DATA STRUCTURE AND

ALGORITHM USING PYTHON

Python Overview and Programming Basic

Peter Lo
Who am I?

Lo Chi Wing, Peter

◼ Email: Peter@Peter-Lo.com
◼ Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/PeterLo111

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Course Outline

Lesson 1 Python Overview and Programming Basic

Lesson 2 Python Data Structure and Flow Control
Lesson 3 Function, Module and Class
Lesson 4 Advanced Data Structure and File Manipulation
Lesson 5 Sorting and Search Algorithms
Lesson 6 Using External Module and Library I
Lesson 7 Using External Module and Library II

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Where can you find the material?

 Workshop Notes
 http://www.Peter-Lo.com/Teaching/AMA-Python/

 Python Official Page

 http://www.python.org

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 Overview

Introduction to Programming Language and

Python

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What is Programming Languages?

 A programming language is a computer language

engineered to create a standard form of commands.
 These commands can be interpreted into a code
understood by a machine.
 Programs are created through programming languages
to control the behavior and output of a machine through
accurate algorithms, similar to the human
communication process.

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How Computer Understanding Program?

 Computers do not understand human languages, so

programs must be written in a language a computer can
use.
 There are hundreds of programming languages, and
they were developed to make the programming process
easier for people.
 All programs must be converted into a language the
computer can understand.

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Low-Level Computer Languages

 Computer hardware can only understand a very low

level language known as machine language

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High-Level Computer Languages

 A program written in a high-level language is called a

source program or source code.
 Computer cannot understand source program, source
program must be translated into machine code for
execution.
 The translation can be done using another programming
tool called an interpreter or a compiler.

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Low-Level vs. High-Level Languages

Low-Level Language High-Level Language

 These are interpreted  Direct memory management
 They have open classes and  Hardware has extemely little
message-style methods abstraction which is actually
which are known as Dynamic close to having none
constructs
 Poor performance  Much faster than high level
 Codes are concise  Statement correspond directly
 Flexible syntax and easy to to clock cycle
read  Super performance but hard
 Is object oriented and to write
functional  Few support and hard to
 Large community learn

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Interpreter and Compiler

 An Interpreter reads one statement from the source

code, translates it to the machine code or virtual
machine code, and then executes it right away

 A Compiler translates the entire source code into a

machine-code file, and the machine code file is then
executed

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Top 10 Programming Languages

 According to IEEE Spectrum's interactive ranking,

Python is the top programming language of 2018,
followed by C++, C and Java.

Source: https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/interactive-the-top-programming-languages-2018

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What is Python?

 Python is a general-purpose, interpreted, object-oriented

programming language.
 It is used for:
 Web development

 Software development

 Mathematics

 System scripting

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What can Python do?

 Used on a server to create web applications

 Used alongside software to create workflows
 Connect to database systems. It can also read and
modify files
 Handle big data and perform complex mathematics
 Create rapid prototyping, or for production-ready
software development

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Why Python?

 Works on different platforms (Windows, Linux, etc.)

 Has a simple syntax similar to the English language
 Has syntax that allows developers to write programs
with fewer lines than some other programming
languages.
 Runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can
be executed as soon as it is written. This means that
prototyping can be very quick.
 Can be treated in a procedural way, an object-orientated
way or a functional way.

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 Development Tools

Jupyter Notebooks

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What is Jupyter Notebook?

 The Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web

application that allows you to create and share
documents that contain live code, equations,
visualizations and narrative text.
 It provides an environment, where you can document
your code, run it, look at the outcome, visualize data and
see the results without leaving the environment.
 This makes it a handy tool for performing end to end
data science workflows – data cleaning, statistical
modeling, building and training machine learning models,
visualizing data, and many, many other uses
 much more.

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Cell Type

Cell Type Description

Code This is self-explanatory; it is where you type your code
Markdown This is where you type your text. You can add your
conclusions after running a code, add comments, etc.
Heading This is where you add Headings to separate sections and
make your notebook look tidy and neat. This has now been
converted into the Markdown option itself. Add a ‘##’ to
ensure that whatever you type after that will be taken as a
heading

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Running Code

 Select Cell ➔ Run Cells to run the code (or press [Ctrl]
+ [Enter])
 Select Cell ➔ Run Cells and Select Below to run the
code and move to next cell (or press [Shift] + [Enter])
 Select Cell ➔ Run Cells and Insert Below to run the
code and then insert a next line
 Select Cell ➔ Run All to run all the code in notebook
 Select Cell ➔ Run All Above to run the code in
highlighted cell and above
 Select Cell ➔ Run All Below to run the code in
highlighted cell and below

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Saving and Sharing Notebook

 You can save your Notebook in any of the options

provided.
 The most commonly used is save as .ipynb file so other
person can replicate your code on their machine

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Hello World

 There is a long-standing custom in the field of computer

programming that the first code written in a newly
installed language is a short program that simply
displays the string “Hello World” to the console.
 In this program, we have used the built-in print()
function to print the string “Hello World” on screen.

