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WORK MEASUREMENT
WORK STUDY
 Work Study is a generic term for those  Work Measurement is the application of
techniques, particularly method study and techniques designed to establish the time for
work measurement, which are used in the the qualified worker to carry out a specified
examination of human work in all its contexts job at a defined level of performance.
and which lead systematically to the
investigation of all the factors which effect the
efficiency and economy of the situation being
reviewed in order to effect improvement.

METHOD STUDY
To
Simplify the jobs
and develop more
Advantages of Work Study
economical
methods of doing
it  Means of raising productivity.
WORK
STUDY  Systematic.
WORK
MEASUREMENT  Most accurate means of setting standards.
To

Determine how
 Savings start at once and enduring.
long it should take
to carry out  Can be applied anywhere.
 Most penetrating tool.
Higher
productivity

BASIC PROCEDURE OF WORK

METHOD STUDY
STUDY
 Method study is the systematic recording and 1. SELECT the job or process to be studied.
critical examination of existing and proposed 2. RECORD from direct observation everything that
happens, using the most suitable of the
ways of doing work, as a means of developing recording techniques, so that data will be in the
and applying easier and more effective most convenient form to be analyzed.
methods and reducing costs. 3.EXAMINE the recorded facts critically and challenge
everything that is done, considering in turn: the
purpose of activity, the place where it is
performed, the sequence in which it is done, the
person who is doing it, the means by which it is
done.

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BASIC PROCEDURE OF WORK Recording Techniques in

STUDY Method study
4.DEVELOP the most economic method taking into
account all the circumstances.
Charts with a time Diagrams
5. MEASURE the quantity of work involved in the Charts Indicating
scale indicating
Process Sequence
method selected and calculate a movements
Multiple
standard time for doing it. Outline activity chart Flow Diagrams
process chart
6. DEFINE the new method and the related time so
Flow process Simo chart String Diagram
that it can always be identified. chart
7. INSTALL the new method as agreed standard Man type chart
Cycle Graph
P.M.T.S. chart
practice with the time allowed. Material type chart
8. MAINTAIN the new standard practice by proper Chrono-cycle
Machine type chart Graph
control procedure. Two -Handed
process chart Travel Chart
10

RECORD
A CHARTS indicating process SEQUENCE
 Outline process chart
 Flow process chart-Man Type
 Flow process chart-Material Type
 Flow process chart-Equipment Type
 Two Handed Process Chart
B CHARTS using a TIME SCALE
 Multiple Activity Chart
 Simo Chart
 P.M.T.S. Charts

SELECT RECORD
Economic Considerations

 Bottlenecks
C DIAGRAMS indication MOVEMENT
Movement of material over long distances

 Operations involving repetitive work
 Flow Diagram
 Technical Considerations  String Diagram
 Availability of new technology
 Availability of alternate materials  Cycle graph
 Human Considerations  ChronoCyclegraph
 Dirty jobs
 Lifting of heavy weights  Travel Chart
 Hazardous jobs
 High fatigue

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THE OUTLINE PROCESS CHART

PROCESS CHART SYMBOLS
 An outline process chart is a process chart giving an over-all
Indicates the main steps in a process, picture by recording in sequence only the main operations and
Operation method or procedure. Usually the part, inspections.(Operations and Inspections are numbered separately)
material or product concerned is  Outline process chart is normally made for a full assembly, showing
modified or changed during the the all operations and inspections, which are taking place from the
operation. arrival of the raw material to the packing of the finished product. So,
all operations important operations and inspections which are carried
Inspection Indicates an inspection for quality out in the different subassemblies of the main assembly are shown in
and/or a check for quantity. outline process chart and these may start from the raw material to the
Indicates the movement of workers, packing of the finished product. It also shows that raw material used
and the time taken by the operator for the different elements of the
Transport materials or equipment from place to
work. A time is not shown on the time scale, but it is written on the
place left side of the symbol for which it is showing a particular kind of the
element, like the how much time it will take to complete a particular
operation is shown on the left side of the symbol.

