OWliag Arrays —_ _»-An array in Java is a data structure that allows you to store a collection of values of the ame data type in a contiguous block of memory. _* Each value'n the array is identified by an index, which is a non-negative integer that represents its position in the array. ane first element in the array has an index of 0) the second element has an indeoyoF?, so on. and dataType[] arrayName = new ata TypelarraySize}; ip, Qea@ Gai: — A intl] myArray =y{1. 2. 3. 4, 5 boo RY valun (TT 2 & dow Lola 1 ASaccessModifier returnType methociome(parameterType parameterName) { ———— // method body return returnValue; public int add{int a, int b) { a oe BrameMethods _ecessModifier: specifies the visibility of the method (e.g., public, private, protected, or default) _JaturniType: specifies the data type of the value retumed by the method (e.g, int, String, Cboolean, etc.) _inethodName: specifies the name of the method ameterType: specifies the data type of the parameters passed to the method (e.g., int, String, boolean, etc.) parameterName: specifies the name of the parameters passed to the method method body: contains the statements that are executed when the method is called returnValue: specifies the value returned by the method (if any)presi reote Gerad eee Dene entree dees enn eee en eee a eee StnClass + accessModifier: specifies the visibility of the class (e.g., public, private, protected, or default) a i —!1 aa ~ * class: keyword used to define a class * ClassName: specifies the name of the class (by convention, the name should start with a capital letter) * data members: variables that store data within the class * constructors: special methods that are used to initialize objects of the class * methods: functions that define the behavior of the class= ™ = + In Java, inheritance is a mechanism that allows one clas to inherit the properties and = methods of another cls. * «+The class thats being inherited from scaled the superlass or parent class andthe class thats inheriting from itis called the subclass or cid class. + Types of inheritance a {Single inheritance ‘rom one base class. t ! ‘b Multiple inheritance: It isthe inheritance hierarchy wherein one derived class inherits $$! | ‘trom mutiple base classes. ‘¢Hierarchical inheritance ts the innentance hierarchy wherein mutiple eubcisses inherit from one baze clas, <4 Multievel ieritance: itis the inhertance hierarchy wherein subclass acts as a base ‘class for other classes. ‘e-Hybrid inhertanes : The inheritance hierarchy that reflects any legal combination of ‘other four types of inheritance. Is the inheritance hierarchy wherein one derived cass inheritsyt Elov Inheritance +-lava, inheritance is a mechanism that allows one class to inherit the properties and methods of another class. © The class that is being inherited from is called the superclass or parent class, and the class ‘that is inheriting from it is called the subclass or child class. * Types of inheritance : a. Single inheritance : It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein one derived class inherits from one base class. b.Muttiple inheritance : It is th from multiple base classes. c.Hierarchical inheritance : It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein multiple subclasses inherit from one base class. d.Multilevel inheritance : It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein subclass acts as a base class for other classes. e. Hybrid inheritance : The inheritance hierarchy that reflects any legal combination of other four types of inheritance. heritance hierarchy wherein one derived class inheritssteers i SuperclassName { a Me ee lo Tar) public void speak() € eee ee toh a ee oe ee public class Dog extends Animal { Coss t Ly public void speak() € System. out.print1n("Woof!");i EIOV Package ‘ackage is a mechanism to encapsulate a group of classes, interfaces and subpackages. Packages are the way to organize files into different directories according to their functionality, usability as well as category. * Packages also provide a way for separating “design” from “coding”. * There are two types of packages in Java: © User-defined package : The package we create is called user defined package. Built-in package : The already defined package like java.io", java.lang.* etc are known as built-in packages.Features of Object-Oriented programming _ 2 Objects potas 2 Mheritance * Polymorphism —~7 * Data hiding * Encapsulation * Reusabilityception Handling _77An exception is an unwanted or unexpected event, which occurs during the execution of a program i.e., at runtime, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's instruction. * Exception handling provides a type-safe, integrated approach for handling unusual problems that arise while executing a program. * To handle the exceptions, exception handling mechanism is designed. * Java provides a mechanism for handling exceptions through the use of try-catch blocks.rg ee ee USC int result = divide(10, 0); // This will throw an ArithmeticException System.out.printIn(result); // This will not be executed a smh (ArithmeticException e) { eee eee econ eee et sts tC System.out.printIn("An ArithmeticException occurred: " + e.getMessage()); pecusetng ieee eee C TE ee MU Cu OR Oo ee te eee EC Te ee