Present etme ICECAT Staple We use the present simple: a) for permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines. He works in @ bank, (permanent state) He takes the ran to work every ‘morning. (daily routine repeated actions) = — for sports commentaries, reviews and narration. 42) Peterson overtakes Willams ‘and wins the race. (sports commentary) Mike Dalton plays the part of Macbeth. (review) ) Then the pence gets on his horse and quickly rides away (narration) b) for general truths and laws of nature. The sun sets in the west. ©) for timetables (planes, The plane from Brussels arrives at 8:20. @) to give instructions or directions (Instead of the Imperative. You sprinkle some cheese on the pizza and then you bake it Unstead of: Sprinkle some cheese on the pizza... The present simple is used with the following time expressions: usually, often, always, etc., every day! weekimonthiyear, in the morningiafternoon! evening, at night, at the weekend, on Mondays, et. ceent Contiiuetis We use the present continuous: 2) for actions taking place =a now. atthe moment of speaking He ie ging tne baby a a bat atthe moment bb) for temporary actions; that is actions that are going fon around now, but not at the actual moment of speaking Tm looking for a new job these days. 4 {He is not looking for a job at ‘the moment of speaking ) ©) with adverbs such as: always, constantly, continually, ete. for actions which happen very often, to express annoyance, irritation or anger. a)/'m always meeting Sara when I go shopping. (action which happens very otten) ) You're constantly interrupting me when 1m taking. (expressing annoyancelirtation) 4) for actions that we hay the near future, especially when the time and place hhave been decided. They're moving into their new house next week, (The time has been decided) @)_ for changing or developing situations. ‘More and more species are becoming extinct. The present continuous is used with the following time expressions: now, at the moment, at present, these days, still, nowadays, today, tonight, etc.Piescht Fe We use the present perfect: ) for an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with state verbs such as be, have like, know, etc. In this case, wwe often use for and since. Rachel has had the dog for thvee years. (She got the dog three years ago and she stil has it) b) for an action which has = 5 recently finished and whose result is visible in the resent. “| ‘She has just washed her hair (She has now wrapped her hair — Jina towel. so the action has finished.) ©) for an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not mentioned because itis elther unknown or unimportant. ‘The emphasis is placed on the action. The Taylors have bought a ph ¥ x saling Boat (The erat time s trkrown or unmporart. What ‘simportant she fac tha thy nowoanasaing oat) | 6) for an action which has happened within a speciic time period which is not over at the moment of speaking, We often use words and expressions ch a today, this morning evenina week’ month, te. ‘She has taken fiteen pictures today. (The time period - today 's not over yet. She may take ‘move pictures.) BUT: She took twenty pictures yesterday (The time period - yesterday - is over) Note: We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news and the past simple or past continuous to give more details about it. The police have finaly arrested Peter Duncan. He was trying to leave the country when they caught i ‘The present perfect is used with the following time expressions: for, since, already, yet, always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this weekimonth, etc., how long, lately, recently, still in negations), etc. IGSChL EEL TL CCninUCS ‘We use the present perfect continuous: {)_ to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in he past and continues up to the present, especially with time expressions such astfor, p since, all morningiday! year, ete ‘Sam has been talking on the phone for aif an hour. (fle began taking on the phone all an hour ago {and he is sti taking.) ») for an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The action may have finished or may still be going on. ~ The result of the action is visible in the present. Her feet hurt. She has ‘been watking all morning. (The result ofthe action is visible in the present - her feet hurt) ©) to express anger, iritation or annoyance. 2. Somebody ( has been giving away Sa our plans. (The speaker is iitated ) Note: With the verbs live, work, teach and feel! (= have 4 particular emotion) we can use the present perfect or present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning We have livedihave been living here for twenty years ‘The present perfect continuous is used with the following time expressions: for, since, how long, lately, recently.Note: We use the present perfect to put emphasis on umber and the present perfect continuous to put ‘emphasis on duration. Compare the examples: e.g. 've typed four reports so far Ive been typing reports all morning (GN be ch legueng@ © Adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom/rarely, never, etc.) come betore the main verb (read, work, etc.) but after the verb to be, auniliary verbs (do, have, etc.) or modal verbs (can, should, etc.). Adverbs of frequency go before the auxiliary verbs in short answers. eg, Susan often goes skiing atthe weekend. Kim is sometimes rude to other people. You can always call me if you need help. ‘Do you help your mother with the housework?” Yes, usually do, © Expressions such as every day, onceitwice a week/month, etc., most morningsievenings, etc. go at the beginning or the end of a sentence. Usually, offen, sometimes, normally and occasionally can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence for more emphasis. e.g. We go on holiday twice a year Usually. I finish work at five ee! bored sometimes. © The adverbs never, seldom and rarely have a negative meaning and are never used with the word not. e.g, | rarely go to bed late. (NOT: +etelydontgen.) A) vnderine tne conect tense 1. The plane leavesihas left at four o'clock. We must be al the airport by two o'clock 2 Itgetsiis getting colder and colder every day. 3. Have you seen Linda? | have been looking/am looking for her for almost an hour 4. Sam isa very interesting person, He knowsihas known all kinds of unusual facts. 5. First, you are heating/heat the oven to a temperature of 180°C. 6 Have you heard the news? They have just elected! have been electing @ new club chairman! 7. Martha is findingihas found a new job. She is staring ext week. 10 By creone tne comect aan 1 10 The teacher has been correctingihas corrected essays for three hours, Michaels car broke down last week, so he usesiis using his father’s forthe time being Itrarely getsiis getting very hot in Britain. | met our new boss this moming. 1..C.. him, 100. He's very nice ‘Nam meeting B have been meeting © have met in ahoter? No, but my parents did last summer in Rome ‘AHave you ever stayed B Did you ever stay Are you ever staying ‘Who isin that new fn? Well, a young actress ‘Ahas been playing Is David at home?” Yes, but he a shower at the moment Aishaving - Bhas been having C has ‘Why are you so upset?” 1 ‘my favourite ring Alose B have been losing the leading role. Bplays Chas played Chave lost Have you found a house yet? ‘No. | vith my aunt at the moment Astay Bamstaying —_C have stayed Put the adverbs of frequency in the correct position. Do you wear sunglasses in the winter? No. I do. inever) No, I never do. Do you like fishing, Alan? Yes, | go fishing at weekends. (sometimes) Do you go to the gym very often? Yes, | go. (once a week) How often do you wsit your parents? List ther. (every weekend) Do you eat in restaurants very often? No. I do. (rarely) Do you like oysters? | don't know. Ihave eaten oysters. (never) How often do you go on holiday? |1go on holiday. (once a year) When do you read your post? {read it on the way to work. (usually) ‘Shall I lock the door? (Of course. You should lock the door when you go ‘out. (always) ‘You are breaking things! (always) ''m sorry. | don't mean to DPOF OP EPrarararar a>(4p scanty te tenses thon match them tothe corect descriptions. 1. The plane to Sydney leaves at eleven o'clock 2 Ihave written two letters this morning, 3. They're going on holiday on Saturday Graham has known Errol for five years You're always leaving the door open 4 5 6 We are rehearsing a new play at the moment 7 George has bought a new car 8 Lisa has been cleaning the house all morning, 9 Look! Alison has dyed her hair! More and more people rubbish recycling their present form. 1A: Tortoises «live... ve) to be very od B: I've heard of one which s over a hundred years old 2 A Are you still busy? 8: Yes.! (ead) this article for an hhour and I stil (notfinish). 3. A: More and more people {go} to university these days, B: Yes, | think i's a good thing. awl (have) a party tonight. Do you want 10 come? BB: Yes. What time does it star? 5A Why are your shoes wet? Bt (wash) the car. 6 A& What's the matter? BI (break) my ankle. 7: What do I need to do next? 8: You (ad) the sugar to the mindure and you (envy) it well, 8 A: Who (use) my car? B: Ihave, 9 A: Are you new here? B: No. Actually, | (tive) here for almost ten years. 10 A: Pete is playing his music very loud B: Again! He {atwaysido) that! 11 A Have you made plans for Saturday yet? Bt (G0) to the cinema with Jack. 12. A: MrCollins isa very good teacher. B: Well, he (teach) Maths for twenty-five years, you know, 13 A: Are you going to the concert on Saturday night? 8: Yes. Actually, | {alreadyibuy) the tickets, 14. A: Hello, Simon. 8: Oh! We {alwaysimeet) each ‘other in this supermarket Put the verbs in brackets into the correct yaysa asta {actions which started in the past and continue up to the present action which has recently finished and whose result is, Visible in the present © to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present to express criticism or annoyance timetables and programmes actions that we have arranged to do in the near future action which has happened within a specific time period which is nat over at the moment of speaking action which happened at an unstated time in the past i. changing or developing situations temporary actions & Dear Kathleen 1) (write) to tell you my news. My ‘school 2) (choose) me to spend six weeks at a school in the USA. Im very happy about it! ‘Atthe moment. 