286 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice 2. WORKED EXAMPLES 1. Compute the equilibrium data from the following data at 760 mm Hg pressure and calculate the relative volatility. VP of A, mm Hg | 760 | 830 | 920 | 1060| 1200] 1360 VP of B, mm Hg | 200 | 350} 420] 550) 690] 760 P; = 760 mm Hg Solution. P,,mmHg |760 | 830 | 920 | 1060 ] 1200] 1360 Ps,mmHg |200 | 350 | 420 |550 | 690 | 760 =| (Pr=Pa) —| Pata) We know that *4 -|& apy | anda =| —| r-Pa) x-[$E iy 10 0.854] 0.68 | 0.412 [0.137 }0 P, =| 222] 1.0 | 0.933 | 0.823 | 0.575 | 0.216 |o 7 @,, = VP of AVP of B| 3.80 2.37 [2.19 |1.93 | 1.74 |1.79 Average relative volatility: 2.303 The vapour pressure data for n-Hexane —n-Octane system is given below. Compute the equilibrium data and relative volatility for the system at a total pressure of 101.32 kPa. TC | piracy | PokPa) 68.7 101.32 16.1 79.4 136.7 23.1 93.3 197.3 37.1 107.2 284.0 57.9 125.7 456.0 101.32Distillation 287 Solution. TC mn | n—Octane ax Hexane | PakPa(B) 7° [+@-pa P, kPa (A) 687 101.32 161 629 | __1.000 1.00 1.000 94 136.7 Bl 592| 0.689 0930 093 933 1973 371 532]; 0401 0781 0.783 1072 2840 379 491 | __ 0.192 0538 0562 125.7 4560 | 101.32 450 0 0 0 3. Compute x-y data at 1 atm. Pressure from the following data: T 80.1 85 90 95) 100} 105} 110.6 VP, 760} 877| 1016} 1168) 1344] 1532] 1800 VPp -| 345) 405} 475] 577} 645] 760 Solution. T 80.1 | 85 | 90 | 95 | 100 | 105 | 110.6 VP, 760 | 877 | 1016 | 1168 | 1344 | 1532 | 1800 vP, | — | 345 | 40s | 475 | 577 | 645 | 760 a=} _ | 254] 2.51 | 2.46 | 233 | 238 | 2.37 VP, (AMS! Qgverage = 2.43) 1.0 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.411 | 0.239 | 0.13 | 0 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.777 | 0.632 | 0.423 | 0.26 | 0 4. A solution of methanol and ethanol are substantially ideal. Compute the VLE for this system at 1 atm pressure and relative volatility. 1473.11 Jog [P, mm] setianot = 7.84863 - G39 7 eG 1554.3 log [P, mm] ganot = 8.04494 — 359 Ee oy, Solution. In this problem one has to compute the vapour pressure values at different temperatures. The temperature range is fixed by keeping the pressure as288 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice 760 mm Hg for each component. Thus, in the following equation for Methanol, 1473.11 (230 + °C) Setting the vapour pressure as 760 mm Hg (at BP, vapour pressure equals the prevailing pressure), we get the temperature as 66.53°C, which is the boiling point of Methanol. Similarly, by setting P as 760 mm Hg in the equation for ethanol, log [P, mm] Methanot = 7.84863 - 1554.3 log [P, mm] prnanoi = 8.04494 — 26+ we get the boiling point of Ethanol as 78.33°C. This fixes the range of temperature. rc 66.53 | 70 2 14 16 8 78.33] V.P. of Methanol, P.mm 760 | 867.5 | 934.94 |1006.6 1082.79 1163.6 |1177.4 V.P. of Ethanol, P,mm 467.8 | 541.77 | 588.66 | 638.9 | 692.66 | 750.14 | 760 Relative volatility, P, a= p 1.625] 1.601] 1.588] 1.576] 1.563, 1.551 | 1.549 -7i=?s *4= (P= Pp) 1.0 0.67 | 0.495] 0.329] 0.173 0.024 | 0.0 = Paka yap 1.0 0.765] 0.609] 0.436] 0.244 0.0365] 0.0 Average relative volatility = 1.579 5. Methanol and Ethanol form an ideal solution. Compute the VLE data at 760 mm Hg pressure, Vapour pressure Data: Vapour pressure, mm Hg | 200 | 400 | 760 | 1520 Temperature,°C, Ethanol | 48.4 | 62.5 | 78.4| 97.5 Temperature,°C, Methanol | 34.8 | 49.9 | 64.7| 84.0 Plot vapour pressure vs temperature for both the components and compute T vs. VP for Methanol and T vs. VP for Ethanol as shown in Fig. 9.34.Distillation 289 Solution. 