Science 8

Science – Grade 8
Quarter 3 – Module 17: Periodic Trends of Elements in the Periodic Table
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Cara M. Santos
Editors: Jeric N. Estaco
Reviewers Language /Content: Ailene D. Ferrer/ Deborah C. De Jesus
Illustrator: Edison P. Clet
Layout Artist: Jean Rean M. Laurente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
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Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Science 8
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 17

Periodic Trends of the Elements

in the Periodic Table
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on Periodic Trends of the

Elements in the Periodic Table!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the Learner:

 Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on Periodic Trends of the
Elements in the Periodic Table!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.

EXPECTATIONS
 This self-learning module is designed to help you describe and predict the
elements trend in the periodic table in terms of density, melting point and ability to
react with oxygen.
After going through this module, you are expected to use the periodic table to
predict the chemical behavior of an element S8MT-IIIi-j-12. Specifically, you are
expected to
1. describe the elements’ trend in the periodic table with respect to its
density, melting point, and ability to react with oxygen;
2. predict the elements trend in the periodic table with respect to its density,
melting point, and ability to react with oxygen;
3. appreciate the importance of elements trend in the periodic table with
respect to its density, melting point, and ability to react with oxygen.

PRETEST
Write the letter of the best answer.
1. Henry Mosely arranged the periodic table of elements by increasing
______________.
a. atomic number c. atomic mass
b. atomic symbol d. atomic weight
2. The trends in periodic table within the group, Density ___________ from top to
bottom in a group.
a. decreases ` c. the same
b. increases d. Either A or B
3. Which family of elements, does not react with oxygen?
a. Alkali metal c. Transition metals
b. Alkaline earth metal d. Noble gases
4. Which element shows the ability of oxygen to react with metal to form metal
oxides?
a. Calcium c. Fluorine
b. Chlorine d. Neon

5. The trends in the periodic table for Groups 1 and 2, with respect to its
___________ decrease as you move down the group.
a. Ability to react with Oxygen c. Density

b. Electronic Configuration d. Melting point

 RECAP

Using the electronic configuration predict the elements and write the correct
position of the elements in the blank Periodic table below.

1. 1s22s22p4.
2. 1s22s22p63s23p63d5

3. 1s22s22p63s23p6

4. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
5. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

6.

LESSON

Have you ever memorized poems, lines, and lectures with patterns or trends?
Did you know that the periodic table of elements has patterns and trends to easily
understand the physical and chemical properties of elements?

The periodic recurrence of elements with similar physical and chemical

properties, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number,
results directly from the periodic recurrence of similar electronic configurations in
the outer shells of respective atoms.

The periodic trends are based on the Periodic Law, which states that if
the chemical elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, many of their
properties go through cyclical changes, with elements of similar properties recurring
at intervals. For example, after arranging elements in their increasing atomic
numbers, many of the physical and chemical properties of Lithium, such as its
vigorous reactivity with water, recur in sodium, potassium and cesium.
 This principle was discovered by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1871
after a number of investigations by scientists in the 19th century. Mendeleev also
proposed a periodic system of elements that was based not only on atomic weights
but also on chemical and physical properties of the elements and their
compounds. In 1913, Henry Moseley determined that periodicity depends on the
atomic number rather than atomic weight. Lothar Meyer presented his table several
months after Mendeleev but opposed his Periodic law.

Let us analyze the density of the elements one of the trends in periodic table.
Increasing

Increasing

Increasing Decreasing

Periodic trends in Density

The density of an element is the amount of mass it has per unit volume.
Normally this is measured in kg/m3 and at room temperature. Within a group,
density increases from top to bottom in a group. While both mass and volume (due
to an increase in atomic radius) are increasing as one move down a group, the rate
of increase for mass outpaces the increase in volume. As a result, density is largest
for the elements at the bottom of the group. The intriguing trend occurs within a
period. In this instance, density peaks in the middle of the period. With regards to
the 4th through 7th periods, it increases from left to the middle, and then decreases
(more rapidly) from the middle to the right. Moving left to right, the d-block and f-
block elements add electrons to orbitals that are not on the highest energy level. This
means that they are not the farthest from the nucleus (the two electrons in the s
sublevel are). At the same time, protons and neutrons are being added to the nucleus,
which adds mass. Since the mass increases, while radius declines, density increases.
Additionally, the overlapping orbitals of neighboring metallic atom allow for greater
malleability, and atoms can be pushed close to each other. Upon emerging from the
d-block and entering the p-block, two things happen. Firstly, electrons are being
added once again to the outermost energy level which creates a spike in atomic
radius at the beginning of the p-block. Consequently, volume increases, and density
drops. Furthermore, the lack of overlapping d-orbitals means that individual atoms
are not as close together anymore. In fact, once the far right has been reached, the
elements are no longer metals at all. This lack of tightly packed atoms causes a
change from solid to gaseous elements as one move to the right of a period. Despite
mass still increasing from the additional protons and neutrons, the significant space
that exists between atoms dramatically increases volume and causes density to
drop significantly in the latter half of the p-block. Sources:
https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/trends

Let’s take a look for the trends of melting points

Increasing

Decreasing
Decreasing

Decreasing
g
Decreasin
Increasing

Periodic Trends in Melting Point

The melting point of an element is the temperature at which the solid−liquid

phase change occurs. Values are shown relative to the sublimation point of carbon,
the highest temperature at which any element remains solid.