3) (pack) things for my trip, because | 4) (leave) next week. My mother 5) (00k) the ticket, 16) (wait) for this opportunity for ‘ages. so Im very excited. | 7) (finish) reading two books about the USA and | 8) (borrow) another one from the school (become) more and a) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. ’m writing, Worary. 1 8) more nervous every day! Well. | must go now. Ive got a lot of things to do. Il write to you from the USA, Love. Tracy 1b) Which of the present forms in the text above are used to express: 1 actions which happened at an unstated time in the past 2 actions which started in the past and continue up 10 the present with emphasis on duration 3 actions happening at or around the moment of speaking changing and developing situations actions that we have arranged to do in the near future enn ea ansict stat Verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than action and therefore do not normally have continuous tenses. These include: a) ») °) 4 verbs which express likes and dislikes: like, love, dislike, hate, enjoy, preter, adore, etc. 9. | love chocolate ice cream. verbs of the senses: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, ook, sound. We often use can or could with these verbs when we refer to what we see, hear, etc. at the moment of speaking. 6.9. Jim must be af home. J ‘can see his car parked outside. verbs of perception: know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, notice, recognise, think, seem, see (=understand), expect (=think), et, e.g. lexpect they will be late, some other verbs such as be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, mean, own, want, owe, have (=possess), require, weigh, wish, keep (=continue), etc. e.g. My uncle owns a hotel ‘Some of the above verbs are used in continuous tenses when they describe actions and not states. Study the Iollowing examples 1 2 3 4 | think he’s ving. (= believe) I'm thinking about the plan. (= am considering) ‘The food tastes delicious. (= has a delicious flavour) He is tasting the food. (= is testing the flavour of) | can see some people. (= perceive with my eyes) | see what you mean. (= understand) I'm seeing my doctor tomorrow. (= am meeting) It looks as if they ve finished the job. (= appears) Mike is tooking out of the window. (is directing his eyes) 10 1" ‘This perfume smelis nice. (= has a nice smel) He is smelling the mik. (= is sniffing) ‘The baby's hair feels ike sik. (= has the texture of ‘She is feeling the baby's forehead Bob has a Porsche. (= possesses) He's having a shower at the moment, shower) ‘The chicken weighs 2 kilos. (= has a weight of) ‘The butcher is weighing the meat. (= is measuring how heavy itis) This dress fits you perfectly. (= itis the right size) We are fitting new locks. (= are putting in) He appears to be nervous. (= seems) He is appearing in a new play. (= is taking pan) He Is a rude person. (= character - permanent state) He is being rude. (= behaviour - temporary situation. usually with adjectives such as careful, sly. (im)polite lazy, etc) Note: a) The verb enjoy can be used in continuous BUT: tenses to express specitic preference. eg. 'm enjoying this party @ lot. (speciic preference) enjoy going to partes. (enjoy partes in general) 'b) The verbs look (when we refer to a person's appearance), fee! (= experience a particular ‘emotion), hurt and ache can be used in either the continuous or simple tenses with no difference in meaning. e.g. You look/are looking great today. 2 Why ..are you smelling. (youismelt) the soap? I (smell lovely I's like roses! why (youltaste) the soup? To sea itt (taste) good. I think it needs more salt 1 (foe!) very tired You should go to bed early 1 (528) Andy this evening, 1 (see). So, you don't want to ‘come to the cinema with me, do you? How much erer err the bag of applesiweigh)? don't know yet. The man (weigh) the bag now, Al (think) about buying anew car soon 8: Why?! (think) your car is fine. You don't need anew one. What The sky. it (youtlook) at? (look) as i's going to rain ee 1" 2 13 A: Lreally (enjoy) home-made food. B. So dol, and! (enjoy) every bt of this meal A: Why (yourtee)) the radiator? Bit (tee!) cold in here. Is the heating on? ‘A: That famous opera singer at the opera house tonight (appear) B: Yes. He appear) to be feeling better after his operation, A: Chrs (be) a sensible person. isn't ne? 8: Yes. but in this case he (ce) rather foolish, A: My dad (ft) the old bling from the living room in my bedroom today. 8: Really? (ity that window? ‘A: My back (hurt) B: Why dont you lie down for a while?Where have you been _%& isn't here, She's gone to the) \ supermarket, © She has gone to the office. (This means she has not come back yet. She is still atthe office) © He has been to Rome twice. (This means that he has visited Rome twice; he is not there now. He has come back.) Note: In this case been Is used as the past participle of the verb to go. Fill in the gaps with have /has been (to) of Put the verbs in brackets into the correct have / has gone (to). present form. 1. A Hello, Jim! Have you seen Mum? 1A: Linda Ie learning... learn) to deve atthe moment B: Yes. She has gone to..the shops. She'l be back B: | know. She told me last week soon 2A. Has Alan got a job? 2A Where you today? B: Oh yes. He (oe) the om the cinema manager of a lisure conte. 3._& Shall we go on @ picnic this weekend? 3 A: Do you want to have a break now? B: Oh, yest | not ‘on a picnic for & Not yet. (ote a ceport for ages. tomorrow's meeting 4A: Im going to India this year. 4 A: I's ten o'clock. Have you given the manager his BI never India letters? A Really? | there mice before 8: Yes. and! {atsortype) six 5 & Where are the chidren? bape ao ial is ming B: They the park to play football 5A: Is Jeff stil in the garden? * Dad with them? B: Yes. He (plant) flowers all afternoon. 8. Of course. Don't worry 6 A: That author is very well-known, isnt she? B: Yes. She (waite) twenty novels so tar Underline the correct word in bold. 7K: You look very happy today B lamt (justinear 1 | always/atready do the housework on Saturdays. some good news. 3. My brother has justlever joined the football club star} tonight? 4 Unda has alreadylever bought anew dress fo the party B: Seven o'clock. think 5 Have you so far/ever tasted Japanese food? 9 A: Are you new to this company? 6 Joo has been in Paris sincelfor two woeks 8: Not realy Infact. (work) 7 Ihave neverjust seen tis firm before here for almost two years. {8 The secretary has typed twenty letters yel'so far this 10 A: Are you ready for the concert? morning, B: Yes. | (practise) for weeks. 9 Ihave been working here since/still July. 11: Do you do any exercise ata? 10 The Taylors have moved house recentlyiso fa 8: Yes. Actually, {0} swiemming 11. They silalready haven't employed a new supenisor. ttvee times a week 1best Eevtug a est Sluple We use the past simple: 2) for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. The time is stated, already known or implied a) ») They went camping by the lake fast month, (When oid they go camping? Last month. The time i stated.) ») for actions which happened immediately one after 2 First she paid the driver, then she got out ofthe taw. ©) for past habits or states which are now finished. In ‘such cases we can also use the expression used to. 4 Kitchens werelused to be very diferent a hundred years ago. The past simple is used with the following time ‘expressions: yesterday, then, when, How long ago .. last nightiweekimonthiyeariTuesday, etc., three days! weeks, etc. ago, in 1997, etc. 1 Centinven We use the past continuous: for an action which was in progress ata stated time in the past. We do not mention when the action started oF finished. [At seven o'clock yesterday evening they were having dinner (We do not know when they started or finished their dinner) for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress. go-y =e (longer action) and the (#* ¢ past simple for the ‘ction which interrupted it (shorter action). } He was walking down the sireet when he ran into an ld tena for two or more simulta- ‘neous past actions. She was talking on her ‘mobile phone while she was driving t0 work to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc. in the Introduction to a story before we describe the main events. One beautitul autumn afternoon, Ben was strolling down a quiet country lane. The birds were singing and the leaves were rustling in the breeze, ‘The past continuous is used with the following time ‘expressions: while, when, as, all morningieveningiday/ night, et.best Ferieet We use the past perfect: 2) for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past. i SPA ‘She had finished work when she met her trends {or cottee. (She finished work frst and then she met her trends.) ») for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past. ‘He was happy. He had signed an important contract (The action finished in the past and its result was visible in the past. 100) Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect. eg. a) He had fixed the old armchair. It looked brand new. (The action had fixed happened in the past. The result looked brand new was also visible in the past.) b) He has fixed the old armchair It ]ooks brand new. (The action —has txed- happened in the past. The result looks brand new ~ is stil visible im the present) ‘The past perfect is used with the following time ‘expressions: before, after, already. just, for, since, tll until, when, by, by the time, never, etc. Note: We can use the past perfect or the past simple with before or after without any difference in ‘meaning. e.g. They went out after it had stopped / stopped raining. est Feriget Conttiuous ‘We use the past perfect continuous: 2) to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action or a stated time in the past, usually with since or for. cal They had been looking for a house for six months ‘before they found one they liked 'b) for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past. Last Friday Ron had to fy to New York His fight was deta. He was annoyed. He had been waiting at the arpor for three hours. (He waited at the airpor for three hours and the result of the action was visible in the past. 100.) : The past perfect continuous is the past equivalent of the present perfect continuous. eg. a) | had been driving for ten hours. so | felt exhausted. (The action ~had been driving ~ lasted or some time in the past The result — felt ‘exhausted was also visible n the past ) ) | have been driving for ten hours, so | feel exhausted, (The action —have been driving started in the past. The result foe! exhausted is stil visible in the present.) ‘The past perfect continuous is used with the following time expressio for. since, how long, before, until, GB4 cos st SA $B: A A. Brian and Ruth went on a day tro yesterday. Look at the notes below and say what they did, using the linking words from the fist fist, then, next, after tat, later, finally First, they travelled to Brighton by train 9:15 = 10:90: travel to Brighton by train 10:30 - 11:30: look around shops 11:90 - 12:30: walk on beach 12:90 - 200: eat lunch at seaside restaurant 200 - 4:30; visit funfair 4:30 - 5:90: have afternoon tea B Now, in pairs, ask and answer ‘questions about what Brian and Ruth were doing at the times in the list below, as in the example. What were Brian and Ruth doing at half past nine In the morning? They were travelling to Brighton by train. 