PROCESS CHART SYMBOLS

Temporary storage-indicates a
D Delay delay in the sequence of events.
Indicated a controlled storage in
Permanent which material is received into or
Storage issued from stores under some
form of authorization or an item
is retained for reference purpose.

E
X OPERATION
Process /
A OUTLINE
P PROCESS Chart:
M example : 7 1
manufacture of
L electric motor 4

E
S

15
Figure:

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FLOW PROCESS CHART TWO HANDED PROCESS CHART

 A flow process chart is a process chart setting out  The two handed process chart is a process
the sequence of the flow of a product or a procedure
by recording all events under review using the chart in which activities of a worker’s hand (or
appropriate process chart symbols. limbs) are recorded in their relationship to one
another.
Man Type Records what the worker
does.
Material Type Records what happens to
material.
Equipment Type Records how the
equipment is used.

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Example on Man Machine Chart (Present Method)

Ex: Two-Handed Process Chart
TIME MAN MACHINE TIME
(MIN) (MIN)
0.2 Remove finished casting IDLE 0.2
cleans with compressed air

0.4 Gauge depth of slot on IDLE 0.4

surface plate

0.8 PLACE in a box obtains IDLE 0.8

new casting

1.0 Cleans machine with IDLE 1.0

compressed air

1.2 Locates castings in fixture, IDLE 1.2

starts machine

1.4 IDLE Cutting slot 1 1.4

1.6 IDLE Cutting slot 2 1.6
1.8 IDLE Cutting slot 3 1.8
2.0 IDLE Cutting slot 4 2.0 28

EXAMPLE ON MAN MACHINE CHART

Uses (Summary of Present method)

 is used for activities of grasp, position, use,

CYCLE TIME(MIN)= 2.0
release etc. of a tool, component or material.
 is used to represent movement of hand. Man – Working Idle Time Utilization
 denote the time during which the hand or limb Machine Time (min.)
(min.) (%)
is idle, although the other may be in use.
 represents activity of holding work, tool or
MAN 1.2 0.8 60%
material.
MACHINE 0.8 1.2 40%
29

Example on Man Machine Chart (Improved Method)

MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART
TIME MAN MACHIN TIME
(MIN) E (MIN)
 A multiple activity chart is a chart on which 0.2 REMOVED FINISHED CASTING
CLEANS WITH COM PRESED
IDLE 0.2

the activities of more than one subject (worker, AIR

0.4 CLEAN MACHINE WITH IDLE 0.4

machine or equipment) are each recorded on a COMPRESED AIR

0.6 LOCATEES A NEW CASTING IN A IDLE 0.6

common time scale to show their FIXTURE START MACHINE

interrelationship. 0.8 BREAKS SHARP EDGES WITH CUTTING 0.8

FILES CLEANS WITH SLOT 1
COMPRESSED AIR

1.0 GAUGE DEPTH OF SLOT ON CUTTING 1.0

SURFACE PLATE SLOT 2

1.2 PLACES CASTING IN A BOX CUTTING 1.2

PICKS UP NEW CASTING AND SLOT 3
PLATE BY MACHINE

1.4 IDLE CUTTING 1.4

SLOT 4
30

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EXAMPLE ON MAN MACHINE CHART

(Summary of Improved method) Activity Chart of Emergency Tracheotomy

CYCLE TIME(MIN)= 1.4

Man – Working Idle Time Utilization

Machine Time (min.)
(min.) (%)