Some elements exist in different forms. For example, pure carbon can exist as
diamond, which has a very high melting point, or as graphite, whose melting point
is still high but much lower than that of diamond.
Different groups exhibit different trends in melting points. For Groups 1 and
2, the melting points decrease as you move down the group. For the transition
metals, melting points mostly increase as you move down the group, but they
decrease for the zinc family. In the main group elements, the boron and carbon
families (Groups 13 and 14) decrease in their melting points as you move down the
group, whereas the nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine families (Groups 15, 16, and 17)
tend to increase in both. The noble gases (Group 18) decrease in their melting points
down the group.

These phenomena can be understood in relation to the types of forces holding

the elements together. For metallic species, the metallic bonding interaction
(electron-sharing) becomes more difficult as the elements get larger (toward the
bottom of the table), causing the forces holding them together to become weaker. As
you move right along the table, however, polarizability and van der Waals interactions
predominate, and as larger atoms are more polarizable, they tend to exhibit stronger
intermolecular forces and therefore higher melting points. How about the reaction of
oxygen in every group that will determine the reaction of each element?

Periodic Trends in Ability to React with Oxygen

Oxygen is a highly reactive element that is very abundant on earth and in the
human body. It is found in many compounds that are used to sustain basic life forms
and modern civilization. Compounds containing oxygen are of great interest in the
field of chemistry.
Oxygen can react with itself, forming allotropes. The term allotrope refers to
one or more forms of a chemical element that occur in the same physical state.
The different forms arise from the different ways atoms may be
bonded together. The concept of allotropes was proposed by Swedish scientist Jons
Jakob Berzelius in 1841. The ability for elements to exist in this way is
called allotropism. One of oxygen's allotropes, ozone (O3), is formed when oxygen gas,
O2, is subjected to ultraviolet light.

There are general trends in the reactions between main group elements and
oxygen, most nonmetals form the oxide. As a general rule, metal oxides are basic
and nonmetal oxides are acidic. Oxygen does not react with fluorine or noble gases.

Basic
Acidic

No reaction
Oxygen reacts rapidly with Group 1 elements. All alkali metal oxides form
basic solutions when dissolved in water. The principal combustion product is the
most stable product with respect to the reactants. For example, with careful control
of oxygen, the oxide M2O (where M represents any alkali metal) can be formed with
any of the alkali metals. When heated, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and
cesium ignite through combustion reactions with oxygen.
The elements of Group 2 are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium,
barium, and radioactive radium. Alkaline earth metals also react with oxygen,
though not as rapidly as Group 1 metals; these reactions also require heating.
Similar to Group 1 oxides, most group 2 oxides and hydroxides are only slightly
soluble in water and form basic, or alkaline solutions. Except beryllium, the other
alkaline earth metals form oxides in air at room temperature.
Group 13 consists of the following elements: boron, aluminum, gallium,
indium, and thallium. Boron is the only element in this group that possesses no
metallic properties. These elements vary in their reactions with oxygen. Recall that
oxides of metals are basic, and oxides or nonmetals are acidic; this is true for all
elements in Group 13, except Al and Ga. All other Group 13 elements also produce
compounds of the form of M2O3 but adhere to the acid-base rules of metal and
nonmetal oxides.

Group 14 is made up of metals (toward the bottom of the group), metalloids,

and nonmetals (at the top of the group). The oxides of the top of Group 14 elements
are slightly acidic, and the acidity of the oxides decreases down the group.

Group 15 consist of Arsenic, antimony and bismuth react with oxygen when
burned. The common oxidation states for arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are +3
and +5. There are other oxides, such as Sb4O10, that are not formed
directly through reaction with oxygen. Arsenic (III) oxide and antimony (III) oxide are
amphoteric, whereas bismuth (III) oxide acts only as a base (this is because it is the
most metallic element in the group).

The elements in Group 16 include oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and

polonium. Oxygen reacts with the elements in its own group to form various oxides,
mostly in the form of AO2 and AO3.

Let’s try to put the words that should be remembered in this lesson.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1 WORD PUZZLE

Objectives: Determine the word in the periodic trends.