9:30 am 11:00 am 11:45 am 4:15 pm 2:30 pm 5:00 pm Put the verbs in brackets into the past ‘simple or the past continuous. The sun 1) ..was shining... (shine) and the birds 2) (sing) as Mike 3) (ative) down the country lane. He 4) (smile, because he 5) (look forward) to the journey ‘ahead. Mike 6) (enjoy) driving, especially when he 7) (go) somewhere new. Then, suddenly the engine 8) (begin) to make a strange noise and the car 9) (stop) {dead in the middle of the road. Mike 10) (ty) to start it, but nothing 11) (happen) He 12) (sigh). then 13) (get out ofthe car. As he 14) (push) the ‘ear to the side of the road, Mike 15) (start) to wish he had stayed at home. John 1) (enter his fat and 2) (ose) the door. He 3) {rang up) his coat when he 4) (hear) a strange noise. A tap 5) (run) in the kitchen, He 6) (walk) ito the kitchen and 7) (tuen) i of. Then, he 8) \(reeze). Someone 9) (stand) behing him. He 10) (take) adeep breath and 11) (turn) around. His flatmate, Steve, 12) (lean) inthe doorway. "You 13) (aive) me a fight” Joha exclaimed Steve 14) (laugh) at him. John 15) (star) to laugh, too. 1 16) (think) you had gone to London today.” he said. "No, 17) (reply) Steve. ‘Unfortunately, | 18) (iss) the tain (43), crease te correct answer 1. “Were you expecting James and Paul to stay for inner? 'No, but |..A...@ lt of food, so it didn't matter A had prepared B was preparing © had been preparing 2 ‘Tony has been singing for years, hasn't he?” ‘Yes. He his first record when he was sixteen. A made B was making © had made 3. ‘There was a power cut last night. know. 1 some paperwork when the lights went out A had been doing B was doing © had done 4 Did you see Paul Simon in concen? 'No. | was hoping to get tickets, but they A had sold out B sold out © were selling out 5. “The restaurant was packed last night Yes. Luckily, a table in advance. A was booking B had booked © had been booking 6 ‘Did you watch the film yesterday? No. it by the time we got home. A finishes B was finishing © had finished 7. ‘Did you stay up late last night? No.1 all day, s0 | went to bed early. ‘A had been working —-B worked © was working 8 ‘Did you enjoy your holiday? Yes. We ‘most of our time on the beach, A had spent B were spending spent 9 ‘Kim looked tired this morning know. She all night long, A. studied B had studied © had been studying 10 "So what happened” we through the woods when we heard a gunshot A hadwalked B walked — were walkingUse@) ie/Be Usee te/ Cet usec te/Wevle © We use used to + infinitive to refer to past habits. fr states. In such cases, used to can be replaced by the past simple with no difference in meaning. e.g. They used to travelitravelled a lot when they were younger. (They dont any more) © We use the past simple, and not used to, in the following cases: 1a) to refer to an action which happened at a definite time in the past. 2g. drove to work yesterday, (NOT:-Hused-ie-ehive- to-werieyesterdey-) b) to say how many times an action happened at a definite time in the past. 8.9.1 went 10 the cinema four times last month (NOT. tsectto-go-to-the-ememe tour tmes feat ment) # We use would/used to for routines in the past. eg. We would.used to ea! out on Sundays. peated actions or We do not use would with state verbs. eg. a) They used fo live in London. (NOT: Fheywoukcttrein-toncion—state) 1) used to have a pet dog. (NOT: Hrovis-have-epetdoe) © Be used to + nounipronoun/-ing form = be ‘accustomed to, be in the habit of 4.4) They are used to the cold. (present) b) I domt mind walking. Im used to it. (present) () She wasn't used to living in the country. (past) © Got used to + noun/pronouni-ing form = become accustomed to e4.a) 1am getting used to the weather. (present) ) He dint ike using the computer at fst, but he got used to it (past) €) She will soon get used to wearing contact lenses. future) $8) crows cv seer 1. ‘Shaton looks diferent now, doesn't she? Yes. She ..B.. to have long dark hair. didnt she? A isused B used © would 2 “Thave never driven an automatic car belore, ‘You will soon twit A getused -B beused used 3. ‘How is Saran? ‘She's tine. She to life in the countryside. A gotused —-B-used —C is getting used 4 “Have you always worked as a nurse? ‘No.1 a childminder. A was used tobeing —-B_used to be © amused to being 5 ‘Do you remember when we were litle? Yes. Dad always read us a bedtime story A wasusedio B would —C got used to 6 ‘Aren't you tired? ‘No. to walking long distances, A amused —B gotused C used 7. “Jane had trouble with her job a fst “Yes, She to working on her own, A used B gotused C wasn't used 8 ‘Did you find your degree course dificult?” ‘Yes, but soon toit A used B gotused C was used 9 ‘Do you remember Uncle Danny? Yes. He always bring us presents A would B wasused © used 10 ‘Have you ever ved in a flat before” 'No, but | will toit A beused —-B getused C used 11 “Why are you so tired?” Because | to getting up early in the morning, Aamused Bused © amnot used 12 ‘Do youknow that man? Yes. He to work for me. A wasused —-B used is used ‘Mary had to move to Italy for her job. At first, she found tiving in a foreign country quite difficult, ut she is slowly getting used to it. Use the prompts below to talk about how she is getting along, as in the example. 1% $1: She wasn't used to living by the sea, but she i Used to it now. $2: She still hasn't got used to living on her own. “e lwebythesea ¥ © useanewcurrency v © lveonherown x —* neweustoms ‘© be away from her ‘© drive onthe other family and friends x side ofthe road x speak italian ¢ © hot weather ‘16 Lest Shingle ‘The past simple is used for actions which happened in the past and are not related to the present. We use the past simple: * for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. The time is stated, already known ‘or implied. aren cot pase) tir n 88 Thtme some) cs a We Mr Clark taught Maths for thity years. (He 1s no longer a teacher. He has retired) ** for an action which happened in the past and cannot be repeated 29. 2) Mike won more than twenty medals when he was an athlete, (He is no longer an athiete. He cannot win another medal.) ) once spoke to Frank Sinatra. (He Is 0 longer alive. I won't speak to him again ) ‘* for an action which happened within a specitic time period which is over at the moment of speaking. 2g. {wrote three letters this morning. (The time period is ‘over. It is evening or night now.) /e use the past si Fiesent & ‘The present perfect is used for actions which happened In the past and are related to the present. We use the present perfect: ‘= for an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is ether unknown or unimportant, and therefore it is not ‘mentioned or impli ‘Simon Cook has painted 2 lot of pictures. (When? We do not know. The exact time is not ‘mentioned or implied) ‘© for an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. Yan vioncn [Mrs Nelson has taught French for twenty yeas. (She started teaching French twenty years ago and she is stil teaching French today) ‘+ for an action which happened in the past and may bbe repeated. 9. a) Ben is an athlete. He has won more than ten ‘medals. (He is sol an athlete, He may win some ‘more medals.) ‘Ive spokem to Coline Dion. (She is stil alive. Imay ‘speak to her again) * for an action which happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking. ‘29. [ve written two letters this morning. (The time period ple to talk about actions which were performed by people who are no longer alive, even Ifthe time is not stated. e.9. Charles Dickens wrote ‘Oliver Twist. A A: 11)...e seen... (800) this fm betore, B: Me too, but I ove this actor. He 2) (play) a lot of good roles ‘A: Tom Cruise? 13) (meet him, you know. B: Really? When? ‘A: When 14) (be) in Los Angeles on holiday. BA: Whois that man? B: He's an atist. He 1) (paint) a lot of beautiful pictures. "think Van Gogh 2) .... (paint) the most beaut pictures ever. But his ife 3) (be) miserable. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect. cat (ustihear from) an old trend of mine 8. Oh, really? A Yes. Jim 2) (write) tome. 3) (get) the letter this morning, B: That's nice. When 4) (yourtrstimeet) im? A He 5) (ive) next door to me for three years, but he 6) (move) away last June and | 7 (notisee) him since.Rast simple = Pa ‘© The past simple is used for actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past. Interrupted it. Ni When Jim came home, they watched a film on TV. dim came home and then they watched a film together) came home) it ontinuous = Pasi © The past continuous is used for a past action which was in progress when another action Gg When slim came home, Mary was watching a fim on TV. (She was stil watching the film when Jim © The past perfect is used for an action which happened before another past action or a specific time in the past. Ba IN 7 When Jim came home, Mary had already watched the tim on Tv {She watched the fim frst. Jim came home atenwards ‘© We can use the past simple, past continuous or past perfect without any difference in meaning with verbs such a8 think, hope, mean, expect, etc. for things we hoped or wished to do, but didn't. eg. | expected/was expectingihad expected him to call me, but he didn't Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1A: What ..were you doing... (yourdo) at ten o'clock this morning? BI (read) some important documents in my office 2. & Why are you so disappointed? 