100 oo Ethanol 80+ 2 ”| Methanol oo ana 50 40 30 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Vapour pressure, mm Hg Fig. 9.34 Example 5 Vapour Pressure-temperature plot. vP.of | VP. of a a Tempera. | Ethanol, | Methanol, | x4 = 7p— Bs | Ya == 2 mm Hg (B) | mm Hg (A) 4 Pe * 647 430 760 10 10 670 470 830 0.806 0.880 70.0 540 950 0.537 oon 30 620 1080 0.304 0.432 16.0 700 1200 0.120 0.189 784 760 1300 00 0.0 6. It is desired to separate a feed mixture containing 40% heptane and 60% ethyl benzene, such that 60% of the feed is distilled out. Estimate the composition of the residue and distillate when the distillation process is (i) equilibrium distillation, and (ii) differential distillation. Equilibrium Data: x} 0} 0.08 | 0.185 | 0.251 | 0.335 | 0.489 | 0.651 | 0.79 | 0.914 | 1.0 y] 0} 0.233 | 0.428 | 0.514 | 0.608 | 0.729 | 0.814 | 0.910 | 0.963 | 1.0 x, y: Mole fraction of heptane in liquid and vapour phase respectively.290 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice Solution. (i) Plot the equilibrium data and draw the diagonal. Draw a line with a slope of -W/D = — 0.4/0.6 = —0.667 from a point on the diagonal corresponding to xp = 0.4 and its intersection on the equilibrium curve and read them as x, and yp as shown in Fig. 9.35. Xp = 0.24 and yp = 0.5 0 0.2 04 06 08 1.0 x— Fig. 9.35 Example 6 Solution for flash distillation. (ii) Compute and plot it against x as shown in Fig. 9.36 yrx O {0.08 [0.185 [0.251 | 0.335 |0.489 [0.651 |0.79 | 0.914 1.0 0 |0.233 |0.428 |0514 |0.608 |0.729 |0814 |091 |0.963 | 1.0 © |0.153 |0.243 |0.263 |0.273 |0.240 |0.163 |0.12 {0.049 | 0 a |654 |4.12 |380 |366 |417 |613 |833 |2041 |a We know that de fF] gf 1 .o-n "w= loa] = 0916 By trial and error, find the x-co-ordinate which will give the area under the curve as 0.916 from zp = 0.4. x, = 0.2. By making component balance, Yp = 0.533.Distillation 291 01 0.2 04 06 08 x— Fig. 9.36 Example 6 Solution for differential distillation. 7. A feed mixture containing 50 mole % Hexane and 50 mole % Octane is fed into a pipe still through a pressure reducing valve and flashed into a chamber. The fraction of feed converted to vapour is 0.6. Find the composition of the distillate and residue x 0 45 19.2 | 40 | 69 100 y 0 17.8 53.8 | 78 | 93.2 100 x, y mole percent of Hexane in liquid and vapour phase respectively Solution. Draw the equilibrium curve and diagonal. From the feed point draw a line with a slope of w)__04 [-% =~ 9g = 0.667 From graph shown in Fig. 9.37, we get .275, yp = 0.65 xy =292 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice 1.0 02275 94 05 06 08 1.0 x— Fig. 9.37 Example 7 Flash distillation. 8. A equimolar feed mixture containing A and B is differentially distilled such that 70% of the feed is distilled out. Estimate the composition of the distillate and residue. Equilibrium data x {0 |1 |8 | 14] 21} 29 | 37 | 46 | 56 | 66 | 97) 100 y |0 |3 | 16] 28] 39] 50| 59 | 65 | 76 | 83 | 99] 100 x, y: mole fraction of benzene in liquid and vapour phase respectively. Solution. x © | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.97} 1.0 y 0 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 1.0 yr O | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.17} 