PARAPHRASING AND
DIRECT QUOTING
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
TRY THIS!
Rewrite the lyrics of the song without changing its meaning:
I was afraid this time would come
I wasn't prepared to face this kind of hurting from within
I have learned to live my life beside you
Maybe I'll just dream of you tonight
And if into my dream you come and touch me once again
I'll just keep on dreaming
'Til my heartaches end
OBJECTIVES
Identify the features of paraphrasing and
direct quoting;
Differentiate summarizing, paraphrasing,
and direct quoting;
Use appropriate reporting verbs;
Paraphrase various texts; and
Write direct quotations.
SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, and DIRECT QUOTING
SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING DIRECT QUOTING
• Does not match the • Does not match the • Matches the source word
source word for word source word for word for word
• Putting the idea into your • Involves putting a passage • Usually a short part of the
own words, but only from a source into your text
including the main points own words • Cited parts appear
• Presents a broad overview, • Changes the words or between double quotation
usually much shorter than phrasing of a passage, but marks
the original text. retains and fully
communicates the original
meaning
PARAPHRASING
Presents someone else’s idea into your own
words, phrases, or sentence structure.
Allows writers to include other people's
thinking while putting the borrowed ideas into
their own words and sentences.
Paraphrasing is done when the material
supports a point but is not unique or dramatic
enough to be quoted.
A key factor in explaining the sad state of American education can be found in
overbureaucratization, which is seen in the compulsion to consolidate our public schools into
massive factories and to increase to mammoth size our universities even in underpopulated
states. The problem with bureaucracies is that they have to work hard and long to keep from
substituting self-serving survival and growth for their original primary objective. Few succeed.
Bureaucracies have no soul, no memory, and no conscience. If there is a single stumbling block on
the road to the future, it is the bureaucracy as we know it.
Hall, E.T. (1977). Beyond Culture. Anchor Publishing.
In his 1977 book “Beyond Culture”, Edward T. Hall discusses the problems posed
by the increasing bureaucratization of American educational institutions. Hall maintains
that overbureaucratization is one of the key factors governing the state of education in
America today. He points to the tendency of bureaucracies to promote their own growth
and survival first and foremost, and observes that few overcome that tendency. He
believes that this is responsible for the fact that many public schools bear a closer
resemblance to factories than to educational institutions. In Hall’s words, “Bureaucracies
have no soul, no memory, and no conscience.”
GSI Teaching & Resource Center. (n.d.). Paraphrasing Exercise. https://gsi.berkeley.edu/gsi-guide-contents/academic-
misconduct-intro/plagiarism/paraphrase-exercise/
Original Text Paraphrased Sentences
A key factor in explaining the sad state of In his 1977 book “Beyond Culture”, Edward T.
American education can be found in Hall discusses the problems posed by the
overbureaucratization, which is seen in the increasing bureaucratization of American
compulsion to consolidate our public schools educational institutions. Hall maintains that
into massive factories and to increase to overbureaucratization is one of the key
mammoth size our universities even in factors governing the state of education in
underpopulated states. America today.
The problem with bureaucracies is that they He points to the tendency of bureaucracies
have to work hard and long to keep from to promote their own growth and survival first
substituting self-serving survival and growth and foremost, and observes that few
for their original primary objective. overcome that tendency.
Few succeed. Bureaucracies have no soul, He believes that this is responsible for the
no memory, and no conscience. If there is a fact that many public schools bear a closer
single stumbling block on the road to the resemblance to factories than to educational
future, it is the bureaucracy as we know it. institutions. In Hall’s words, “Bureaucracies
have no soul, no memory, and no
conscience.”
PATCHWORK VS. LEGITIMATE PARAPHRASING
Patchwork
Legitimate
paraphrase
paraphrase
involves
involves modifying
rearranging words
the sentence
and/or phrases
structure of the
used in the
original and using
original text into a
a different
new structure or
vocabulary.
pattern.
DIRECT QUOTING
The use of borrowed words, ideas, phrases,
and sentences exactly as they appear in the
original document.