8: Because | pass the test, but! didnt Have you found your bag yet? B: No, but! to the police yesterday. Did you enjoy the play lastnight? B No. even though | ‘900d reviews of it before | Bought the tickets, (hope) that | would (cepon) it stolen (read) 5 A: Have you written your report yet? B (just’stan) when you ccame in, actually, 6 A: Sory'm late. B: Where have you been? | (expect) you an hour ago. 7 A We (go) to an antique market yesterday, B (youbuy) anything? 8 A: Were you surprised that the factory closed down? B. Not realy. Infact, (know) it was going to happen, Julia did well in the test, didnt she? Yes. She (study) very hard fori. A When Simon 1) ..arrived... fartive) at the cinema, dozens of people 2) (queue) outside. They 3) (wail) 10 see the same fm as Simon, Simon, however. 4) (buy) a ticket in advance, so he 5) (walk) straight to the front of the queue and 6) (enter) the cinema, He 7) that he didn’t have to queue. He 8) (reach) his seat just as the lights 9) (go down) for the start of the fim. (feel) relieved B Last weekend. Cathy 1) (rire) a car and 2) (ative) to the seaside. When she 3) (arrive) the wind 4) (blow) and the sky 5) (oe) cloudy. She 6) (get out) of the car and 7) (take) a walk along the seafront. Then she 8) {decide} to go for fish and chips at a nearby restaurant that she 9) (see) earlier and liked the look of. By the time she 10) (leave) the restaurant, it 11) (alreadyigrow) dark. As she 12) (walk) to her car t 13) (begin) to rain. However, Cathy 14) (notimind) because she 15) (have) a wonderul day. 78 (49)p sooty the tnses thon match thom othe comect descriptions People used to haveihad very simple ives in those days. She was talking on the phone when her boss came in, ‘Sam was in hospital because he had crashed his car. They had been studying hard all morning, so they were tired, | was cooking lunch while he was pouring the drinks, 6 We had been living in the house for a year belore we decorated the kitchen 7. Princess Diana did a lot of work for chart. 8 Attwo o'clock this aftesnoon they were having lunch at wor. 9 First, she knocked on the door. Then, she went inside. 10 We had bought the tickets betore we went tothe theatre, (20) nsertne me correct tense 1. Lynne was singing windows, 2. Mr Todd was teaching/had been t years when he retired. 3 I phoned Jack because | wantedihad wanted to ask him a question 4 They had walkedinad been walking for hours when they stopped for a rest 5. The shop had been sellingjhad sold the table by the time I got there. 6 Joe was happy. He was winningihad won first prize in the competition. 7 twas rainingihad rained while they were playing the football match. 8 Rob was openingiopened the box and looked inside 9 Eve was delighted to hear that she was gettingihad got the job, 10 People used to work/were working very long haurs in those days, 11. Iwas running when | slippediwas slipping on the ice. 12 They were already buyingihad already bought the tickets when they went to the concert 13 Carol had brokeniwas breaking her arm, so she couldn't write for six weeks. 14 We had been stayingistayed in a hotel by the sea last, 418. Elvis Presley sangihad sung lots of hit songs. 16 | openediwas opening the door and stepped outside. 17 They had stoodiwere standing outside when the results were announces. 18 Alexander Graham Bell had inventedlinvented the telephone, 19 She broke the glass while she had washediwas washing it. had sung as she was cleaning the iching for thirty to talk about actions of people who are ne longer alive b action which happened belore another past action or before a stated time in the past © actions which happened immediately one after the ther in the past to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action '@ action which was in progress at a stated ime in the past two or more simultaneous actions 9 action in progress when another action interrupted it 'h_ action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past past habit or state which is now finished | action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past Gy ce oe ner 1. He went to bed... he had brushed his teeth, A before = Batter © while 2 | was watching television the doorbell rang. A when B assoonas © while 3. She hhadn't finished the washing-up when the quests arrived A yet B just c stil 4 We had been walking for hours we reached the campsite A since B tor © before 5 John was repairing the car Steve was tidying the garage A while B betore © ater 6 We went to Spain on holiday A tomorow B next year © last year 7 ‘ell asleep | closed my eyes. A just B assoonas already 8 did Jane and Ted get marred? A Howlong B Howlongago © While 9 She hasn't seen Jim she left schoo! A tor B just © since 10 He won't go home he has finished his work A how long B until © yet 11 Ihave lived in Kent ten years now. A since B tor © betore 42 We haven’ finished work A yet B until © just 13 did Tina meet Steve? A Howlong 8 Howlongago Whilepast form. ‘One fine morning, a man 1) ina river. The sun 2) the man 3) bank. Everything was very quiet and peaceful, The man 4) (walt) patiently for several hours was fishing... (ish) (shine) ang (sit) on the river when suddenly he 5) pulling on the fishing line. He 6) up) quickly and 7) (begin) to take in the line. He 8) Gustlit) the huge fish he had caught out of the water when there was a loud splash and it fell back into the river. At fist, the man didn't know what 9) (happen). Then, he 10) (look) carefully at his fishing line. It 11) (snap). The poor ‘man was so disappointed that he 12) (Gack) away all his things and went home. (tee!) something (stand b) Which of the past forms in the text above are used to express: ison the duration ofan action which slates 1 ern nthe pas etre arate past 20" OF asain he ast 2. acon which nappened at dette time inthe past tine stated, kronor pod 4 actone whch nappened immediately one ater the iter nthe past 4 to desenbe the atmoshere, he setng en the fnvesucton to 8 sry “5 acien which happened beore another pas action : wa using any 1. While Joanne ..1was washing... er hair. Carl was Cleaning the house. 2. Ihave no idea whe 1 my wallet, 3 He off his skateboara his leg when he fell 4 We In the classroom for ten minutes before the teacher arrived, 5 She to the theatre last night 6 My tooth for a week before | ‘went to the dentist's, 7 She cried when she her driving test 8 What ‘when the alarm went off? 9 They got into the car and away. 10 I could tell she the ‘competition because she couldn't stop smiling 11 We along the beach when we heard a cry for help. 12 Tom the piano for years before hhe became famous. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. A: Hello, Mark. You 1)... £00k... take) along time to answer the door. B: Sony. 12) (notinear) the bell Come in, Tory, A 3) What (you!plan) to do today? B: Well, 14) (think) of going for a picnic in the country. but the weather is awl so | 5) (change) my mind, ‘A: Oh dear. Well yesterday Mary 6) (ten ‘me that she 7) (buy) two tickets to see the Rocking Stars, but she couldn't go to the concert. So 8) (buy) the tickets from her. because 19) (think) you'd tke to go. B: Tony, that's balan! | 10) (mean) to buy tickets for that concert. but they 11) (sell out) by the time 112) (go) to the booking office. A: Well is lucky! 13) (see) Mary. then. isnt t? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. ‘A: Look at Steve! He is soakina wet B: Iknow, He ...ias been washing... (wash) the cat. 2A Why (you/make) so much food? 8: Well! (expect) guests, but they phoned to say they couldn't come. 3. A: Julia pertormed well at the concert B: Yes. She (practise) for months betorehand, aa (yourever!go) to Spain? B: Yes. (go) last year. 5A: [lke your new coat 1B: Thank you. | (wear) my old coat {or years, s0 | decided to buy anew one. 6 A: Do you know this town wall? B: Ofcourse. | (live) here for six years.Guithe Gets esinple We use the future simple: 4) in predictions about the future usually with the verbs think, believe, expect, etc, the expressions be sure, be afraid, etc., and the adverbs probably, perhaps, =“ Imarradwe certainly, etc,( won't be on ime for the meetng, ») for on-the-spot decisions. this tog of amb. ©) for promises (usually with the verbs promise, swear ‘guarantee, etc), threats, warnings, requests, hopes. (usually with the verb hope) and offers. > loont (understand this (exercise. Will you help me, with H? (request) OF course! 1M explain ito you. (ote) 4) for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control. The temperature will reach 40°C tomorrow. ‘The future simple and be going to are used with the following time COCR We use be going to: 2) for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future. {'m going to become a famous violinist one day. (ambition) Now that they've won the lottery, they are going to buy 2 big house. (intention(plan) ») for actions we have already decided to do in the near future. They are going to get ‘married in three months (They have already decided 0.40 i) BUT: They're getting married next month. (They have decided and arranged to do it) ©) in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen In the near future = Look atthe clouds! I's going to ain Note: 1) We normally use be going to to talk about something we intend to do and will to give details or make comments. 2.9.4: Im going to have a party next week. Ill invite all my trends. 8: That'll be great 2) We normally use the present continuous rather than be going to with verbs which express movement, especially the verbs go and come. €.9, Sam is going to the market ina few minutes. ‘Sheila is coming to my house for tea this atternoon. sxpressions: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next weekimonthiyear, in a weekimonthiyear, in twoithree days|weeks, etc.f euturer continuous We use the future continuous: 2) for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time. This time ext week, we'll be cruising ) round the islands. Lz ») for an action which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement. Don't (call Julie. 1M be (seeing her later, so (O itpass the message on. ©) when we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future (what we want to know is if our wishes. ‘it in with their plans.) Willyou be using the photocopier fang? 7 Teed t0 make some photocopies. We use the future perfect: for an action which will be finished before a stated futur time. ‘She will have delivered all the newspapers by 8 o’lock The future perfect is used with the following time expressions: before, by, by then, by the time, until. Note: Untill are only used in negative sentences. 