0.02] 0Distillation 293 1 Plots against x as shown in Fig. 9.38 We know that, ae yy) in (y-x) LW Let the feed be 100 moles Therefore, D = 70 moles and W = 30 moles tof] er 2° Ey In| ay | =!] Jo | = 1.204 soe By trial and error, locate x, such that J Q—x) = 1.204 We get, Xy = 0.23 Making material balance, we get F=W+D Fre = W xy + Dyp Substituting for various quantities, we get 100 x 0.5 = 30 x 0.23 + 70 x yp Solving, we get, yp = 0.616 ow. Xp 00 02 040506 08 10 Xe— Fig. 9.38 Example 8 Solution for differential distillation.294 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice 9. A liquid mixture of components A and B containing 30 mole percent A is 10. subjected to differential distillation. What percentage of the original mixture must be distilled off in order to increase the concentration of A in the residue to 65 mole percent? The relative volatility of B in respect of A is 2.15. Solution. Fx0.4615 7 Ww nv come =|> a i . F Solving, t |= a7 ‘olving, we ge [| 115 Therefore, if F = 100 kmol, W = 12.91 kmol. Hence, 87.09% of feed has to be distilled. Nitrobenzene (NB) has to be steam distilled. If the vaporization efficiency is 85%, estimate the amount of nitrobenzene in the distillate if 100 kg of steam is present in distillate. The distillation takes place at a total pressure of 760 mm Hg. Vapour pressure data for nitrobenzene: TC 44.4 | 71.6 | 84.9 | 99.3 ]115.4|125.8 |139.9| 185.8 |210.6 VP of NB mm Hg 1 5 |10 | 20 | 40 | 60 |100 |400 |760 Vapour pressure of water: T’C 20 40 60 80 100 VP of water, mm Hg 17.5 | 55.3 | 149.4 | 355.1 | 760 TC) |71 B 80 82 90 96 100 Ps 5 15S 9 10 14 175 21 Pa 242.5 | 340 355 4125 | 515 605 760 Solution. From total vapour pressure curve: Boiling point of mixture = 99.0°C At 99°C, vapour pressure of nitrobenzene = 20 mm Hg vapour pressure of water = 740 mm Hg *Distillation 295 Vaporization 7 = [(Actual NB/Actual water)] Actual NB Actual water . ] (all in moles) Theoretical NB Theoretical water 0.85 = Actual NB Theoretical NB | Actual water Be ee water = 0.85 x 20123 1 of NB/kg of steam 740 x 18 = 0.85 x0.1847 = 0.157 kg of NB/kg of steam Mass of NB per 100 kg of steam = 15.7 kg 800 760 700 ‘Sum of vapour pressures 650 550 eeeaee 8 8 8 8 Vapour pressure, mm Hg —= » 8 a a 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 To Fig. 9.39 Example 10 Determination of boiling point for steam distillation.296 1. Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice A methanol-water solution containing 36 mole % methanol at 26.7°C is continuously distilled to yield a distillate containing 91.5 mole % methanol and a residue containing 99 mole % water. The feed enters at its bubble point. Distillate is totally condensed and refluxed at its bubble point. (i) Find the minimum reflux ratio. (ii) For a reflux ratio of 3, estimate the number of plates by Ponchon-Savarit method. Enthalpy data: xory mole Enthalpies of Enthalpies of fraction of saturated liquid Saturated vapour methanol kJ/mol kJ/mol 0 8000 48000 1 7500 39000 Equilibrium data: x, % 4 10 20 30 50 70 90 95 y % | 23 42 58 66 8 87 96 | 98.15 x, y are mole fractions of methanol in liquid and vapour phase respectively. Solution. (i) xp = 0.36, x, = (1 - 0.99) = 0.01, Xp = 0.915 Both feed and Reflux are at bubble point. Plot H-x-y diagram and xy diagram as shown in Fig. 9.40. By intrapolation, Hg, = 39765 kJ/kmol Locate F corresponding to xr = 0.36 on the bubble point curve. Through F draw a tie line and extend it to intersect the vertical line drawn at xp = 0.915 nin (from graph) = 62500 ki/kmol _ @rin = He) _ (62500 - 39765) Rain = (He, —H;,) ~ (39765— 7542.5) ~ 705° Minimum reflux ratio = 0.7056 Gi) For R=3 (Q'-He) __(Q’-39765) R= (He, = H,,) 39765 -7542.5) QO = 136432.5 kJ/kmolDistillation 297 140000. 