BUILDING

UTILITIES 2

MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Lecture 1:Introduction to HVAC
System

ENGR. ARIEL G. CABILDO

Mechanical Engineering Department
 HVAC

• Heating, Ventilating and Air

– Conditioning (HVAC)
systems.
• HVAC is a basic requirement for
indoor air quality, what you
breathe, temperature, humidity –
in your house.
 HVAC

• The primary function of HVAC

systems is to provide healthy and
comfortable interior conditions for
occupants; well-designed, efficient
systems do this minimal non-
renewable energy and air,and water
pollutant emission.

• So when you hear the term “HVAC” it

means the entire air system of your
home.
VARIOUS
APPLICATION OF
HVAC

• Shopping malls
• Auditoriums &
theatres
• Hospitals
• Hotels and
Restaurants
VARIOUS
APPLICATION OF
HVAC

• Offices
• Commercial
Complex
• Pharma Industry
• Telecom Industry
• Private Residence
Reminder!

The Important term

in designing HVAC
system is TOR
What isToR?
• 1 TR is the amount of Heat to be
extracted from theatmosphere for
melting one metric ton of ice in 24
hours.

• One ton of Refrigeration (TR) equals

to 12,000 BTU/HR or 3025
KCAL/HR
Ton of Refrigerantion

25 – 27 Meters per TR – the general rule used as a

guide for an initial estimate per ton of refrigeration
(TR) per square meter on a standard room of normal
condition without external solar heat gain and
excessive internal heat gain. It is on the understanding
that further heat gain calculation is needed for a
precise capacity
Ton of Refrigerator – the rating index of an air
conditioning system which rates the unit for the
number of BTU’s of heal moved per wall of electrical
input energy.
What is EER
• EER stands for Energy Efficiency Ratio.
The EER rating for an air conditioner is
calculated by dividing the BTU (British
Thermal Units) rating by the wattage.
This measurement is based on
operating the air conditioner with an
outside temperature of 95 degrees
Fahrenheit.
EER formula
Example
For example, a 12,000-BTU air conditioner that uses 1,200 watts
has an EER rating of 10 (12,000/1,200 = 10).
Example
What is the maximum area to
be cooled in the given cooling
capacity? If the input power is
1.5hp what is the EER?
FUNCTION OF HVAC

Control of Air Control of Moisture

Temperature content in the air

To hold the air

Proper air movement contamination within
acceptable limits
HVAC system
components
HVAC SYSTEM
HVAC SYSTEM
HVAC SYSTEM
CHILLERS
HVAC SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
 • CHILLERS – is amachine that removes
heat from a liquid via vapor –
HVAC SYSTEM compression or absorption
COMPONENTS refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then
be circulated through heat exchanger to
cool air or equipment as required.

Air cooled chiller Water cooled chiller

CHILLERS

• There are two main types

of chillers, Air cooled and
Water cooled. The term
“Air” or “Water” cooled just
tells the engineer how the
chillers condenser is
rejecting heat from the
building.
 • Air cooled chillers are typically located
on the roof of the building or outside
e.g. in the car park. Air cooled chillers
Air cooled also generate chilled water which is
pumped around the building to air
chillers handling units as well as other
apparatus such as fan coil units etc.
This is to cool the building down by
picking up unwanted heat.
 • Water cooled chillers are typically
located in the basement or lowest
floor of a building. This type of chiller
needs a cooling tower to reject the
heat from the building. The chiller
Water produces chilled water and pushes this
around the building to Air Handling
cooled Units (AHU’s) and Fan Coil Units
(FCU’s) etc. These units circulate air
chillers around the local space as well as the
building. The air is forced across heat
exchangers, containing the chilled
water, which extracts the unwanted
heat before the air is distributed
throughout the building.
 CO O L I N G TOWER – Is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to
the atmosphere through the cooling of awater stream to alowertemperature.
HVAC SYSTEM Common applications include cooling the circulating water in used in oil
COMPONENTS refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and
HVAC systems for cooling buildings.
COOLING
TOWER
 • AIR HA N DLI N G UNIT (AHU) – Device used to condition and circulate air as
part of an HVAC system
AIR HANDLING • Large metal box containing ablower, heating or cooling elements, filter, and
UNIT (AHU) sound attenuators,dampers
• Air handlers usually connect to aduct work ventilation system that distributes the
conditioned air through the building and returns it to theAHU.
AHU (Air Handling Unit)
Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