MAN 1.2 0.2 85.7%

MACHINE 0.8 0.6 57.0%
31 September 11, 2020 Lab # 6: Method Study 34

COMPARISION BETWEEN
PRESENT AND IMPROVED METHOD Micromotion Study -THERBLIGS
Therbligs
On analysing the result of several
motion studies conducted,
Gilbreths concluded that any
work can be done by using a
combination of some or all of 17
CYCLE MAN IDLE MACHINE basic motions, called Therbligs
TIME TIME(MIN IDLE (Gilbreth spelled backward).
These can be classified as
(MIN) ) TIME ( effective therbligs and ineffective
MIN) therbligs. Effective therbligs take
the work progress towards
PRESENT 2.0 0.8 1.2 completion. Attempts can be
made to shorten them but they
METHOD cannot be eliminated. Ineffective
therbligs do not advance the
progress of work and therefore
IMPROVED 1.4 0.2 0.6 attempts should be made to
eliminate them by applying the
METHOD Principles of Motion Economy.
Table gives different therbligs
32 September 11, 2020 Lab # 6: Method Study along with their symbols and 35
descriptions

Man-machine chart THERBLIGS

 The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) is
used to study, analyze, and improve one workstation at a time.
 The chart shows the exact time relationship between the
working cycle of the person and operating cycle of the
machine.
 These facts can lead to utilization of both worker and machine
time, and a better balance of the work cycle.

September 11, 2020 Lab # 6: Method Study 33 September 11, 2020 Lab # 6: Method Study 36

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SIMO CHART
 A SIMO Chart (Simultaneous Motion Cycle
Chart), often based on film analysis, used to
record simultaneously on a common time scale
the THERBLIGS or group of therbligs
performed by different parts of the body of one
or more workers.

MICROMOTION STUDY – SIMO Chart

CYCLE GRAPH
Uses of Simo Chart
From the analysis shown about
the motions of the two hands (or
other body members) involved
 Cycle graph is a record of a path of movement,
in doing an operation, inefficient
motion pattern can be identified
usually trace by a continuous source of light on
and any violation of the principle
of motion economy can be
a photograph, preferably stereoscopic.
easily noticed. The chart,
therefore, helps in improving the
method of doing an operation so
that balanced two-handed
actions with coordinated foot
and eye motions can be
achieved and ineffective
motions can be either reduced
or eliminated. The result is a
smoother, more rhythmic work
cycle that keeps both delays
and operator fatigue to the
minimum extent.
September 11, 2020 Lab # 6: Method Study 38

THE STRING DIAGRAM CHRONOCYCLEGRAPH

 A string diagram is a scale plan or model  Chronocycle graph is a special form of cycle
on which a thread is used to trace and measure graph in which the source of light is suitably
the path of workers, materials or equipment interrupted so that path appears as a series of
during a specified sequence of events. pear shaped dots, the pointed end indicating
 It is a special form of flow diagram. the direction of movement and the spacing
indicating the speed of movement.

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EXAMINE CRITICALLY:THE
TRAVEL CHART
QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE
 A travel chart is a tabular record for presenting Eliminating
quantitative data about the movements of with a Combining Those
workers, materials or equipment between any view to Rearranging activities
number of places over any given period of
time. or
 It is useful for layout preparation and Simplifying
improvement at shop level.

Primary Questions
PURPOSE What is actually done? ELIMINATE
Why is the activity unnecessary parts
necessary at all of the job.
PLACE Where is it being done? COMBINE
Why is it done at that wherever possible
particular place?

SEQUENCE When is it done? REARRANGE

Why is it done at that the sequence of
particular time?

EXAMINE CRITICALLY:THE
Primary Questions
QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE
 The questioning technique is the means by which
examination is conducted, each activity being
subjected in turn to a systematic and progressive PERSON Who is doing it? Operations for
series of questions. Why is it done by more effective
 the purpose for which that particular results.
person?
 the place at which The
MEANS How is it being SIMPLIFY
 the sequence in which activities are done?
Undertaken the operations
 the person by whom Why is it being
done in that
 the means by which particular way?

