an M-ary system where M = 4. If there are eight possible conditions, M =
8 and so forth.
M-ARY ENCODING
• For example, with one bit, only 21 = 2 conditions are possible. With two bits, 22 = 4 conditions
are possible, with three bits, 23 = 8 conditions are possible, and so on.
BIT RATE VS. BAUD RATE
• Bit Rate (fb) – data transfer rate or data rate. It describes the how many bits can be sent per
second. Measured in bps, kbps, Mbps
• Baud Rate – describes how many times a signal changes per second. Named after J.M.E.
Baudot. Measured in Baud, symbols/sec.
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
• The simplest digital modulation technique is amplitude-shift keying (ASK), where a binary
information signal directly modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier.
• ASK is similar to standard amplitude modulation except there are only two output amplitudes
possible.
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
Mathematically:
where: vask(t) = digital amplitude-modulated wave.
A = carrier amplitude (volts)
vm(t) = modulating binary signal (volts)
c = carrier radian frequency (rad/sec)
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
Advantage:
Low-cost type of digital radio is used.
Disadvantages:
Low-quality and is seldom used in high-capacity, high-performance communication systems.
Prone to noise (amplitude variations)
AMPLITUDE SHIFT
KEYING (ASK)
• The strength of signal is
varied to represent binary 1
or 0.
• Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass a 10 kbps binary signal using
amplitude shift keying.
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
• Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is another relatively simple, low-performance type of digital
modulation. FSK is a form of constant-amplitude angle modulation similar to standard
frequency modulation (FM) except the modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between
two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously changing analog waveform.
• Frequency is varied to represent binary 1 or 0.
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)
BANDWIDTH
REQUIREMENTS
FOR FSK
• Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation, (b) minimum bandwidth, and (c) baud for a binary
FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, a space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit
rate of 2 kbps
PHASE SHIFT KEYING
• Phase-shift keying (PSK) is another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital
modulation.
• PSK is an M-ary digital modulation scheme similar to conventional phase modulation except
with PSK the input is a binary digital signal and there are a limited number of output phases
possible.
• The input binary information is encoded into groups of bits before modulating the carrier. The
number of bits in a group ranges from 1 to 12 or more. The number of output phases is defined
by M as described in Equation 9-6 and determined by the number of bits in the group (n).
FORMS OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING
• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK or 2-PSK)
• Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK or 4-PSK)
• Eight-Phase PSK (8-PSK)
• Sixteen-Phase PSK (16-PSK)
BINARY PHASE-SHIFT KEYING
• The simplest form of PSK is binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), where N = 1 and M = 2.
Therefore, with BPSK, two phases (21 = 2) are possible for the carrier. One phase represents a
logic 1, and the other phase represents a logic 0
• As the input digital signal changes state (i.e., from a 1 to a 0 or from a 0 to a 1), the phase of the
output carrier shifts between two angles that are separated by 180°. Hence, other names for
BPSK are phase reversal keying (PRK) and bi-phase modulation.
BPSK TRANSMITTER