4) She will hve finished the report by tomorrow. (NOT: .. untitibtomeron) ) She wom have completed the report untill 5 o'clock, We use the future perfect continuous: to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. By the end of next month, she will have been teaching for twenty years ‘The future perfect continuous is used with: by .. for. Note: After the time expressions by the time, until, before, we use the present simple because they Introduce time clauses. The future perfect and the future perfect continuous may come either ‘before or after the time clause. Study the following examples: 2) | won't have finished cleaning the house until you come back ) By the time they reach York they will have been travelling forfour hours Note: We can use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make a prediction about the present or past, that is to say what we believe may be happening or have happened. Study the following examples: 8,9.) ‘There's somebody on the phone for you." That be my mother 'b) Don't call her now ~ she'll be sleeping. ¢) I's seven o'clock. Dad will have left the ofce by now. a22 Gieseht Stinple We use the present simple for future actions when we refer to programmes, timetables, etc. 2g. The bus arzives in Livarpoo! at 7:20. iFresenueontneous We use the present continuous for actions we have decided and arranged to do in the near future. eg. 1'm fying to Lisbon tomorrow morning ‘® We use the present simple or present perfect, and not future forms, after words and expressions such ‘a8 while, before, after, untill, as, unless, when, whenever, if, suppose/supposing, once, as soon as, 28 long as, by the time, in case, on condition tha, ete. e.g. Call me as soon as you get back (NOT: . -ee-s00r-eeyoerwittget-beek) © We use future forms: a) with when when it is used as a question word. When itis used as atime word we use the present simple. e.g. When will they get marieg? 1'm not sure when they will visit us BUT: | will et you know when | decide. by with if (= whether) when it is used after expressions which show ignorance, uncertainty, etc. such as / don't know, ! wonder, | doubt, etc. 9.1 don't know iffwhether he'll move house | doubt itiwhether she'll pass her exams. BUT: If you call her. give her my regards. Put the verbs in future tense. 1ckets into the correct 1. A: Your house is very small 8: Iknow. .m going to move... (move) to a bigger house next year. 2 A: Ihave got a new job! B: Wondertul! | (call Mum and tell, her the good news. 3. A: How old's your daughter? B: she (be) fourteen next week. 4: I must phone Julia. 8. Well, don't phone her now. She (sleep) 5 A: Have you been living here long? B: Yes. Bynext month, | (ive) here for ten years. 10 1" 2 a 68 16 A: Are you having @ party next weekend? B: Yes. Ihope ! (finish decorating the house by then. ‘A: What are your plans for tonight? 8: Well! (meet) Steve at eight, o'clock. ‘A: | must buy some bread. B: You's better hurry. The shops (close) in half an hour. ‘A: Shall | call you at ten o'clock tomorrow? B: No.1 (leave) for work by then AA: Are you coming to the disco on Friday night? B: Ican't | (study) for my exam then, A: Are you excited about going to California? B: Yes! This time tomorrow | ty! ‘across the Atlantic. A: I's seven o'clock B: Yes. John (leave) the office by now. ‘A: There's somebody at the door. B: Oh, That (be) the postman. A: Ive left my jacket at home. BI (go) back and get it for you. [A: Have you booked a taxi to take you to the arport? B: Yes. (come) at eight clock in the morning, A: Are you nervous about the interview? B: Yes. This time tomorrow, | (talk) to the managing director. Fill in the future simple, the present simple or the present perfect. IN My car is being repaired and | don't know when it 1) ..Wll be... (be) ready. I doubt whether | 2) (be able to) collect it before the weekend. I wonder if John 3) (ave) me a lift to the party on Saturday. IN ask him when he 4) (come) home. | was calling to ask it you'd like to go out after we » (irish) work tomorrow or if you 2) want) to watch a video instead Call me back as soon as you 3) (get) in il wait unt 4) (hear) from you. | will eave the hotel early in case there 1) (be) @ lot of trafic. | don't know how long the journey 2) (take) or what time the plane 3) (lan). but | 4) (call) you as soon as 1 5) (arrive) at the airport. Then, | will wait until you 6) (come) to collect me. Paula is drinking tea as she is waiting for Charles, She wonders ihe 1) (be) late as usual. ‘She will wait unt the clock 2) (strike) five and then she will call him in case he 3) orget)veusus & Ltitie Sthyel We use the future simple: © when we make a prediction based on What we think, believe or imagine. In te year 2020 people will drive electric cars. © for on-the-spot decisions. 28), inn ne tre singin or be ging 1. A: Have you finished your essay yer? No, but 'm suee I. finish. (nish) it on time | have decided what to wear for the party. Really? What Why do you need hot soapy water? Because | Did you post those letters? No, Iforgot. 1 afternoon, Did you book a table at the restaurant? Yes, but | don't expect it I'm hungy, Me too. | to eat. 7: What are you doing this weekend? Oh. my grandparents. Look at that dog! Oh yes! it Tony is nearly eighteen. isn't he? Yes. He when he leaves school ‘Are you going into town today? Yes. 1 Your shit is aity. Oh dear! | another one nope we for the meeting B: Dontt worry. There's plenty of time 2 @rereror @> oPer 10 " arom 2 (you/wear), then? (wash) the car. (be) busy. (make) us something (probably/visi) (swim) across the river. (work) for his father (Give) you a tit if you like. (change) into (novarrive) late cele te a We use be going to: © when we make a prediction based on ‘what we can see (evidence) or what we know. ‘She is going to cut the suntlowers. 13 “4 18 A for actions we have already decided to do (Tm going to (give it to my daughter —_as.a git ‘Vm really thirsty afterall that hard work. 1 (make) some tea, Did you give Steve his present? No.1 (give) itto him tonight at dinner. Watch out! You head on the doortrame, B: Oh! I didnt realise it was so low. Bror (bang) your Next Saturday, Daisy 1) is flyingiflies to Paris for a business meeting, Her secretary has already booked the fight. The plane 2) will leavelleaves at nine O'clock in the morning and one of her business clients 3) will have metiwill be meeting her at the ai7port when the plane lands. She doesn't know how long the ‘meeting wil last. but she 4) will have returnediwill hhave been returning home by Thursday evening, Florence 1) is going to become|will be becoming a doctor when she finishes medical school. She thinks she 2) will probably work/will have probably worked in a hospital for most of her career. This time next ‘month, she 3) will have revisediwill be revising hard for her exams. By the time she gets her degree she 4) will have been studyingiwill have studied medicine for five years. Florence hopes she 5) will have passediwill pass all the exams with excellent grades yz)WIAWen't = Shell to give an order or make a request. €.g.Will you stop talking, please? (= Please stop talking.) @ won't to express unwillingness or an emphatic refusal, even when the subject is not a person. e.g. I've fold him not to do that, but he won't listen. (= He retuses to listen.) The washing machine won't work. We use wouldn't to refer to the past. 9.1 asked him to help me, but he wouldn't. (= He was unwiling to help me.) © Shall we ..? 2a) to make an offer. 4. Shall 1 do the washing-up for you? (= Do you want me to do the washing-up for you?) b) to make a suggestion. 4g Shall we go out for dinner tonight? (= Why don't we go out for dinner tonight?) ©) to ask for suggestions or instructions. e.g. Where shall I put the vase?" ‘On the table. What shall we do tonight?" We could go out. Replace the words in bold with willwon't or shall we, as in the example. m, 1. Can you buy me some milk. please? Will you buy me some milk, please?. 2 What do you want me to do with this shopping? 3. I'veasked Jane to tidy her room, but she refuses to do it 4 Can you open the door for me. please? 5 Do you want me to walk the dog for you? 6 Why don't we go to the theatre tonight? 7 When do you want me to visit next? 8 Please be quiet! 9 Annis unwilling to talk to me. 24 Giher weys ct € the (Ur We can also express the future with: bo to + infinitive formal English). ‘eg. The President isto visit Poland next Monday. be about to + infintve/be on the point of + -ing form (to refer to the near future). 9. Look! The bus is about to leave The company Is on the point of closing down, © bo due to + Infinitive (timetables). 9. Their fight is due to arzive at 6:15. © verbs such as decide, plan, intend, arrange, mean + to -infinitve (or plans or intentions). 2. We intend to buy a bigger at © be sure to/be certain tofbe bound to + infinitive (Qo express certainty about the future). 4g, This planis sure tolis bound to succeed The future in the past We use the following patterns to talk about things we Intended to do or plans we had for the future. 8) was going tolwas tofwas about to/ was due to + Infinitive eg. Mr Simon was going to resign, but the manager ‘otfered him a better salary. (So he adh resign ) ) was on the point of + -Ing form 9. They were on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang. (So they didn't leave.) 1. The Queen will open the new sports centre next week is The Queen ..is 0 oper... he new sports centte next week. 2. We are planning to go to Spain next summer. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bol intend We Spain next summer 3. The quests should have arrived at nine, but they were late due The quests at nine. but they were late 4 Jane was thinking of looking for a new job, but she ‘changed her mind, going Jane job, but she changed her ming 5. The manager will be angry when he hears the news bound The manager angry when he hears the news. 6 Hurry up! The bus is going to leave! about Hurry up! The bus leave! 7. Helen will love this present sure Helen this present$2), saenty the tanses, then match ther othe crest descriptions 1 ke these shoes. 