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Secondary Questions THE PRINCIPLES OF MOTION

PURPOSE What is done? ECONOMY
Why is it done?  A Use Of Human Body
What else might be done? 1. The two hands should begin and complete their
What should be done? movement at the same time.
PLACE Where is it done? 2. The two hands should not be idle at the same time
except during periods of rest.
Why is it done there?
3. Motions of the arms should be symmetrical and in
Where else might it be done? opposite directions and should be made
Where should it be done? simultaneously.
SEQUENCE When is it done? 4. Hand and body motions should be made at the
Why is it done then? lowest classification at which it is possible to do the
work satisfactorily.
When might it be done?
When should it be done?

Secondary Questions CLASSIFICATION

Class Pivot Body member's moved
PERSON Who does it? 1 Knuckle Finger
Why does that person do it? 2 Wrist Hand and fingers
Who else might do it? 3 Elbow Forearm, hand and
Who should do it? Fingers
MEANS How is it done? 4 Shoulder Upper arm, Fore arm,
Why is it done that way? and fingers
How else might it be done? 5 Trunk Torso, upper arm , fore
How should it be done? arm ,hand and fingers

DEVELOP Use of human body

5. Momentum should be employed to help the worker but
should be reduced to a minimum whenever it has to be
 From the answers to the questions- overcome by muscular effort.
 What should be done? 6. Continuous curved movements are to be preferred to straight-
line motions involving sudden and sharp changes in
 Where should it be done? direction.
 When should it be done? 7. ‘Ballistic” (free-swinging) movements are faster, easier and
more accurate than restricted or controlled movements
 Who should do it?
8. Rhythm is essential to the smooth and automatic
 How should it be done? performance of a repetitive operation.
 The method study man put his findings into 9. Work should be arranged so that eye movements are
confined to a comfortable area, without the need for frequent
practice. changes of focus.

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C Design of Tools and Equipment

1. The hands should be relieved of all work of
holding the work piece where this can be
done by jigs, fixture or foot operated devices.
2. Two or more tools should be combined
wherever possible.
3. Where each finger performs some specific
movement, as in type-writing, the load
should be distributed in accordance with the
inherent capacity of the fingers.

B Arrangement of the Work Place C Design of Tools and Equipment

1. Definite and fixed stations should be 4. Handles such as those on cranks and large
provided for all tools and materials to permit screw drivers should be designed so as to
habit formation. permit as much of the surface of the hand as
possible to come into contact with the
2. Tools and materials should be pre-positioned handle.
to reduce searching. 5. Levers, crossbars and hand wheels should be
3. Gravity feed should be used to deliver the so placed that the operator can use them with
materials as close to the point of use as the least change in body position and the
possible. greatest mechanical advantage.

B Arrangement of the Work Place MICROMOTION STUDY

4. Tools, materials and controls should be located  For operations with very short cycles and
within the maximum working area and as near to repeated thousand of times.
the worker as possible.
 Examples : Packing of sweets in boxes, food
5. Adequate lighting, and a chair of the type and
height to permit good posture should be provided.
can into cartons
The height of the workplace and seat should be
arranged to allow alternate standing and sitting.
6. The color of the workplace should contrast with
that of the work and thus reduce eye fatigue.

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TIME STUDY
 Time study is a work measurement
technique for recording the times and rate of
working for the elements of a specified job
carried out under specified conditions and
analyzing the data so as to obtain the time
necessary for carrying out the job at a defined
level of performance.

WORK MEASUREMENT
 Work Measurement is the application of
techniques designed to establish the time for
the qualified worker to carry out a specified
job at a defined level of performance.

Techniques Selection of Job for Time Study

 Time study  New job, component, operation or set of activities
 Activity Sampling  Change in method or material
 Worker’s representation
 Synthesis from Standard Data
 Bottleneck operation
 Predetermined Motion Time Systems
 Excessive cost of operation
 Estimating  Introduction of Incentive Scheme
 Analytical Estimating  To establish utilization of resources
 Comparative Estimating  To compare efficiency of alternate methods

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Selection of Job for Time Study Types of Elements