• A fan coil unit (FCU) is a

device that uses a coil and a fan
to heat or cool a room without
connecting to ductwork. Indoor
air moves over the coil, which
heats or cools the air before
pushing it back out into the
room.
Type of Fan
Coil Unit
(FCU)
ROOF TOP UNIT (RTU)
• These units are always located on the roof, as the
name suggests. They are very common in shops
and small commercial properties and are popular
because they are simple, compact, self contained,
all in one HVAC units. Their purpose is to distribute
conditioned air around define areas within a
building. RTU’s are also connected to duct work
which provides a defined route for the conditioned
air to travel along. RTU’s typically have their own
inbuilt refrigeration system to provide cooling only,
but they can also contain a heat pump or a separate
heat source such as gas fired heater.
 • VARIABLE AIRVOLUME (VAV) – it vary the air flow
at a constant temperature. It has more precise
temperature control, reduce compressor wear, lower
HVAC SYSTEM energy consumption by system fans, less fan noise, and
additional passive dehumidification.
COMPONENTS
 VARIABLE AIR
VOLUME (VAV)
HVAC SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
• DUCTWORKS &AIRTERMINALS – are used in HVAC
• to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for
example, supply air,return air.Ducts commonly also deliver
ventilation air as part of the supply air.As such, air ducts are
one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as
well as thermal comfort
HVAC SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
FURNACE/BOILER – is a device used for high –
temperature heating. It refers to the
household heating systems based on a
central furnace (Known either as a boiler or a
heater).
Heating
System
diagram
Heating
System
diagram
Summary of basic HVAC system
Basic
Refrigeration
system
BASIC REFRIGERATION
CYCLE
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Two different pressure exist in the refrigeration cycle.The evaporator or low

pressure, in the “low side” and the condenser, or high pressure, in the “high side.”

These pressure areas are divided by the other two components. On one end,
is the metering device which controls the refrigerant flow, and on the other
end, is the compressor.

The Principle of Refrigeration

• Liquid absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas.
• Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
 • The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a
low – pressure gas, it is compressed and then
moves out of the compressor as high –
pressure gas.
BASIC • The gas then flows to the condenser, here the
REFRIGERATION gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat
to the outside air.
CYCLE • The liquid then moves to the expansion valve
under high – pressure. This valve restricts
the flow of the liquid, and lowers its pressure
as it leaves the expansion valve.
 • The low – pressure liquid then moves to the
evaporator, where heat from the inside air is
absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
BASIC • hot – pressure gas, the refrigerant moves tothe
compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.
REFRIGERATION
CYCLE NOTE: that the four – part cycle is divided at the
center into high side and a low side. This refers to
the pressure of the refrigerant in each side of the
system.
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE
 BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE

4 Main Components

The Compressor

The Condensing Coil

The Metering Device

The Evaporator
COMPRESSOR
• The compressor is the heart of the system.The compressor
• does just what it’sname is. It compresses the low pressure vapor from the evaporator and compresses it into ahigh pressure
vapor.
CONDENSER

• Because the refrigerant was compressed, it is ahot pressure

• vapor (as pressure goes up – temperature goesup)
• The hot vapor enters the condenser and start to flow through the tubes.
• it is responsible for cooling vapors coming from a compressor.
CONDENSER

• Cool air is blown across the outside of the finned tubes of the
condenser (usually by a fan or water with apump).
• Since the air is cooler than the refrigerant, heat jumps from the
tubing to the cooler air (energy goes from hot to cold – Latent
heat.)
• As the heat is removed from the refrigerant, it reaches it’s
“saturated temperature” and starts to “flash” (change states), into a
high pressureliquid.
Metering Devices
• Common used metering devices are, small thin copper tubes
referred to as ‘captubes”, thermally controller diaphragm valves
called “TXV’s” (thermal expansion valves) and single opening
• “orifices”.

• As the metering devices regulates the amount of refrigerant

going into the evaporator, the device lets small amounts of
refrigerant out into the line and looses the high pressure it has
behind it.
THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE

• A very common type of metering device is called aTX (Thermostatic Expansion Valve).This valve has the
capability of controlling the refrigerant flow. If the load on the evaporator changes, the valve can respond to
the change and increase or decrease the flow accordingly.
EVAPORATOR
• The evaporator is where the heat is removed from you house, business or refrigerationbox.

• The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator tubes, absorb the warm room air. The change of temperature
causes the refrigerant to “flash” or “boil”, and changes from alow pressure liquid to alow pressure cold
vapor. The low pressure vapor is pulled into the compressor and the cycle starts over