1 buy them. @ for offers, promises. threats. etc 2 They will have eaten lunch by two o'clock this afternoon. |b action which will definitely happen in the future as a 3 Im going to open my own business in the future. result ofa routine or arrangement 4 This time tomorrow, I'l be taking my driving test © for plans. intentions or ambitions we have for the future: 5 By the time Jack finishes the race, he will have been | d_ predictions about the future running for two hours. @ asking poltely about someone's plans for the near future 6 Everyone believes he will win the competition, {action which wil be finished before a stated future time 7 Hiltell Paul about the party. Ill be seeing him at work | g to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain anyway. time in the future 8 Will you be speaking to Rob later? Ive got amessage | fh action which will be in progress at a stated future time for him, 1 on-the-spot decision 9 Look at them! They are going to catch the thieves. {predictions when there is evidence that something will 10 Since you'te tied. Ill cook dinner tonight. happen in the near future future form. ‘A Fill in the gaps with an tense form. Next month, Maggie 1) ..[6 going... (go) to Australia to! Visit her sister, who she hasn't seen for fifteen years. The (34, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct plane 2) (leave) early in the morning ! and 3) (stop off at Singapore | * before fying on to Sydney. It) (be) * a very long, tiring journey, but Maggie is very excited because this time next month, she 5) i (begin) her adventure on the other side of the world. She | ® (stay) in Australia for one i month, She has Booked her fight, s0 she 7) 7 (ly Back o Bain on 31st May. She | Oger Lonel hopes that she 8) ws Bae erate foiesesfara aoa {im writing to tel you my excing news. {have won a Re SES aT esoe competion! tink my We 1) Wl chang... (change) a lot now! 12) (ree the competion eee coroves-sos=-=' — oyganisers next week to get my prize — a cheque fr B Which of th forms in the soon Ich of the tense forms in the text ‘As soon as 13) (have) the money. = a ee ener 4) (buy) a new car, and!5) . lalsoredecorate) my house F 1 timetablesiprogrammes Hopetully, | 6) (finish) the whole E house by the end of June. Then. on the fh of July, | ished belore a stated f 2 actos whch will nave inshed plore 28 7 {fy) 0 Tani for an exotic hokday & future time in the sun. 18) (return) by the end, E intentions af uly and then 19) (thom) abg party 3 plans or meni for ally fiends. Rope you 10) (come). F 4 fxed arrangements inthe near future Wel t's almost hinehiime, 8019) r 1 (539) goodbye fr now. | promise | 12) i. 5 actions which will be in progress at a stated futur (send) you a postcard from Tahiti £o tine . Best wishes © 6 predictions based on what we know em fe26 In the correct present or future forms. ike. ityou) (like) watersports, you 2) (love) Aquaworid. As soon as you 3) (arrive) at this unique theme park, you 4) (be greeted) by visitor hosts who 5) (show) you to a luxury chalet Once you 6) (be) in your swimsuit, you n (be able to) enjoy a wide variety of watersports, from swimming to water-sking. Yous) (find) plenty to do and you 9) (have) the chance to ty many ‘exciting activites. Aquaworld 10) (open) at 9am every day and 11) (close) at 8 pm. There 12) ‘special facilities for children and lifeguards 13) (supervise) all activities. Visit Aquaworld for an experience you 14) (nevertforget)! (36), coe the conect answer 111..A., about buying a new car recently, Really? What sort of car? ‘A have been thinking B have thought thought, (be) 2. ‘Ihaven't seen Mark for weeks, Well, 1 hhim this afternoon, Why don't you ‘come along” A havemet BB ammeeting —C meet 3 We'd better take a taxi to the station Yes. The train in fiteen minutes. A has left B willhaveleh — C leaves 4 Whereis the newspaper? I threw it away. I thought you reading it A have finished B finished © had finished 5 ‘feel very tred How can you be tired? You a thing all day. A haven't been doing aren't doing © haven't done 6 ‘Cathy doesn't study enough. ‘know. I'm afraid she her exam, ‘A won't pass: © won't have passed B won't be passing 7 10 1" 2 13 4 6 16 7 18 9 20 a 22 W's bad news about Janet crashing her new car, ist? Yes. She for months to buy it A saved B issaving Chad been saving “There's someone here to see you. (On, that my sister. Send her in A willhave been B was. € willbe ‘Whose is this earring?” | don't know. I found it when | the house. ‘A was cleaning B had cleaned © am cleaning 1 to reach Jane on the phone all day. ‘Don't you know? She's gone on holiday. A tried —-B havebeentying —C have tied | want to visit Katie. ‘Well, don't visit ner before five o'clock. She Ais working B will be working © willhave worked ‘That like Dad's car Itis. He must have finished work early A sounds B had sounded € has sounded Is that a new jumper? No.1 itfrom Laura yesterday. A have borrowed B had borrowed C borrowed to the library today?” ‘Yes, Would you ike me to return your books?” ‘A Will you have gone B Wil you have been going © Will you be going How is your granctather? His condition day by day. ‘A improves B has improved is improving ‘When did you speak to Sue? I met her as | towork. A hadwaked —B waswaling © amwalking ‘Shall we go shopping?” ' cant go until the babysitter A arrives B will ave —C arrved I've invited Sam to my party. | doubt if ne He's studying for an exam, A comes B will come © is coming 1m sorry I'm late, 1 here for over an hour. ‘A have been waiting B have waited C was waiting ‘Tm having trouble with the car. ‘Ym sure John you fix it if you ask him, A isgoingtohelp B helps will help How long James?” ‘Since we were children A have you known © did you know B do you know ‘You 22 good teacher one day. Do you really think so? A were B will be € arebeing[ro Study these examples. The second sentence| has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1 ve never heard such a sad story, ever It's the saddest story | have ever heard 2 He started painting fiteen years ago. been He has been painting for fiteen years. 3. She hasn't finished decorating the flat yet. Still She is still decorating the tat, 4 Ivernever eaten Chinese food before. first Its the first time | have ever eaten Chinese food. 5. When did they graduate from college? since How long is it since they graduated from college? ago How long ago did they graduate from college? 6 He didn't begin talking until everyone had sat down, before He waited until everyone had sat down before he began talking 7. We haven't been to the theatre for a year time The last time we went tothe theatre was a year ago last We last went to the theatre a year ago. 8 It’s two years since | went on holiday. have | have not been on holiday for two years. 9 It was the first time they had travelled by boat, never They had never travelled by boat before. 10 Jack was about to have dinner when his boss called, point Jack was on the point of having dinner when his boss called Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1 She began to play tennis when she was 10. since She ..has been playing tennis since., she was 10 2. I bought this coat three years ago. for | three years, 3 haven’ finished witing the repon yet. stil 1 the report 4 We've never seen such a funny film, ever It'sthe 5 He's never played football before. time I's the frst football 6 John hasn't played golf for years. time The gol was years ago, 7 When did Mary move to Liverpool? since How long is it to Liverpool? 8 Itwas the first ime | had met a film star. never | film star betore. 9 We didn't start tidying up until ater the guests had let before We waited unt the guests tidying up. 10 Kate was about to leave the house when the postman came point Kate was the house when the postman came. 11 I's four weeks since | spoke to Paul have for four weeks. 12 When did they announce their engagement? ago How long their engagement? 13 We haven't played squash for six months, last We sx months ago. 14 Kim was on the point of closing the shop when a ‘customer walked in ‘about kim the shop when a customer walked in 15. He is the kindest man I've ever met. never Ihave man before, 16 They are still discussing the problem. finished They the problem yet. 17 Mike started studying medicine four years ago. been Mike four years, 18 The waiter didn't take our order until everyone had decided what they wanted before The waiter waited until everyone had decided what they wanted our order. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Kate Teale 1) ..hias decided... (decide) to open her own restaurant. Yesterday, she 2) (have) a ‘meeting with her bank manager and she 3) (ask) him for a loan. He agreed, so Kate 4) (be able} to start making plans. In fact, she 5) (already find) a building for her restaurant and she 6) (look) at tables land chairs next week. By the end of the month, work on the restaurant 7) (begin) and by the summer, ‘everything will be ready. Kate 8) (hope) that her business will be a success. At the moment. she 9) (interview) people to be chels and waiters 27GCominet tulsickes cal you when wil finish x Vall you when | ins 7 + nave read this book a month ago. x Iead ths book a month ago. 7 + Lhave met him two days before. x Uhave met tim before: 7 + Take a map in case you will get lost. Take a map in ease you get lost. / + when was the last time you have been tothe nema? When was the last time you went tthe cinema? 7 + I navent seen him since Ihave finished school. x I haven't seen fim sinee I finished school. + Im learning English since 1986. x Ive been learning English since 1996. / + He stopped smoking a year before. x He stopped smoking a year ago. 7 + Sharon found a jb last month, She had left schoo! sh months ago. x Sharon foun a ob last month, She had lft schoo! sh months betore. + They stil have called us. They sil haven't called vs. 7 + Ho hasot stil bought a computer. x Ho stil hasnt bought a computor. She sills abroad. x She is stil abroad. 7 + They havent reached yet a decision. x They haven't reached a decision yet. 7 + They wil have returned until noon. x They will have returned by noon. + used to go to the cinema twice last month. x | went tothe cinema twice last month. 7 GQ) corre ne mica 1. fim playing chess since I was eight years old 2 lused to eat at that restaurant three times last week 3. They haven’ stil delivered my television. 4 We haven't read yet his letter. Ihave met that man a week ago. 6 We moved to Glasgow a year before 7 Mike and Kelly got married last week. They had met ‘each other four years ago. 8 Iilimake the dinner when | will get home. 9. Take some food in case you will get hungry. 