420000: 100000 80000 07 05. 04 0.2 0.1 Xy= 0.01 0.915 6% 0.2 04 06 08 xp 1.0 x— Fig. 9.40 Example 11 Ponchon-Savarit method.298 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice 12. We know that Ap, Aw and F(Zp, Hp) lie on a straight line (Zp -Z) _ (Hp -0") (xp - tr) (Q’- Hr) Q” = -73004.5 kJ/kmol Locate Ap(Q’, xp) and A,(Q”, x,) on H,y diagram. Randomly draw construction lines starting from Ap and A, and obtain the operating curves for both sections on xy-diagram. Stepwise construction between equilibrium curve and operating curve will give the number of stages. Number of stages (including reboiler) = 6 Number of plates in tower = 6 - 1 = 5 A continuous distillation column is used to separate a feed mixture at its boiling point, containing 24 mole % acetone and 76 mole % methanol into a distillate product containing 77 mole % acetone and a residue product containing 5 mole % acetone. A reflux ratio of twice the minimum is to be used. The overall plate efficiency is 60%. Determine the number of plates required for the separation. Equilibrium data: x | 0.0] 0.05] 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 0.7 108 109 [1.0 y | 0.0 [0.102 |0.186 | 0.322 | 0.428 |0.513 | 0.586 | 0.656] 0.725 |0.82 | 0.9 [1.0 Solution. x, y Mole fraction of acetone in liquid and vapour phase respectively. xp= 0.24, xp =0.77, x, = 0.05 Rectuat = 2Rmin Noverar = 60% Plot xy diagram and draw the feed line with its corresponding slope of infinity to equilibrium curve and let it be F. Let the point D on the diagonal corresponds to Xp. Join DF and extend it to y-axis. The point of intersection is = 0.19 (from Fig. 9.41) . Rin = 3.053 Rectuat = 6-106 xp 0.77 Resa #1 = 7.106 ~ 108 Locate 0.108 on y-axis and let it be A. Join AD. The point of intersection of AD with feed line is Q. DQ is the operating line for enriching section. Locate W on diagonal corresponding to xw = 0.05. Join W and Q. WO is the operating line for stripping section. By stepwise construction the number of stages = 14 (including reboiler) o Number of plates is 13 (Theoretical) Actual number of plates = 2 = 21.7, ie. 22 platesDistillation 299 02 04 06 08 10 — Fig. 9.41 Example 12 McCabe-Thiele method. 13. A fractionating column separates a liquid mixture entering at 5000 kmol/h containing 50 mole % A and 50 mole % B into an overhead product of 95 mole % A and a bottom product of 96 mole % B. A reflux ratio of twice the minimum will be used and the feed enters at its boiling point. Determine the number of theoretical stages required and the location of feed point. Equilibrium data: x | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.86} 1.0 y | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 1.0 +, y mole fraction of A in liquid and vapour phase respectively. Solution. xp=05, xp = 0.95, xy = 0.04 Feed-saturated liquid F = 5000 kmol/h Total condenser (@ Total material balance F=D+W Component balance Fp = Dxp + Wxy 5000=D+W a)300 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice (5000 x 0.5) = (D