Engineering
Mechanics I
DEFENCE UNIVERSITY
prepared by : Gashaw S.(Msc)
Course Outline
1. BASICS OF STATICS 3. EQUILIBRIUM
1.1. Introduction 3.1. Introduction
1.2. Basic Concepts in Mechanics 3.2. Equilibrium in Two-Dimensions
1.3. Scalars and Vectors 3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
1.4. Operation with vectors
4. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
2. FORCE SYSTEMS
4.1. Introduction
2.1. Introduction
4.2. Trusses
2.2. Coplanar Force Systems (2-D)
4.2.1. Plane Trusses
2.2.1. Resolution of a Force
- Method of Joints
2.2.2. Moment, Couple & Force-
Couple systems - Method of Sections
2.2.3. Resultants 4.2.2. Space Trusses
2.3. Non-Coplanar Force Systems (3-
4.3. Pin-ended Multi-Force Structures
D)
2.3.1. Resolution of a Force 4.3.1. Frames
2.3.2. Moment, Couple & Force-
Couple systems 4.3.2. Simple Machines
2.3.3. Resultants
Course Outline
5. INTERNAL ACTIONS IN BEAMS 7. AREA MOMENTS OF INERTIA
5.1. Conventions and Classification 7.1 Introduction
of beams
7.2 Composite Areas
5.2. Types of loads and reactions in
beams 7.3. Product of Inertia
5.3. Shear Force and Bending 7.4. Transfer and Rotation of Axes
Moment 8. FRICTION
5.4. Static Functions 8.1. Introduction
8.2. Types of Friction
8.3. Dry Friction
6. CENTROIDS 8.4. Applications of Friction in
Mechanics
6.1 Center of Gravity Assessments/Requirement:
6.2 Center of Lines, Areas, and Assignments & continuous assessment
Volumes ..50%
6.3 Centroids of Composite Bodies Quiz...........................................10
%
Test...........................................20
%
Assignment...............................20%
Final Exam………………..........50%
Chapter One
Basics of Statics
1.1 Introduction
Mechanics is an area of science concerned with the
behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or
displacement.
Translation
Rotation
1.1 Introduction
The major division of the mechanics discipline
separates classic mechanics from quantum
mechanics.
Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope. It
encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-
discipline.
Quantum mechanics has superiority over classic
mechanics at the foundation level and is
indispensable for explanation and prediction of
process at molecular and subatomic level.
Figure of an
Atom
1.1 Introduction
➢ Parts of classical mechanics
Newtonian mechanics: kinematics and dynamics
Analytical mechanics: emphasizes on system energy
Solid mechanics: elasticity, the properties of deformable
bodies
Statics: Rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium
Fluid mechanics: the motion of fluids
Soil mechanics: mechanical behavior of soil
Hydraulics: mechanical properties of liquids
➢ Parts of quantum mechanics
• Schrodinger wave mechanics: used to describe the motion of
the wave function of a single particle
• Particle physics: the motion, structure, and reaction of the
particles
• Nuclear physics: the motion, structure, and reaction of the
nuclei
1.1 Introduction
What is mechanics and its application in Engineering science?
♠ Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on
objects. It is divided into three parts: mechanics of rigid bodies, mechanics of
deformable bodies, and mechanics of fluids.
♠ It is the oldest of the physical sciences. The early history of this subject is
synonymous with the very beginnings of engineering.
♠ No other subject plays a greater role in engineering analysis than mechanics.
Although the principles of mechanics are few, they have wide application in
engineering. [1]
♠ The subject of mechanics of rigid body is logically divided into two parts:
statics,
which concerns the equilibrium of bodies under action of forces, and
dynamics, which concerns the motion of bodies. Engineering Mechanics is
divided into these two parts, Vol. 1 Statics and Vol. 2 Dynamics
♠ Statics deals primarily with the calculation of external forces which act on
rigid bodies in equilibrium. Determination of the internal deformations
belongs to the study of the mechanics of deformable bodies or mechanics of
materials.
Mubarek Z
1.2 Basic Concepts
The following definition and concepts are basic to the
study of mechanics.
Space: geometric region occupied by bodies
Time: the measure of the sequence of events
Mass: measure of inertia of a body. Mass can also be
thought of as the quantity of matter in a body
Force: the action of one body on other. It tends to move
a body in its direction of action
Particle: a body of negligible dimensions
Rigid body: a body is considered rigid when the change in
distance between any two of its points is negligible.
1.2 Basic Concepts
F
A A
L1 L2
B Rigid (L1=L2) B Diamond is
considered
F to be the
hardest
F
A A naturally
occurring
L1 Non rigid(L1≠L2) material
B L2
F
Fundamental Principles
The three laws of newton
First law: a particle remain at rest or continues
to move in a straight line with a uniform
velocity if there is no unbalanced force acting
on it
Second law: the acceleration of a particle is
proportional to the resultant force acting on it
and its in the direction of this resultant force
Third law: the forces of action and reaction of
interacting are equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction and collinear
Fundamental principles
Law of gravitation by Newton to compute the weight of
the body.