10 The house will have been built until the end of May. 11 Peter stil is at school 42 When was the last time you have seen Tony? 13. I have seen this fm three months before 14 She hasn't been to a party since she has returned from her holiday [40)p noose the correct ans 1. The play had started ..C... we got to the theatre, A while B until © by the time 2 Tom has had some good news. A stil B yet C just 3. Do you know betore she retired? she had been working there A when Bhowlong © howlong ago 4 They will have had dinner eight A belore B until c by 51 hadn't cleaned the house when the quests. arrives, A stil B yet C just 6 We have been training ssi months, A since B tor C while 7 ‘did you move to Essex? A How long ago B How long c While 8 She ‘eats beans because they make her il A ever B never © amays 9 Im tired. Ihave been working very hard A so far B just € lately 10 Paul leaves, he will have typed ten letters. A Bythetime —B By then © Belore 11. James was washing the car... Sue was cutting the grass. A assoonas B belore C while 12. Colin has invited ten people to his party A yet B ever © so far (G1), Underine ne coneet preposition 1. The advantage offiniover computers is that they can process information quickly, ‘She accused him for/ot/about stealing her bag The train arrived atitovin Manchester at 5.30 pm, Her parents did not approve for/ot/about her oust He was aware aboutiforiot being followed Mary agreed torwithon help me arrange the party. We were amazed offatiwith how many people attended the meeting. 8 Paul was angry with me aboutforiat using his car, 9 Sarah is very bad tolforiat Mathematics, 10. I don't believe inioniat ghosts 11 According withito/by the weather forecast, it will be sunny tomorrow. 42. She blamed me oniforifrom the damage to the car.Phrasal Verbs be ater: (t) 1) want, ty to gain, 2) chase bbe against: (tr) oppose (opp: be for) beinfor: (tr) expect sth (usu bad) be oft (tt) 1) not wantiike any more, 2) be absent (rom school, work, etc) bbe on: (tq be shown (on TV, atthe cinema, etc) (t) not have sth; lack (int) come to an end (int) 1) be awake and out of bed, 2) stay awake at night, 3) be wrong or unusual break down: (int) 1) stop working, 2) lose control of feelings, 3) fail ‘break in (inty/ break into (tr): 1) enter by force, 2) interrupt break out: (int) 1) begin suddenly (of war, fire, etc) BUT: a storm breaks, 2) escape break up: int) 1) stop for holidays (of schools, etc) 2) separate: split up G2), rin tn conect pate 1 2 3 4 " 2 3 6 5 16 7 18 19 2 War broke .. out... suddenly in the country. My flat was broken while | was away. The police are the bank robbers, ‘The washing machine has broken MW calla repairman Many people are ‘The schoo! will break the new law. for the holidays soon, What's ? Is something wrong? ‘The supermarket was bread, s0 | did't get any, ack was, school last week because he had the fy ‘Are you yet? called Mum early this morning, When she heard the bad news she broke and cried ‘Alter three weeks, the exams are finally Several prisoners broke Cf prison early this morning, Iwas all night because of my bad cough Government negotiations broke last week James is a new bicycle for his birthday. Look at the clouds. | think we're bad weather today. used to love pizza, but I'm itnow. The couple broke {got back together. There is a new play ‘The secretary broke us coffee for a while, but then at the Empire theatre. fon the meeting to bring oR, tivity Life has changed a lot in the past century. Look at the information in the chart and make sentences, as in the ‘example. You can add your own ideas. eg. S1: 100 years ago, people atelused to eat simple home-made food, ‘82: Today, we eat tinned food and pre-packaged meals. 100 YEARS AGO TODAY Food tinned food! pre-packaged meals Home-made/simple ; Transport ‘seam tains Carhyerotoitane Entertainment ney theatre TWradalcinema Settlements Big = ches Vilages/Towns = Shopping Smal Supermarkets local stops Write an article about life in the future for a magazine called ‘Millenium’. Write your predictions about food, transport, entertainment, settlements and shopping. Include words and expressions such as be bound to, be on the point of, expect, etc. food pills - shuttle bus/electric cars - computersivirtual reality - space colonies/underwater cities - shopping via the Internet LIFE + IN - THE - FUTURE | believe that ite will be very diferent in the future. Firstly, scientists are bound to invent food pits which will replace actual meals. Secondly, (On the whole, I think that life inthe future wil be very diferent from life today, as there will be many more ‘changes wiich we cannot yet imagine.30 e - LitthttiVe/ ste tern let ken and Nancy enjoy gardening, They could hire a gardener, but they preter to do the work themselves (to) lose (to) be losing (to) have lost (to) have been losing (to) be lost (to) have been lost Active ‘© present infinitive: refers to the present or future e.g, He expects to stay here fora week, present cont. infinitive: (fo) be + -ing Refers to an action happening now. eg. He seems to be working hard. perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle Reters to the past and shows that the action of the Infinitive happened before the action of the verb. 2.9. He claims to have won a lot of money. (Fist he won the money, then he claimed that he had won it) perfect cont. infinitive: (to) have + been + -ing Refers to the past and emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb. eg. He's got a headache. He claims to have been working on the computer all morning. (We emphasise what he has been doing all morning.) ‘The perfect infinitive is used with verbs such as seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and modal verbs. Passive © present infinitive: (to) be + past participle 9, He hopes to be offered a promotion. © perfect infinitive: (to) have been + past participle €.9. She is believed to have been kidnapped. ng form/Too-Enough/Participles ‘The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the Infinitive are as follo he works / will work he is working / will be working he worked / has worked / had worked / will have worked to work | to be working to have worked he was working / has been working / had been working / will have been working to have been working losing being ost | having been lost having lost The simple -ing form refers to the present or future. 2.9. Swimming is an energetic form of exercise. The Perfect -ing form shows that the action of the -ing form happened before the action of the verb. 6.9. He denied having lied to his parents. We can use the simple -ing ‘orm instead of the perfect -ing form with no difference in meaning. e.g. He admitted to having stolen'stealing the car. ao SA: Has he lost his keys? 8B: Yes. He seems to have lost his keys. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. 1 Has he lost his keys? 2 Has he hurt his finger? 3 Has he been sleeping? 4 Is he building house? 5 Have they been 6 Is she painting running? apicture?Infinitive/The -ing form/Too-Enoug @ to express purpose 2g. Sam went to the bank to get some money. © atter certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc.) e.g. He promised to help us with the decorations. @ atter adjectives which a) describe feelings/emotions (happy, glad, etc.), b) express willingness) unwillingness (willing, eager, reluctant, anxious, unwilling, etc.), c) refer to a person's character (mean, clever, etc.) and also with the adjectives lucky and fortunate. eg.! was annoyed to hear that he had left He is reluctant to help. You were clever not to believe them, Note: With adjectives which refer to character we can also use an impersonal construction. It + be + adjective + of + noun! pronoun. eg. It was clever of you not fo believe them. @ atter certain nouns and pronouns such as Something, somewhere, anyone, nothing, etc. usually to show that something is necessary or possible. eg. We've got a lot of homework to do, Take something to drink on the bus. © after toojenough. ‘24g, She is too young to stay out so late. © with it + be + adjectiveinoun 2g It is important to get there on time, Itis her ambition to open her own shop @ ‘to talk about an unexpected event which can be ‘unpleasant, usually with only. e.g. She came home to find her sister waiting for her They rushed to the airport (only) to be informed thatthe fight had been cancelled. @ after: be + the firstisecond, etc.inextilastibest, etc. eg. He was the first to arrive. @ after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain, tc. when they are followed by question words (who, what, where, how, etc.) Why’ is followed by a subject + verb, not by an infinitive, e.g.He explained how to operate the machine. | don't know why he left. Note: If two to -infinitives are joined with ‘and’ or ‘or, the ‘to' of the second infinitive can be ‘omitted. eg. He agreed to come and help us. Tisei ousad as a noun. ‘2.9. Cycling is a popular form of exercise after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (for activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), ‘mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, etc.) e.g. They considered moving abroad. He avoided answering my question after: disike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express. ‘general preference. e.g, She likes painting BUT: would like/would love/would prefer + to inf to express specific preference. eg. | would like to paint your portrait after expressions such as be busy, i's no use, it's (n0) good, i's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, have a hardiditicult time, etc. e.g. What's the use of waiting for an answer? She ts busy writing the wedding invitations. after: spend, waste, lose (time, money, etc.). 2.9, We wasted a lot of time trying to find a parking space. He lost £100.000 investing in unsuccessful ‘companies, after prepositions. eg. He was found guity of lying in court. after the preposition ‘to’ with verbs and expressions ‘such as look forward to, be used to, get round to, object to, in addition to, prefer (doing sth to doing sth else), etc. e.g, She objects to working on Saturdays after the verbs: hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel to describe an incomplete action, that is to say that somebody saw, heard, etc. only a part of the action. ‘eg. listened to James singing a song. (I listened to pa of the song. didn't listen to the whole song.) BUT: hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel + bare infinitive to describe a complete action, something that somebody saw, hheard, etc. from beginning to end. e.g. listened to James sing a song. (listened tothe song from beginning to end.) Ae -ing form/Too-Enough/Participles @ atter modal verbs (can, should, must, etc.). e.g. He should apologise to his parents BUT: Ought is followed by to -infinitive. 