x 0.95) + (W x 0.04) (2) 5000=D+W Distillate D = 2527.5 kmol/h Residue W = 2472.5 kmol/h Gi) Rmin = (& - YO" - ¥’)] (0.95 — 0.720) Rain = [ (0.720 - | ee Also, by graphical xp/(Rmin + 1) = 0.46 and Ryin = 1.065 Gil) Recua = 2 % Rnin Racal = 2 X Rmin = 2X 1.045 = 2.09 (Taking Rin Value as 1.045) Xp _ 095 R+) ~ Gooey ~ 07 With the above intercept, draw both enriching and stripping operating curves. By McCabe-Thiele method, Number of plates (including reboiler) = 11 Number of plates in tower = 11 - 1 = 10 The location of feed tray is 6th tray. 02 04 06 08 10 Fig. 9.42 Example 13 McCabe-Thiele method. 14. A mixture of benzene and toluene containing 38 mole % of benzene is to be separated to give a product of 90 mole % benzene at the top, and the bottom product with 4 mole % benzene. The feed enters the column at itsDistillation 301 boiling point and vapour leaving the column is simply condensed and provide product and reflux. It is proposed to operate the unit with a reflux ratio of 3.0. Locate the feed plate and number of plates. The vapour pressures of pure benzene and toluene are 1460 and 584 mm Hg respectively. Total pressure is 750 mm Hg. Solution. vapour pressure of pure benzene _ 1460 _ vapour pressure of pure toluene 584 ce ax +(@-Da) Compute equilibrium data. y x 0 0.1 | 0.2 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 0.7 | 08 | 0.9 | 1.0 y O | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 1.0 Draw the equilibrium curve, diagonal and locate feed, distillate and residue points as shown in Fig. 9.43. xp _ 09 [R+l] 341 we can get the number of stages. No. of stages = 8 (including reboiler) and feed plate is 4 Locate the intercept = 2.25 and by stepwise construction 0 01 02 03 04 O05 06 OF 08 O09 10 x— Fig. 9.43 Example 14 McCabe-Thiele method.302 15. Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice It is desired to separate a mixture of 50% vapour and 50% saturated liquid in a plate type distillation column. The feed contains 45 mole % A and the top product is to contain 96 mole % A. The bottom product is to contain 5 mole % A. Determine the minimum reflux ratio and the number of theoretical plates needed if a reflux ratio of twice the minimum is used. Eq. data: x 0 O.1 | 0.16] 0.3 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 0.7 | 08 | 09] 1.0 y. O {0.215 | 0.30 | 0.52 | 0.625 | 0.725 | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 1.0 x,y: mole fraction of A in liquid and vapour phase respectively. x JL [e255 0.33 Solution. 0.96 Rain +1= 033 Reig = 1.909 q = 0.5 (Fraction of liquid) . q |_ 05 _ Slope of q-line [4] =o5-17 1° Ractusl = 2.0 X Rmin = 2.0 X 1.909 = 3.818 Yo _]__0.96 [a + i] = zg1ee1 01% Number of stages = 10 1.0 08 06 | qrine slope = -1.0 04 02 Fig. 9.44 Example 15 McCabe-Thiele method.16. 17. Distillation 303 A fractionating column separates a liquid mixture containing 50 weight % chloroform and 50 weight % carbon disulphide into an overhead product of 94 weight % CS, and a bottom product of 95 weight % chloroform. A reflux ratio of twice the minimum will be used and the feed enters at its boiling point. Determine the number of theoretical stages required. Equilibrium data: x | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 1.0 y | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 1.0 x, y mole fraction of carbon disulphide in liquid and vapour phase