Ut) public static int divide(int numerator, int denominator) { PCa MUMultithread programming +A multithreaded program contains two or more parts that can run concurrently. Each part of such a program is called a thread, and each thread defines a separate path of execution. * Each thread runs parallel to each other. * A multithreading is a specialized form of multitasking. * In multithread program, each thread has its own life cycle.i EIOV Java Applet oe applet in Java is a small program that is designed to be executed within a web browser using the Java Virtual Machine (VM). * It runs inside the web browser and works at client side. * Applets are used to make the website more dynamic and entertaining. * Life cycle of an applet use five methods which are as follows : a.init( ) : This method is intended for whatever initialization is needed for our applet. b.start() : This method is automatically called after the browser calls the init method. c.stop( } : This method is automatically called when the user moves off the page on which the applet sits. d.destroy( ) : This method is only called when the browser shuts down normally. e.paint( ) : Invoked immediately after the start() method, and also any time the applet needs to repaint itself in the browser.Sees NEM ace) Tt Sa CEE en 3 public class MyFirstApplet extends Applet { public void psint(Graphies g) { g.drawString("Hello, World!", 50, 25); ed BTC id Bard Bead BU edi EIOV String Handling + Sting handling is a process of performing different operation such as concatenation, comparison on the string. Java string length() : The Java string length() method returns the length of the string. It returns count of total number of characters present in the string. * compareTo() : The Java string compareTo() method compares the given string with current string. It returns positive number, negative number or zero. * concat() : The Java string concat() method combines a specific string at the end of another string and returns a combined string. * replace() : replace() method returns a string, replacing all the old characters to new characters. e. Java string equals() : The Java string * equals() : equals() method compares the two given strings on the basis of content of the string. If all the characters are matched, it returns true else it will return false * contains() : The Java string contains() method searches the sequence of characters in the string. If the sequences of characters are found, then it returns true otherwise returns false.AWT and AWT Controls ©-AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit, which is a Java-based GUI (Graphical User Interface) library that provides the tools and components needed to create desktop applications with a graphical user interface. * AWT provides a set of classes and interfaces that allow developers to create and manage windows, buttons, text fields, menus, and other graphical user interface components. * It contains three kinds of classes : a.Containers class : Frame, Dialog, Panel, Applet etc. b. Components class : TextField, Button, Checkbox, Scrollbar, Label, List etc. c.Custom graphics class : Color, Font, Dimensions etc. * AWT Controls refer to the set of GUI components that can be created using AWT. + These components include buttons, checkboxes, choice lists, labels, text fields, text areas, and more. * AWT Controls are implemented as Java classes and can be instantiated and customized to fit the specific needs of a given application.import java.awt.*; public class SimpleAWTExample { public static void main(String[] args) { eeu Mee al Uae Label myLabel = new Label("Hello, World!"); Dee eC eon yy myFrame.setSize(200, 100); myFrame.setVisible(true) ;Layout Manageri EIOV Layout Manager * Layout manager is a mechanism that automatically arranges the components in a container (such as a Frame, Panel, or Window) according to a specific layout strategy. * Layout managers are used to control the size and position of components within a container, and to ensure that the components are displayed in a visually pleasing and organized way. * There are several layout managers available in Java, includin: © FlowLayout - arranges components in a single row or column, and wraps them to a new row or column when there is no more space. © BorderLayout - arranges components in five regions: north, south, east, west, and center. © GridLayout - arranges components in a grid of rows and columns. © CardLayout - allows multiple components to be displayed in the same space, and allows the user to switch between them. © GridBagLayout - provides the most flexible and powerful layout mechanism, allowing components to be placed in a grid of rows and columns with variable sizes and alignments.import java.awt. import javax.swing.*; public class SimpleFlowlayoutExample ( public static void main(String{] args) { iFrames frame = new JFrame("FlowLayout Example"); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new Flow Layout()); ws Mea ial ae ied 2 JButton button? = new JButton("Button 2"); Bet eM a a ac a panel.add(button1); eta) ed pane] .add(button3) ; Fee ete frame.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame. EXIT _OM_CLOSE); frame.setSize(900, 200); frame.setVisible( true);(= BTN Happy Ending! Ae sy, Drak