4g, She ought to find a job. © atter the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel eg. They saw her talk 0 the manager. BUT: be made, be heard, be seen + to -infinitive (passive). 9. She was seen to talk to the manager. When see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing form, there is no change in the passive. 2.9. I saw her getting into a taxi ‘She was seen getting into a tax can/could + seejhear + -ing form. e.g. We could see smoke coming out ofthe building (NOT: We could see smoke eome-..) © atter had better and would rather. e.g. You had better see a doctor. © Help is followed by either the to -infintive or the bare infinitive. 12.9. She helped me (to) fill in my application form, ee Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form. 1A: Have you decided where to spend.. (spend) your holiday? B: Yes. I would ike (G0) to a Greek island, 2 A: hate (clean) the house. B: Me too. l wish I could afford (employ) a cleaner. 3. A: Jane seems (sleep) for hours B: Yes. She must (be) very tired 4A: What are you doing this weekend? 8: Well, Tom suggested (ative) to the seaside 5 A: Steve claims (travel) around the word, B: Yes. He seems (go) to a lot of places. 6 A: Itwas nice of Jonn (wisi us yesterday. B: Yes. I was happy (see) him, 7 &: Tim sure I've failed my exam, B: Well, there's no point in (worry) ntl you get your results. 8 & We should (tell Sue about the pa B: Yes. We had better (invite Tony, oo. 9 A: Did the police arrest that man? B: Yes. He admitted to (steal a car. 10 A: Did you have a nice evening? B. Not really. | arrived home only (fing) that I'd et my keys at work 32 @ Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Infinitive form othe ing form. 1 Simon was the lst person office. 2. Sho cant get used to a large compary, ‘to arrive... (arive) at the (ork) for such 3 Wsnouse (ask) Paul, He won't be able to help you. 4 Peter denied (break) the classroom window. 5 will (feed) the dog this afternoon, 6 Wehad better (un) oF we will miss the train 7 twas kind of him {relp) me tidy the house, 8 She refused (answer) his questions, 9 He is far too young (stay) out late at night 10 Her teacher let her into the classroom. 14 Hdon't mind homework. 12. We dont allow students (tak) to each other during exams. 13. She dislikes 14 Ihwas a mistake unlocked 15. The thieves were seen stolen car. 16 I advise you 17 There's no point in him. t's not his fault 18 il take a book oe A. Suehas decided 1) ..to apply. Her mother advised her 2) (write) to several diferent companies. Sue would like 3) (work) for a large company where she can 4) (meet) new people. (bring) ner lunch (help) you with your (wear) suits to work (leave) the door (orive) a (look for) anew job. (get) angry wth (read) on the plane. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form. (apply) for anew job. B Garolis too ll 1) She has managed 2) some tea and now she wants 3) (sleep). Her husband offered 4) (call) the doctor. but Carol would prefer 5). (wait) and see if she feels better tomorrow, © Daniel would lke 1) (get) his teacher a present. but he doesn't know what 2) (choose). He is thinking of 3) (buy) her a book because he knows that she enjoys 4) (read). His sister will help him 5) (pick) a good one. (go) to work today (oni)Infinitive/The -ing form/Too-Enougl D I isike 1) (shop) because | can't stand 2) (be) in crowded places. Winave to 3) (go) into town, | avoid 4) (ust) shops where there are alot of people E Joan can't afford 1) this year, but she intends 2) up s0 that she can manage 3) (travel) around Europe next summer. She is looking forward to 4) (g0) on holiday (save) (visit) alot of exciting places, G cli ihe ! (tue {etn © The subject of the infinitive or the -ing form is ‘omitted when itis the same as the subject of the main verb. 2g, | would like to help withthe preparations. When itis diferent, however, itis not omitted. The subject ofthe infinitive can be an object pronoun, a name or a noun. 9, | would like heriMaryimy assistant to help with the preparations The subject of the -ing form can be an object pronoun, @ possessive adjective, a name or a possessive case. 249.1 remember himihis/Steve/Steve's winning the gold mea. © We use for + nounipronoun to introduce the subject ofthe infinitive in the following cases: 2) with verbs such as arrange, hope, long, prepare, ask, wat, ete 2.9. We've arranged for the plumber to come tomorrow. ) with adjectives such as anxious, cheap, convenient, dangerous, dificult, important, necessary, etc €g, I'm anxious for Beth to go to university ©) with nouns such as advantage, disadvanta demand, disaster, idea, mistake, etc. 2g, twas a mistake for you to lend him the money. 4) with too/enough. 2.9, It was easy enough for her to find ajo. ©) when the to -infintve expresses purpose. 49. There are benches for people to siton inthe park Rephrase the following sentences, as in the example. 1 I don't think Ann should watch the late film, Hoon want ..Arn to watch the late film e She is going to tidy her clothes away. Her mother asked her to do it Her mother wants It's Mary's turn to do the washing-up. | insist on i insist on Wy don't you come to my party? | would lke Mark fell into the swimming pool on his wedding day, never forget that Pi never forget ‘You have to finish this project today. Ineed | don't think my secretary should attend the meeting | don't want Rewrite the sentences using for, the example. He shouldn't play his music so loud. i's too late It's too late ..for him to play his music 60 loud Barry must goto the bank today. It's necessary. it's necessary They must finish thei homework. I's important its important No one has taken my order yet. I'm stil wating tm stil wating You should move to the town cenve. It will be more convenient it ill be more convenient John should learn a foreign language. That would be a ‘900d idea Itwould be a good idea There are shops in the hotel. Guests can do their shopping There are shops in the hotel The teacher spoke loudly. Everyone could hear hm: ‘The teacher spoke loudly enough {ve brought some magazines so that you can read them. I've brought some magazines Children shouldn't play with matches. I's dangerous. It's dangerous, Complete the sentences, as in the example. ‘The supermarket has a car park for the customers ..£0 park their cars in ‘The hotel has a gym for the guests ‘The schoo! has a playground for the children ‘The office block has a restaurant for the staff ‘The bus has a bin for the passengers ‘The plane has lockers for the passengers The youth club has a cloakroom for the members B34 ie Underline the correct item. ‘Countries all over the world have ssuperstions which some people believe and others don't. ‘Several superstitions are the same in many countries. Many people avoid 1) walkingito walk under ladders, as this is believed to bring bad luck. Some people expect things 2) goto go wrong on the thirteenth day of the month, particulary if i's a Friday. Some say you ‘must never 3) puto put up an umbrella inside the house or 4) to place/place a pair of new shoes on the table. In many places, itis considered unlucky §) to see/seeing a back cat, while in others this is thought 6) to bebe a symbol of good luck. 7) Break/Breaking ‘2 mirror results in seven years of bad luck and i you pill salt, you must 8) to throw/ throw a pinch of it over your left shoulder immediately, ‘These are just a few superstitions which some people bolieve in. Do you know any more? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form. 1A: Is Sue in the office today? B: Yes. | sawher..2yping.. type) a repor as came in. 2 A. Lwalked past the lake yesterday, B: So did |. | stood for a moment to watch some children (feed) the ducks. 3. A: Marie is good at playing the piano, isnt she? B: Yes. !heard her (perform) in a concert last week. She was wonderful 4 A Is Paul at home? B: No. | saw him (leave) for work as | passed by 5A: How do you know that Steve took the letter? B: I noticed him (put it in his briefcase 6 A: Did Malcolm wash up properly? B: Yes. | watched him (do) it to make sure. 7 A: Is that Joanne’s fiancé? B: Yes. I noticed them (hota) hands as they went into the cinema, 8 A: Are there any children living next door? B: Yes. | often hear them (play) {as I'm hanging out the washing, 9A: Did Sarah miss the train? B: No, she didn't. | watched her (get on) the train before I eft the station ing form/Too-Enough/Participles (10), croose me comect answer 1.8. is very relaxing, don't agree. I think i's boring A Fish B Fishing © Tofish 2 ‘can't decide wnat to the party. “Why don't you wear your blue dress?” A wear B weanng 3. ‘Did you go to the cinema last night?” ‘No. My parents made me for the exam instead © to wear A to study B studying © study 4 ‘Did you enjoy your holiday? "Yes, but lam glad home again. A being B tobe C be 5 ‘Shall we go to a restaurant this evening? Vd rather ‘at home. I'm exhausted. A stay B staying € to stay 6 "Why did you go to the library? ‘some books to read, A Get B Getting € Toget 7 "Why do you want to buy a car? Because | hate for the bus every day. A waiting B wat € towait 8 ‘Do you have any plans for the summer? “Well, Danny suggested 10 Spain for a week. A go B going C togo 9 ’Shall we go for a picnic on the beach?” ‘Oh, no! I's far too cold to the beach today. A going B too © g0 10. What is the matter with Peter?’ “There's no point in ime, Ihave no idea.” A ask B asking € toask Complete the sentences, as in the exampl 1. "Yes, 1 wash your car for you,’ said Stuart Stuart agreed ..00 wash... my car. 2 Julia said to Sam, I didn't eat your sweets, Julia denied ‘Sam's sweets 3 “Iscratched the CD.” said Tom. Tom confessed 10 the CO. 4 Amanda said, "hate living in the city, ‘Amanda compiained about in the city 5. Mrs Smith said to the children, ‘You have until Tuesday to finish your projects. ‘Mrs Smith expects the children projects by Tuesday 6 Her mother said, ‘Don't touch the iron!’ but she didn't listen, Her mother warned her about the iron, but she didn't listen, their