 Time study should be carried out only after best  Repetitive Element
method has been developed, defined and
standardized.  Occasional Element
 Any one time refers only to one specific method.  Constant Element
 If a job is likely to be performed by a large number  Variable Element
of workers, study should be carried out on a number
of qualified workers.  Manual Element
 On no account should any study be made to time  Machine Element
the operator without his knowledge, from the
concealed position or with the watch in the pocket.  Governing Element
 Work study should have nothing to hide.  Foreign Element

TIME STUDY Guidelines for deciding the elements

 A qualified worker is one who is accepted  Elements should be easily identifiable, with definite
beginning and endings, so that once established, they can be
as having the required intelligence and repeatedly recognized.
education, and has acquired the necessary skill  Elements should be as short as can be conveniently timed by
a trained observer. (0.04 Minute) and (0.07-0.10 for less
and knowledge to carryout the work in hand to trained)
satisfactory standards of safety, quantity and  Manual elements should be separated from machine
quality. elements
 Constant elements should be separated from variable
elements
 Occasional and foreign elements should be separated from
repetitive elements

ELEMENT PERFORMANCE RATING

 ELEMENT : An element is a distinct part of a  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Fj6hnct4E8
specified job selected for convenience of  Rating is the assessment of the worker’s rate of
working relative to the observer concept of the rate
observation, measurement and analysis. corresponding to standard pace.
 WORK CYCLE : A work cycle is the  Standard performance is the rate of output which
sequence of elements which are required to qualified workers will naturally achieve without over-
perform a job or yield a unit of production. exertion as an average over the working day or shift
provided they know and adhere to the specified
The sequence may sometime includes method and provided they are motivated to apply
occasional elements. themselves to their work. This performance is
described as 100 percent on the standard rating and
performance scales.

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TIME STUDY : CALCULATION OF

ALLOWANCES
STANDARD TIME
 Contingency Allowances  STANDARD TIME is the total time in which a job
should be completed at standard performance.
 Relaxation Allowances
 STANDARD PERFORMANCE is the rate of output
 Special Allowances which qualified worker will naturally achieve without
 Start up allowances over exertion as an average over the working day or
 Shut down allowances
shift provided they know and adhere to the specified
method and provided they are motivated to apply
 Cleaning allowances themselves to their work.

TIME STUDY : CALCULATION OF

ALLOWANCES
STANDARD TIME
 Tool allowances  Time recorded with stop watch OBSERVED
TIME
 Set-up allowances
 Adjusted for performance rating BASIC TIME
 Dismantling allowances

 Changeover allowances  Basic Time = Observed Time  Performance Rating

 Reject allowances
 After adding allowances STANDARD TIME
 Learning allowances
 Standard Time = Basic Time + Allowances
 Policy Allowances

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Determine Sample Size

 How accurate we want to be

 The desired level of confidence
 How much variation exists within the
job elements

Determine Sample Size Determine Sample Size

2 2
zs Common z Values zs
Required sample size = n = Required sample size = n =
hx hx
Desired z Value
Confidence (standard deviation required for
(%) desired level of confidence)
where h = accuracy level desired in percent of the job where h =90.0
accuracy level desired in percent of the
1.65
job
element expressed as a decimal element expressed as a decimal
95.0 1.96
z = number of standard deviations required for z = number of standard deviations required for
the desired level of confidence 95.45 2.00
the desired level of confidence
99.0 2.58
s = standard deviation of the initial sample s = standard deviation of the initial sample
99.73 3.00
x = mean of the initial sample x = mean of the initial sample
n = required sample size n = required sample size Table S10.1

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Time Study Example S3 Limitations

Desired accuracy with 5%  Standards cannot be established by time
Confidence level = 95%
Sample standard deviation = 1.0 study on jobs which cannot always be well
Sample mean = 3.00
defined like maintenance work.
h = .05 x = 3.00 s = 1.0
 Where quality is hard to define (as in
z = 1.96 (from Table S10.1 or Appendix I) polishing a surface) , standards and
production incentives may cause quality to
2
n=
zs
hx
fall down.
 Only manual jobs can be timed. Thinking
2
n=
1.96 x 1.0
.05 x 3 = 170.74 ≈ 171
portion of the job cannot be timed.