Directions:
1. Look for the word puzzle
2. Write your answer in the space provided for.
P E R I O D I C L A W N D M
T D N I T O R N H F H A O E
N M E T Y B O E R D T C P T
I M O N S E L G I I A R T A
O A X C S B C Y G Y S E I L
P B G H Y I B X D Y D T C O
G L O P P Y T O S K F N A X
N C M E N D E Y E E V L L I

I X M E N D E L E E V E H D
T P E A K E R O I P Q S A E
L D E C R E A S E S H O N S
E I K H G F D A N A L O G D

M I N C R E A S E S K M M V

____________________________ 1. is the temperature at which the solid−liquid phase

change occurs.
_____________________________2. is the amount of mass it has per unit volume.
Normally this is measured in g cm −3 and at room temperature.

_____________________________3.which states that if the chemical elements are listed

in order of increasing atomic number, many of their properties go through cyclical
changes, with elements of similar properties recurring at intervals.
_____________________________4. is a highly reactive element that is very abundant on
earth and in the human body.
_____________________________5. proposed a periodic system of elements that was
based not only on atomic weight.

Activity 2 Trending trends!

Objectives: Describe the elements trend in the periodic table with respect to its
density and melting point.

Directions: Write Increasing or Decreasing on the blank to describe the trends in

periodic table in terms of density and melting point.
1. The transition metals, melting point is __________________ as you move down
to the group.

2. For Group 1 and 2, The melting point is _______________ as you move down
to the group

3. The noble gases are ___________________ in melting points down the group.

4. Within a group, density is _______________ from top to bottom.

5. The trends in density in the 4th through 7th periods, It is ____________________

From left to the middle and then _________________ from middle to the right.

Activity 3. Predict the Groups of elements that reacts with O!

Objectives: Predict the elements trend in the periodic table with respect to its ability
to react with oxygen.

Directions:
1. Predict the group of element that is being described.

2. Choose your answer in the word pool and Write your answer on the space
provided for.

Group 1 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16

_________________1. The groups that form various oxides mostly form AO 3.

_________________2. The groups of elements are slightly acidic, and the acidity of the
oxides decreases down the group.

_________________3. The groups of elements produce compounds for M2O3 but

adheres to the Acid-Base rules of metals and non-metal oxides.

_________________4. The group of elements that produce other oxides, such as Sb

4O10, that are not formed directly through reaction with oxygen. Arsenic(III) oxide and
antimony(III) oxide are amphoteric.

________________5. Oxides form basic solutions when dissolved in water.

 WRAP-UP

The figure shows the trends in melting point, density, and the ability to react
with oxygen. Write D if the trend is for density, MP for melting point and O for
oxygen reaction. Write your answer on the space provided.
1._____ is Increasing

4.______is Decreasing

5. No reaction In _______
2. ______________ is increasing

3._______ is Increasing

VALUING
Coronavirus Trend: During this pandemic there are trends that changed the
lives of every Filipino and even the whole world. Write some of these trending
things that Filipinos do during this pandemic and the “not so trending things”
or those things which have decreased during this time.

Trending things this time of Not Trending things in this time of

Pandemic. Pandemic.

POSTTEST
Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Who arranged the periodic table according to increasing atomic number?

a. Dmitri Mendeleev c. Henry Moseley
 b. Lothar Meyer d. Antoine Lavoisier
2. The trends in periodic table in melting point for group 1 and group 2
_______________, as you move down to the group?
a. decreases c. the same
b. increases d. either A or B
3. In Density with regards to 4 and 7 period it _____________ from right to the
th th

middle.
a. decreases c. the same
b. increases d. either A or B
4. Which Family of elements, react with oxygen to form basic solution when
dissolved in water?
I. Group 1 II. Group 2 III. Group 13 IV. Group 14
a. Group 13 and Group 14 c. Group 14 and Group 1
b. Group 13 and Group 2 d. Group 1 and 2
5. What element can be added to oxygen to make it basic?
a. Iron c. Silicon
b. Copper d. Magnesium
KEY TO CORRECTION
 REFERENCES
1. L. Ramos et. al. (Second Edition 2007). Periodic trends of the Elements.
Science Links 9. Rex Book Store Science and Technology Series. 856
Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila.
Pages 287-288.
2. G. Santos et. al. (First Edition 1999). Periodic Trends of the Elements.
Chemistry for high School. Rex Book Store Science and Technology Series.
856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila.
Pages 83-85.
3. Periodic trends in Density Retrieved and access on sept 4, 2020
https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/trends
4. Ability to react with oxygen Retrieved from and access on sept 04. 2020
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and
_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reacti
ons/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Oxygen
5. What is Allotropes Retrieved and Access on October 14, 20202
https://www.thoughtco.com/allotrope-definition-in-chemistry-606370