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ڴּڼѲڮ ڴּ ɢڵּڹ٪ʬδ
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Operating System Structure
Lecture # 05
By: Muhammad Ehsan
Lecturer
Department of Computer Science
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Operating System Structure
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Lecture Outline
User and Operating-System Interface
System Calls
Types of System Calls
System Programs
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User and Operating-System
Interface
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Command-line interface
CLI or command interpreter allows direct command entry
Sometimes implemented in kernel, sometimes by systems program
Sometimes multiple flavors implemented – shells
o For example, on UNIX and Linux systems, a user may choose
among several different shells, including the Bourne shell, C shell,
Bourne-Again shell, Korn shell, and others
Primarily fetches a command from user and executes it
Sometimes commands built-in, sometimes just names of programs
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Bourne Shell Command Interpreter
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Graphical User Interfaces
User-friendly desktop metaphor interface
o Usually mouse, keyboard, and monitor
o Icons represent files, programs, actions, etc
o Various mouse buttons over objects in the interface cause various actions
(provide information, options, execute function, open directory (known as a
folder)
Many systems now include both CLI and GUI interfaces
Microsoft Windows is GUI with CLI “command” shell
Apple Mac OS X is “Aqua” GUI interface with UNIX kernel underneath and shells
available
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Unix and Linux have CLI with optional GUI interfaces (CDE, KDE, GNOME)
Touchscreen Interfaces
Touchscreen devices require new
interfaces
o Mouse not possible or not desired
o Actions and selection based on
gestures
o Virtual keyboard for text entry
o Voice commands.
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The Mac OS X GUI
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System Calls
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System Calls
System calls provide an interface to the services made available
by an Operating System.
User mode
Kernel
Privileged mode
Mode
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System Calls
Programming interface to the services provided by the OS
Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)
Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application
Programming Interface (API) rather than direct system call use
Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX API
for POSIX-based systems (including virtually all versions of UNIX,
Linux, and Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java virtual machine
(JVM)
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Example of System Calls
Example of a System Call sequence for writing a simple program to
read data from one file and copy them to another file:
Source File Destination File
Acquire Input Filename
Write prompt to screen
Accept Input
Acquire Output Filename
Write prompt to screen
Accept Input 14
Example of System Calls
Source File Acquire Input Filename
Destination File
Write prompt to screen
Accept Input
Acquire output Filename
Write prompt to screen
Accept Input
Open Input File
If File doesn't exist, ABORT
Create Output File
If File exists, ABORT
Loop Read from Input File
Until Read fail Write to Output File
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Close Output File
Example of System Calls
Acquire Input Filename
Source File Destination File
Write prompt to screen
Accept Input
Acquire output Filename
Write prompt to screen
Accept Input
Open Input File
If File doesn't exist, ABORT
Loop Create Output File
Until Read fail
If File exists, ABORT
Read from Input File
Write to Output File
Close Output File
Write completion message to screen
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Terminate normally
Example of Standard API
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System Call Implementation
Typically, a number associated with each system call
o System-call interface maintains a table indexed according to these
numbers
The system call interface invokes the intended system call in OS kernel
and returns status of the system call and any return values
The caller need know nothing about how the system call is implemented
o Just needs to obey API and understand what OS will do as a result call
o Most details of OS interface hidden from programmer by API
• Managed by run-time support library (set of functions built into
libraries included with compiler) 18
API – System Call – OS Relationship
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Types of System Calls
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Types of System Calls
System calls can be grouped roughly into five major categories:
1. Process Control
2. File Manipulation
3. Device management
4. Information Maintenance
5. Communications
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Types of System Calls
Process control
create process, terminate process
end, abort
load, execute
get process attributes, set process attributes
wait for time
wait event, signal event
allocate and free memory
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Types of System Calls
File management
create file, delete file
open, close file
read, write, reposition
get and set file attributes
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Types of System Calls
Device management
request device, release device
read, write, reposition
get device attributes, set device attributes
logically attach or detach devices
Information maintenance
get time or date, set time or date
get system data, set system data
get and set process, file, or device attributes
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Types of System Calls
Communications
create, delete communication connection
send, receive messages if message passing model to host name or
process name
o From client to server
Shared-memory model create and gain access to memory regions
transfer status information
attach and detach remote devices
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Types of System Calls
Protection
Control access to resources
Get and set permissions
Allow and deny user access
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Examples of Windows and Unix System Calls
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Standard C Library Example
C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write() system
call
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System Programs
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System Programs
An important aspect of a modern system is the collection of system
programs.
-----Application Program-----
System program
Resources like CPU,
Memory, I/O devices 30
System Programs
System programs provide a convenient environment for program
development and execution. They can be divided into:
o File manipulation
o Status information sometimes stored in a File modification
o Programming language support
o Program loading and execution
o Communications
o Background services
o Application programs
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System Programs
Most users’ view of the operation system is defined by system programs,
not the actual system calls
Provide a convenient environment for program development and
execution
Some of them are simply user interfaces to system calls; others are
considerably more complex
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System Programs
File management:
Create, delete, copy, rename, print, dump, list, and generally manipulate files
and directories
Status information
o Some ask the system for info - date, time, amount of available memory, disk
space, number of users
o Others provide detailed performance, logging, and debugging information
o Some systems implement a registry - used to store and retrieve
configuration information
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System Programs
File modification
o Text editors to create and modify files
o Special commands to search contents of files or perform
transformations of the text
Programming-language support
o Compilers, assemblers, debuggers and interpreters sometimes
provided
• for common programming languages (such as C, C++, Java,Visual
Basic, and PERL) are often provided to the user with the operating
system.
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System Programs
Program loading and execution
o Once a program is assembled or compiled, it must be loaded into
memory to be executed.
o Absolute loaders, relocatable loaders, linkage editors, and overlay-
loaders, debugging systems for higher-level and machine language
Communications
o Provide the mechanism for creating virtual connections among
processes, users, and computer systems
o Allow users to send messages to one another’s screens, browse web
pages, send electronic-mail messages, log in remotely, transfer files
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from one machine to another
System Programs
Background Services
o Launch at boot time
o Some for system startup, then terminate
o Some from system boot to shutdown
o Provide facilities like disk checking, process scheduling, error logging,
printing
o Run in user context not kernel context
o Known as services, subsystems
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System Programs
In addition to systems programs, most operating systems are supplied with
programs that are useful in solving common problems or performing
common operations.
Application programs
o Don’t pertain to system
o Run by users
o Not typically considered part of OS
o Launched by command line, mouse click, finger poke
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JAZAK ALLAH!
Any Question?
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