Time Study Example S3 Predetermined Time Standards

Variations
If desired accuracy h is expressed as an absolute amount, substitute e  Divide manual work into small basic
for hx, where e is the absolute amount of acceptable error elements that have established times
2
 Can be done in a laboratory away from the
zs
n= e
actual production operation
 Can be set before
When the standard deviation s is not provided, it must be computed the work is actually
performed
∑(xi - x)2 ∑(Each sample observation - x)2  No performance
s=
n-1
=
Number in sample - 1
ratings are necessary

Applications of Time Study MTM Table

 Estimating machinery and equipment requirement.
 Estimating the production cost per unit and selling price.
 Estimating manpower requirements.
 Balancing the work of operators working in a group.
 Estimating tenders and delivery schedule.
 Estimating labour budgets.
 Developing efficient plant layout and material handling
systems.
 Developing incentive scheme.
 Evaluation of productivity of individual work station.

Figure S10.2

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MTM Example Work Sampling

Weight - less than 2 pounds
Conditions of GET - easy  Advantages of work sampling
Place accuracy - approximate
Distance range - 8 to 20 inches
 Less expensive than time study
 Observers need little training
Element Description Element Time
Get tube from rack AA2 35  Studies can be delayed or interrupted
Get stopper, place on counter AA2 35 with little impact on results
Get centrifuge tube, place at sample table AD2 45
 Worker has little
Pour (3 seconds) PT 83
chance to affect
Place tubes in rack (simo) PC2 40
Total TMU 238
results
.0006 x 238 = Total standard minutes = .14  Less intrusive
Table S10.2

WORK SAMPLING Work Sampling

 Work Sampling is a statistically based technique
used for analyzing work performance and machine  Disadvantages of work sampling
utilization by direct observation but without stop
watch.  Does not divide work elements as
 In this technique a large number of instantaneous completely as time study
observations are made over a period of time of a  Can yield biased results if observer does
group of machines, processes or workers. Each
observation records what is happening at that instant not follow random pattern
and the percentage of observations recorded for a  Less accurate, especially when
particular activity or delay is a measure of the job element times are short
percentage of time during which that activity or delay
occurs.

APPLICATIONS Work Sampling

 Estimation of the percent utilization of any
equipment.
1. Take a preliminary sample to obtain
estimates of parameter values
 Estimation of unavoidable delay time to establish
delay allowances. 2. Compute the sample size required
 Estimation of the distribution of time spent by any 3. Prepare a schedule for random
class of people (workers, engineers, typist, teacher, observations at appropriate times
nurses etc.) on different job activities.
4. Observe and record worker activities
 Estimation of time standard by combining rating
with work sampling. 5. Determine how workers spend their
time

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Work Sampling Work Sampling Time Studies

Determining the sample size Salespeople

z2 p(1 - p)
n= Sales in Travel
h2 person 20%
20%
where n = required sample size Telephone
sales Paperwork
z = standard normal deviate for desired 12% 17%
confidence level Lunch and
personal
p = estimated value of sample 10%
Telephone
proportion within firm Meetings
h = acceptable error level in percent 13% and other
Figure S10.3
8%

Work Sampling Example Work Sampling Time Studies

Wants employees idle 25% of the time
Startup/pep talk
Sample should be accurate within 3% Assembly-Line 3%
Wants to have 95.45% confidence in the results Employees
Breaks and lunch
z2 p(1 - p) 10%
n= h2
Dead time
between tasks
where n = required sample size 13%
z = 2 for a 95.45% confidence level Productive Unscheduled tasks
p = estimate of idle proportion = 25% = .25 work and downtime
67% 4%
h = acceptable error of 3% = .03
Cleanup
3%
(2)2 (.25)(.75)
n= (.03)2 = 833 observations
Figure S10.3