F2 F3
M1 M2
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺
𝑅2
Fundamental Principles
Example
Using law of gravitation by newton, calculate the
weight of a 60kg man given
mass of earth = 5.976 × 1024 kg,
constant of gravitation, G = 6.673 × 10−11 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑠 2
Radius of earth = 6371km
Solution:
𝑚𝑒 𝑚
𝑤= 𝐺 2
𝑟
5.976 × 1024 × 60
𝑤 = 6.673 × 10−11
6371 × 1000 2
𝒘 = 𝟓𝟖𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝑵
𝒘 = 𝒎𝒈 → 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟔 𝑵
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
Scalar quantities: are physical quantities that
can be completely described (measured) by
their magnitude alone.
These quantities do not need a direction to
point out their application (Just a value to
quantify their measurability). They only need
the magnitude and the unit of measurement to
fully describe them.
E.g. Time[s], Mass [Kg], Area [m2], Volume
[m3], Density [Kg/m3], Distance [m], etc.
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
Vector quantities: Like Scalar quantities,
Vector quantities need a magnitude. But in
addition, they have a direction, and sometimes
point of application for their complete
description.
Vectors are represented by short arrows on top
of the letters designating them.
E.g. Force [N, Kg.m/s2], Velocity [m/s],
Acceleration [m/s2], Momentum [N.s, kg.m/s],
etc.
Types of Vectors
Generally vectors fall into the following three
basic classifications:
Free Vectors: are vectors whose action in
space is not confined or associated with a
unique line in space; hence they are ‘free’ in
space.
E.g. Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration,
Couples, etc.
Types of Vector
Sliding Vectors: are vectors for which a unique
line in space along the action of the quantity
must be maintained.
E.g. Force acting on rigid bodies.
Types of Vector
Fixed Vectors: are vectors for which a unique
and well-defined point of application is
specified to have the same external effect.
E.g. Force acting on non-rigid (deformable)
bodies.
Classification of Vector
❑ Based on coexistence of vector
➢Concurrent vector:- the line of action of the vector meet at
one point.
concurrent non concurrent
Classification of Vector
➢ Collinear vectors:- all of the line of actions of them are parallel.
linear non linear
➢ Coplanar vectors:- lines of action of the vectors lie on the same
plane. Any two vectors are coplanar
➢ Space vectors:-
Representation of Vector
A. Graphical representation
Graphically, a vector is represented by a directed
line segment headed by an arrow. The length of
the line segment is equal to the magnitude of the
vector to some predetermined scale and the
arrow indicates the direction of the vector.
Head
Length of
the line
Tail segment
Representation of Vector
B. Algebraic (Arithmetic) representation
Algebraically a vector is represented by the
components of the vector along the three
dimensions.
𝐴Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘
z 𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥
𝑎𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑦
𝐴Ԧ 𝑎𝑧 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧
𝑎𝑧
y 𝐴2 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑎𝑧2
𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑦
x
Properties of Vectors
Equality of vectors: Two free vectors are said to be equal
if and only if they have the same magnitude and
direction.
The Negative of a vector: is a vector which has equal
magnitude to a given vector but opposite in direction.
A -A
Properties of Vector
Null vector: is a vector of zero magnitude. A
null vector has an arbitrary direction.
Unit vector: is any vector whose magnitude is
unity.
A unit vector along the direction of a certain
vector, say vector A (denoted by uA) can then be
found by dividing vector A by its magnitude.
𝐴Ԧ
𝑢𝐴 =
𝐴Ԧ
1.4 Operation With Vectors
Vector Addition or Composition
Composition of vectors is the process of adding
two or more vectors to get a single vector, a
Resultant
Techniques of Adding Vectors
A. Graphical Method
B. Analytical Method
1.4 Operation With Vectors
A. Graphical Method
I. The parallelogram law
Two free vectors drawn on scale, the resultant
of the vectors can be found by drawing a
parallelogram having sides of these vectors,
and the resultant will be the diagonal
𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ
𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵
1.4 Operation With Vectors
II. The Triangle rule
The Triangle rule is a corollary to the
parallelogram axiom and it is fit to be applied
to more than two vectors at once. It states “If
the two vectors, which are drawn on scale, are
placed tip (head) to tail, their resultant will be
the third side of the triangle
𝑅
𝐴Ԧ
𝐴Ԧ
𝐵
𝐵 𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵
1.4 Operation With Vectors
B. Analytic method
The analytic methods are the direct
applications of the above postulates and
theorems in which the resultant is found
mathematically
I. Trigonometric rules
The resultant of two vectors can be found
analytically from the parallelogram rule by
applying the cosine and the sine rules.