Copy phrases and sentences only when you
cannot present the idea as well in your own
words.
Direct quotation is also used to enhance
credibility by using the words of a well-known
authority.
SHORT QUOTATIONS
For quotations of fewer than 40 Tiongson (1977) argues
words, add double quotation that the dissemination of these
marks around the words and negative values “blinds the
incorporate the quote into your masses and hypnotize them in to
own text—there is no additional
formatting needed. a state of passivity” (para. 56).
Likewise, he points out that
Always include a full citation enlightenment is possible "only if
(parenthetical or narrative) in the the masses themselves are able
same sentence as the quotation, to face and analyse the condition
including the page number (or they live in, and if they decided
other location information, e.g.,
to change these conditions for
paragraph/page number).
the better“ (para. 55).
Tiongson, N.G. (1977). Four Values in Filipino Drama and Film. The Urian Anthology, 1970-1979.
BLOCK QUOTATIONS
If a quotation contains 40 words or more, treat it as
a block quotation. Do not use quotation marks to
enclose a block quotation.
Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the
whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin.
If there are additional paragraphs within the
quotation, indent the first line of each subsequent
paragraph an additional 0.5 in.
• If a quotation In his 1977 essay, Tiongson presents how movies convey Filipino values:
contains 40 words or
more, treat it as a Because movies have become one of the most important means of
block quotation. Do communication, it is high time that the Filipinos examined the
not use quotation values encountered in and propagated by, the movies. These
marks to enclose a values at the general worldview arising from them inevitably mold
block quotation. the Filipino’s consciousness for better or for worse, in an effective,
if insidious, manner through stories that entertain.
• Start a block Sad to say, the principal values encountered in most Filipino
quotation on a new movies today are the same negative values they have inherited
line and indent the from the traditional dramas which migrated, so to speak, from stage
whole block 0.5 in. to screen, and provided the latter, for the longest time, with both
from the left margin. form, content and most of all, world-view. Four of these values
which we must single out for their prevalence, perseverance and
• If there are additional perniciousness may be encapsulated in the following statements: 1)
paragraphs within the Maganda ang Maputi (White is beautiful), 2) Masaya ang may
quotation, indent the Palabas (Shows are the best), 3) Mabuti ang Inaapi (Hurrah for the
first line of each Underdog!), and 4) Maganda pa ang Daigdig (All is Right with the
subsequent world) (para. 2-3).
paragraph an
additional 0.5 in. Tiongson, N.G. (1977). Four Values in Filipino Drama and Film. The Urian
Anthology, 1970-1979.
WHEN TO USE…
SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING DIRECT QUOTING
• Paraphrase a short text with one • When you want to quote a text
• Summarize a text that has or two sentences or a paragraph that conveys powerful message
long sections. with a maximum of five or show less impact when it is
• Summarize when you sentences. paraphrased or summarized.
want to: • Paraphrase when you want to: • Quote directly when you want to
• Avoid or minimize direct • Begin your discussion with the
• Avoid or minimize direct quotation author’s stand; or
quotation • Rewrite the author’s words by • Highlight the author’s expertise
• Use the main idea of not changing the message or in your claim, argument, or
the text and write it in use your own words to state the discussion
your own words author’s ideas
TO PARAPHRASE OR QUOTE DIRECTLY?
When asked to explain in layman’s terms the difference between
qualitative and quantitative data
When someone questions the legal basis of lowering the age of
criminal responsibility
When proving whether a personality really said a viral remark
circulating online
When someone in your class are having a hard time
understanding a given definition in a textbook
When asked to explain APA’s rules on direct quotation without
copying the exact words from their Publication Manual
USE OF REPORTING VERBS WHEN PARAPHRASING OR
QUOTING DIRECTLY
Reporting verbs are also used when
paraphrasing and quoting directly to integrate
your sources in the text.
Use of reporting verbs in the past tense: you view
the idea to be outdated, therefore you want to
negate it.
Use of reporting verbs in the present tense: you
view the idea to be relevant or agreeable.