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Obtain User Input

 Python has a built-in function input() to accept user

input. This function reads a line from an input and
converts into a string and returns it, then you can use
this input string in your python program

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 Programming Basic

Variables and Constants

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Variables

 Variable is a named location used to store data in the

memory in most of the programming languages.
 Each variable must have a unique name called identifier.
 It is helpful to think of variables as container that hold
data which can be changed later throughout
programming.
 Non technically, you can suppose variable as a bag to
store books in it and those books can be replaced at
anytime.

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Variable in Python

 Declaring Variables
 Variables do not need declaration to reserve memory
space. The "variable declaration" or "variable initialization"
happens automatically when we assign a value to a
variable.

 Assigning value to a Variable

 You can use the assignment operator = to assign the value
to a variable.

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Re-declare Variable

 In Python, you can re-declare the variable even after you have
declared it once.

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Variable Names

 A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a

more descriptive name (age, CarName, Total_Volume).
 Rules for Python variables name:
 Must start with a letter or underscore

 Cannot start with a number

 Can only contain alpha-numeric characters and

underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
 Case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different
variables)

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Reserved Words

 Reserved words in Python and used to perform an

internal operation. You can not use reserved words as
variable names or identifiers

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Variable Naming Convention

 The most commonly used methods of constructing a

multi-word variable name are:
 Camel Case: Second and subsequent words are
capitalized, to make word boundaries easier to see.
◼ Example: numberOfStudent
 Pascal Case: Identical to Camel Case, except the
first word is also capitalized.
◼ Example: NumberOfStudent
 Snake Case: Words are separated by underscores.
◼ Example: number_of_student

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Object Identity

 In Python, every object that is created is given a number

that uniquely identifies it.
 It is guaranteed that no two objects will have the same
identifier during any period in which their lifetimes
overlap.
 Once an object’s reference count drops to zero and it is
garbage collected, then its identifying number becomes
available and may be used again.

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Object Identity Example

 The built-in Python function id() returns an object’s

integer identifier. Using the id() function, you can verify
that two variables indeed point to the same object:

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Object Identity Example (Cont.)

 Statement

 This assignment creates an integer object with the value

300 and assigns the variable n to point to that object

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Object Identity Example (Cont.)

 Statement

 Python does not create another object. It simply creates

a new symbolic name or reference, m, which points to
the same object that n points to.

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Object Identity Example (Cont.)

 Statement

 Python creates a new integer object with the value 400,

and m becomes a reference to it.

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Commenting Code

 In general, commenting is describing your code for

developers.
 In conjunction with well-written code, comments help to
guide the reader to better understand your code and its
purpose and design
 Comments are created in Python using the pound sign
(#) and should be brief statements no longer than a few
sentences.

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Structuring with Indentation

 Python programs get structured

through indentation,
 i.e. code blocks are defined by
their indentation

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 Basic Data Type

Common Build-in Data Types and

Operators in Python

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Basic Data Types in Python

 fdsf

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Integer

 In Python 3, there is effectively no limit to how long an

integer value can be.
 Of course, it is constrained by the amount of memory
your system has, as are all things, but beyond that an
integer can be as long as you need it to be:

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Hexadecimal

 The following strings can be prepended to an integer

value to indicate a base other than 10:

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ASCII Table

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Floating-Point Numbers

 The float type in Python designates a floating-point

number. float values are specified with a decimal point.
 Optionally, the character e or E followed by a positive or
negative integer may be appended to specify scientific
notation:

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Strings

 Strings are sequences of character data. The string type

in Python is called str.
 String literals may be delimited using either single or
double quotes. All the characters between the opening
delimiter and matching closing delimiter are part of the
string:

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Interpolating Variables into a String

 In Python version 3.6, a new string formatting

mechanism was introduced. This feature is formally
named the Formatted String Literal, but is more usually
referred to by its nickname f-string

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String Formatting Operator

 One of Python's coolest features is the string format

operator %.