ERGONOMICS
Work Sampling Example  The word Ergonomics is derived from two Greek
No. of
words:
Observations Activity Ergos - work and Nomos - laws,
485 On the phone or meeting with a welfare client
Thus Ergonomics means Laws of work.
126 Idle
 Definitions
62 Personal time
23 Discussions with supervisor
Ergonomics is the scientific study of relationship
137 Filing, meeting, and computer data entry
between man and his working environment. Working
environment in a broad sense not only include
833
physical conditions, but also methods of doing work,
All but idle and personal time are work related. tool and equipment used in the performance of work
Percentage idle time = (126 + 62)/833 = 22.6%.
Since this is less than the target value of 25%, the workload needs to
related to man himself.
be adjusted. (Munn)

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ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS
 Study of facts of a work system on the human  Applications
operator with a view to induce better health, comfort
and satisfaction to him at work.  Design of equipment, machine, jigs and
 Application of human biological sciences in fixtures.
conjunction with engineering sciences to the working  Design of seat, display etc.
environment so as to obtain maximum satisfaction for
the worker and at the same time enhance productivity.  Design of auditorium and lighting.
(ILO)  Design and improvement of work place.
 To fit the man to the job by designing machine,
operation and working conditions so that he feels  Design and improvement of environment.
comfortable and motivated.

ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS
Earlier Fitting man to his machine by means of  Applications
selection and training.  Measurement of physical and mental work
Then Fitting the machine to the majority of men load.
who work with them.  Study of health and physique.
Now Fit man and machine together.  Effect of age.
 Effect of working in shifts.
Applied Ergonomics : Human Factor Engineering
 Motivation and attitude towards work.
Biotechnology
Bio mechanics  Training and recruitment.

MAIN CONSTITUENT AREAS OF

Aims and Objectives of Ergonomics
ERGONOMICS
 Must fit the job on man on the basis of his  1. ANTHROPOLOGY : Study of the variation
capabilities and limitations. of human characteristics such as height,
 Increase productivity. weight, reach, ratio of leg length to shoulder
 Decreasing amount of efforts required to length etc.The data on these characteristics is
operate machine and equipment. collected and used for determining the
boundaries of work place, height and shapes of
 Increase comfort to workers. the seats and work tables. The data is also
 Increasing safety and reducing chances of useful for designing handles, levers etc. so that
accidents. they are easy to reach and operate.

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MAIN CONSTITUENT AREAS OF

Numericals
ERGONOMICS
 2. PHYSIOLOGY : This study is concerned with the  No. of cycles in Time Study
determination of (a) the speed, accuracy and force
 Sample size in Work Sampling
with which body movements can be carried out (b)
the human stamina and (c) the influence of working  Calculation of Normal Time and Standard
conditions on man. Time
 This helps in design of jobs and machines so that  No. of Machine that can be assigned to a
heavy work is done by the big muscles and light work worker
by small ones, thus reducing the number of muscle
group involved in any work situation to a minimum.

MAIN CONSTITUENT AREAS OF

No. of cycles in Time Study
ERGONOMICS
 3. PSYCHOLOGY : This study is concerned with  For a given element of work, the time study
human behavior and human potentials under various engineer has obtained the following elemental
working conditions and under influence of mental times: 0.20, 0.22, 0.20, 0.20, 0.22, 0.21, 0.18
strain, fatigue etc. The main contribution of
psychology to ergonomics lies in the field of If he wants his sample average to be
information. The role of man in the working process within 10 percent of the population average
can be represented as :- with a probability of 0.95, has he taken
 Signal  Reception Channel  Decision  sufficient number of observations. If not, how
Action  Result many more observations must be taken?

MAIN CONSTITUENT AREAS OF

ERGONOMICS
 4. MACHINE AND MECHANICAL AIDS :
This study is concerned with design of
machine and mechanical aids so as to make the
operator’s task possible and reasonable,
reducing the physical and mental strain and
leaves him free to devote his attention to those
factors in his work where the judgment and
flexibility which he alone can exercise can be
employed to advantage.

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