1.4 Operation With Vectors
I. Trigonometric rules
𝐵
𝑅 𝐴Ԧ
𝐴Ԧ 𝜃 𝛼
𝛽
𝐵
From Cosine law
2 2 2
𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 − 2 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 cos(𝜃)
2 2
𝑅 = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 − 2 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 cos(𝜃) ….. magnitude
From Sine law
sin 𝛽 sin 𝜃 𝐵
= 𝛽= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 sin 𝜃 × …direction
𝐴Ԧ 𝑅 𝑅
1.4 Operation With Vectors
II. Component Method of Vector Addition
• This is the most efficient method of vector
addition, especially when the number of
vectors to be added is large.
• In this method first the components of each
vector along a convenient axis will be
calculated.
• Then the sum of the components of each vector
along each axis will be equal to the components
of their resultant along the respective axes
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Example
For vector V1 and V2 shown on the next slide
1. Determine the magnitude S of their vector sum S =
V1+V2
2. Determine the angle 𝛼 between S and the positive
x-axis.
3. Write S as a vector in terms of unit vectors i and j
and then write a unit along the vector sum S.
4. Determine the vector difference D = V1 - V2
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Example cont..
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
1. We construct to scale the parallelogram and
use cosine law
𝑠 2 = 32 + 42 − 2 3 4 cos 105𝑜
𝑠 = 5.59 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
2. Using the law of sine for the lower triangle
sin 105𝑜 sin(𝛼 + 30)
=
5.59 4
sin(𝛼 + 30) = 0.692
𝛼 + 30 = 43.8𝑜 𝛼 = 13.76𝑜
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
3. With knowledge of S and 𝛼
𝑠Ԧ = 𝑆 𝑖 cos 𝛼 + 𝑗 sin 𝛼
= 5.59 𝑖 cos 13.76𝑜 + 𝑗 sin 13.75𝑜
= 5.43𝑖 + 1.328𝑗 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Unit vector in the direction of S
𝑠Ԧ 5.43𝑖 + 1.328𝑗
𝑛= =
𝑆 5.59
= 0.97𝑖 + 0.238𝑗 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
1.4 Operation With Vectors
• Solution
3. The vector difference D
𝐷 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
= 4 𝑖 cos 45 + 𝑗 sin 45 − 3 𝑖 cos 30 + 𝑗 sin 30
= 0.23𝑖 + 4.33𝑗 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐷 = 𝑉1 + (−𝑉2)
1.4 Operation With Vectors
Decomposition of vectors
Decomposition is the process of getting the
components of a given vector along some other
different axis.
Practically decomposition is the reverse of
composition. 𝐴Ԧ𝑛 𝐴Ԧ
=
sin ∅ sin 𝛼
t
𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ
𝐴Ԧ𝑛 =sin 𝛼 sin ∅
Ԧ
∅ 𝐴Ԧ𝑡 ∅ 𝐴
𝐴Ԧ𝑡 =sin 𝛼 sin 𝜃
𝛼
𝜃 𝜃
n For rectangular
𝐴Ԧ𝑛
coordinate system
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 1
1.4 Operation With Vectors
Vector Multiplication
1. Multiplication of vectors by scalars
2. Multiplication of vector by a vector
2.1 Dot Product: Scalar Product
2.2. Cross Product: Vector Product
1. Multiplication of vectors by scalars
Let n be a non-zero scalar and 𝐴Ԧ be a vector, then
multiplying 𝐴Ԧ by n gives as a vector whose
magnitude is n𝐴Ԧ and whose direction is in the
direction of 𝐴Ԧ if n is positive or is in opposite
direction to 𝐴Ԧ if n is negative.
1.4 Operation With Vectors
2. Multiplication of vector by a vector
2.1 Dot Product: Scalar Product
The scalar product of two vectors A and B which
are degrees inclined from each other denoted
by A.B (A dot B) will result in a scalar of
magnitude 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 cos 𝜃
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ
i.e. 𝐴. 𝐵 cos 𝜃
If analytically expressed
𝐴Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘 & 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧
𝐴.
1.4 Operation With Vectors
2.2. Cross Product: Vector Product
The vector product of two vectors A and B that
are degrees apart denoted by AxB (A cross B)
is a vector of magnitude 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 sin 𝜃
The direction is perpendicular to the plane
formed by the vectors A and B. The sense of the
resulting vector can be determined by the
right-hand rule.
𝐴Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘 & 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗Ԧ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = (𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑧 − 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑦 )Ԧ𝑖 + (𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑧 )Ԧ𝑗 + (𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑥 )𝑘
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = −𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ
1.4 Operation With Vectors
Moment of a Vector
The moment of a vector V about any point O is
given by
𝑀 = 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑉
𝑟Ԧ is a position vector from point O to any point
on the line of action of the vector
o
𝑉
𝑟Ԧ
Moment of force is a measure of a force’s to produce
torsion or rotation about an axis
Thank You