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Escape Sequences in Strings

 Sometimes, you want Python to interpret a character or

sequence of characters within a string differently. This may
occur in one of two ways:
 You may want to suppress the special interpretation that
certain characters are usually given within a string.
 You may want to apply special interpretation to characters
in a string which would normally be taken literally.
 You can accomplish this using a backslash (\) character. A
backslash character in a string indicates that one or more
characters that follow it should be treated specially.

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Escape Sequences

 The following table list the escape sequences which

cause Python to suppress the usual special
interpretation of a character in a string:

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Escape Sequences (Cont.)

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Escape Sequences

 Escape sequence is typically used to insert characters

that are not readily generated from the keyboard or are
not easily readable or printable.

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Raw Strings

 A raw string literal is preceded by r or R, which specifies

that escape sequences in the associated string are not
translated.
 The backslash character is left in the string:

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Boolean Type

 Python 3 provides a Boolean data type.

 Objects of Boolean type may have one of two values,
True or False:

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Operators

 Operators are special symbols in Python that carry out

arithmetic or logical computation. The value that the
operator operates on is called the operand.

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Arithmetic Operators

 Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.

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Example

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Comparison Operators

 Comparison operators are used to compare values. It

either returns True or False according to the condition.

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Example

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Logical Operators

 Interpretation of logical expressions involving not, or,

and and is straightforward when the operands are
Boolean:

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Assignment Operators

 Assignment operators are used in Python to assign

values to variables.

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 Strings Manipulation

Manipulating Strings using Operator and

Build-in Function

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Concatenate String

 The + operator concatenates strings. It returns a string

consisting of the operands joined together.

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Repeating String

 The * operator creates multiple copies of a string.

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Exist in String

 Python also provides a membership operator that can

be used with strings. The in operator returns True if the
first operand is contained within the second, and False
otherwise

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String Length

 By using the function len( ), the length of the string can

be obtained.

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Capitalize First Character

 capitalize() returns a copy of string with the first

character converted to uppercase and all other
characters converted to lowercase.

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Convert to Upper Case

 upper() returns a copy of string with all alphabetic

characters converted to uppercase

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Convert to Lower Case

 lower() returns a copy of string with all alphabetic

characters converted to lowercase.

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Convert to Title Case

 title() returns a copy of string in which the first letter of

each word is converted to uppercase and remaining
letters are lowercase
 This method uses a fairly simple algorithm. It does not
attempt to distinguish between important and
unimportant words, and it does not handle apostrophes,
possessives, or acronyms gracefully

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Swaps Case of Characters

 swapcase() returns a copy of string with uppercase

alphabetic characters converted to lowercase and vice
versa

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String Indexing

 String indexing in Python is zero-based: the first

character in the string has index 0, the next has index 1,
and so on. The index of the last character will be the
length of the string minus one.
 For example, a schematic diagram of the indices of the
string 'foobar' would look like this:

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String Indexing (Cont.)

 The individual characters can be accessed by index as

follows:

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String Slicing

 Python also allows a form of indexing syntax that

extracts substrings from a string, known as string slicing.
 If s is a string, an expression of the form s[m:n] returns
the portion of s starting with position m, and up to but
not including position n:

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Specifying a Stride in a String Slice

 A third index designates a stride (step) can be added to

slicing, which indicates how many characters to jump
after retrieving each character in the slice.
For example, for the string 'foobar', the slice 0:6:2
starts with the first character and ends with the last
character (the whole string), and every second
character is skipped.
Similarly, 1:6:2 specifies a slice starting with the
second character (index 1) and ending with the last
character, and again the stride value 2 causes every
other character to be skipped.

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Counts Occurrences of Substring

 count(<sub>) returns the number of non-overlapping

occurrences of substring <sub> in string:

The count is restricted to the

number of occurrences within the
substring indicated by <start> and
<end>, if they are specified:

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Determine Start String

 startswith(<suffix>) returns True if target string starts

with the specified <suffix> and False otherwise

The comparison is restricted to the substring

indicated by <start> and <end>, if they are
specified

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Determines End String

 endswith(<suffix>) returns True if target string ends with

the specified <suffix> and False otherwise

The comparison is restricted to the substring

indicated by <start> and <end>, if they are
specified

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Searches for Substring

 find(<sub>) returns the lowest index in target string

where substring <sub> is found

Returns -1 if the specified substring not found

The search is restricted to the substring

indicated by <start> and <end>, if they are
specified

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Searches for Substring (Cont.)

 rfind(<sub>) returns the highest index in target string

where substring <sub> is found

Returns -1 if the specified substring not found

The search is restricted to the substring

indicated by <start> and <end>, if they are
specified

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Trim Leading Space

 lstrip() returns a copy of target string with any

whitespace characters removed from the left end

If the optional <chars> argument is specified, it

is a string that specifies the set of characters to
be removed

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Trim Trailing Space

 rstrip() returns a copy of target string with any

whitespace characters removed from the right end

If the optional <chars> argument is specified, it

is a string that specifies the set of characters to
be removed

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Trim Leading and Trailing Space

 strip(<chars>) is essentially equivalent to invoking

lstrip() and rstrip() in succession. Without the <chars>
argument, it removes leading and trailing whitespace.

As with .lstrip() and .rstrip(), the optional <chars>

argument specifies the set of characters to be removed

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Pad Leading Zero

 zfill(<width>) returns a copy of target string left-padded

with '0' characters to the specified <width>

If a string contains a leading sign, it remains at the

left edge of the result string after zeros are inserted

If string is already at least as long as <width>, it is

returned unchanged

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Alphanumeric Determination

 isalnum() returns True if target string is nonempty and

all its characters are alphanumeric (either a letter or a
number), and False otherwise

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Alphabetic Determination

 isalpha() returns True if target string is nonempty and all

its characters are alphabetic, and False otherwise

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Digit Determination

 isdigit() returns True if target string is nonempty and all

its characters are numeric digits, and False otherwise

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Upper Case Determination

 isupper() returns True if target string is nonempty and

all the alphabetic characters it contains are uppercase,
and False otherwise. Non-alphabetic characters are
ignored

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Lower Case Determination

 islower() returns True if target string is nonempty and all

the alphabetic characters it contains are lowercase, and
False otherwise.
 Non-alphabetic characters are ignored

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Title Case Determination

 istitle() returns True if target string is nonempty, the first

alphabetic character of each word is uppercase, and all
other alphabetic characters in each word are lowercase.
It returns False otherwise.

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Printable Character Determination

 isprintable() returns True if target string is empty or all

the alphabetic characters it contains are printable.
 It returns False if target string contains at least one non-
printable character.
 Non-alphabetic characters are ignored

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Space Determination

 isspace() returns True if target sting is nonempty and all

characters are whitespace characters, and False
otherwise.
 The most commonly encountered whitespace characters
are space ' ', tab '\t', and newline '\n'

'\f' and '\r' are the escape sequences for the ASCII Form
Feed and Carriage Return characters; '\u2005' is the
escape sequence for the Unicode Four-Per-Em Space.

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 Naming Convention

PEP 8 – Style Guide for Python Code

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PEP 8 – Style Guide for Python Code

 PEP 8 is a Style Guide for Python Code, which gives

coding conventions for the Python code comprising the
standard library in the main Python distribution.
 https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/

 This style guide evolves over time as additional

conventions are identified and past conventions are
rendered obsolete by changes in the language itself.
 Many projects have their own coding style guidelines. In
the event of any conflicts, such project-specific guides
take precedence for that project.

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Code Layout

 Use 4 spaces per indentation level.

 Limit all lines to a maximum of 79 characters.
 Formulas always have line break before binary
operations
 Surround top-level function and class definitions with
two blank lines. Method definitions inside a class are
surrounded by a single blank line.
 Code in the core Python distribution should always
encoding in UTF-8
 Imports should usually be on separate lines

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Whitespace in Expressions and Statements

 Avoid trailing whitespace anywhere.

 Always surround these binary operators with a single
space on either side: assignment (=), augmented
assignment (+=, -= etc.), comparisons (==, <, >, !=, <>,
<=, >=, in, not in, is, is not), Booleans (and, or, not).
 If operators with different priorities are used, consider
adding whitespace around the operators with the lowest
priority.

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Comments

 Comments should be complete sentences. The first

word should be capitalized, unless it is an identifier that
begins with a lower case letter.
 Block comments generally consist of one or more
paragraphs built out of complete sentences, with each
sentence ending in a period.
 Inline comments should be separated by at least two
spaces from the statement. They should start with a #
and a single space.

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Naming Conventions

 Never use the characters 'l', 'O', or 'I' as single character

variable names.
 Identifiers used in the standard library must be ASCII
compatible
 Modules should have short, all-lowercase names.
Underscores can be used in the module name if it improves
readability
 Class names should normally use the CapWords convention.
 Names of type variables should normally use CapWords
preferring short names: T, AnyStr, Num.
 Function names should be lowercase, with words separated
by underscores as necessary to improve readability

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