respectively. Solution. Molecular weight of carbon disulphide = 76 Molecular weight of chloroform = 119.5 50 weight % of carbon disulphide, xp= —+~4— = 0.611 (in mole fraction) 50, 50 76 119.5 Similarly, the distillate and residue compositions in terms of mole fraction of carbon disulphide are yp = 0.961 and x, = 0.076 respectively. yi From graph (Fig. 9.45), ( R a i } = 0.49 ‘min Rrrin = 0.96 Rycy = 2 X Rin = 1.92 YD =P _ | = 0.329 = 0.33 es (= + i) Number of theoretical stages (from Fig. 9.45) including reboiler = 9 A laboratory rectification column is operated at atmospheric pressure and at total reflux, for benzene-chlorobenzene mixture. Samples of liquid from the condenser and reboiler analyze 95 mole percent benzene and 98 mole percent chlorobenzene respectively. Assuming a perfect reboiler, a total condenser, constant molal overflow and no heat loss from the tower, calculate the actual number of plates in the column. The average plate efficiency is 70%. The relative volatility of benzene to chlorobenzene is 4.13.304 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice 1.0 08 06 y 04 0.33 02 Xp= 0.61 x, =0.961 00 & 02 04 06 08 1.0 xo Fig. 9.45 Example 16 McCabe-Thiele method. Solution. ax >" ¥@-Dal Compute equilibrium data. x}]o0 O.1 | 0.2 [ 03 04 | 05 | 06 | 0.7 | 08 | 09 | 10 y | 0 | 031 | 0.51 [0.64 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 1.0 Draw the equilibrium curve, diagonal and locate feed, distillate and residue points. By stepwise construction, the number of stages determined is 5. Hence, the theoretical plates required is 4. — 5.71 = 6. Actual plates required will be 7>=18. Distillation 305 0 0.2 04 06 08 *0 14.0 x— Fig. 9.46 Example 17 McCabe-Thiele method. Alternatively, we can use the Fenske equation and determine the number of stages. YD = (qyNevs _*Ww Oy)" Taw 0.95 Np, 0.02 (1- 0.95) = G13) (1- 0.02) 19 =(4.13)%P+! x 0.02041 Hence, Np + 1 = 4.82 stages =5 stages Therefore, the theoretical number of plates = 4 Actual plates required will be a = 5.71=6 (Same as obtained from the graphical procedure) A continuous rectification column is used to separate a binary mixture of A and B. Distillate is produced at a rate of 100 kmol/hr and contains 98 mole % A. The mole fractions of A in the liquid (x) and in the vapour (y) respectively from the two adjacent ideal plates in the enriching section are as follows:306 = Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice x y 0.65 0.82 0.56 0.76 The latent heat of vaporization is the same for all compositions. Feed is a saturated liquid. Calculate the reflux ratio and the vapour rate in the stripping section. Solution. Yq = 0.82 Xq= 0.65 net Yn41 = 0.76 Solving, we get 0.76R + 0.76 = 0.65R + 0.98 Reflux ratio, R = 2 In the stripping section, For a saturated feed q = 1.0 (G-G) q=1.0= F19. 20. Distillation 307 ie. G=G=L+D = D(R + 1) = 100(2 + 1) = 300 kmolh A continuous rectifying column treats a mixture containing 40% benzene and 60% toluene and separates into a distillate product containing 98% benzene and a bottom product containing 98% toluene. The feed enters as a liquid at its boiling point. If a reflux ratio of 3.5 is used, estimate height of the tower. The average height of a transfer unit is 0.7 m. The overall resistance to mass transfers lies in vapour phase. Equilibrium data: x 0.1 0.2 0.3 04 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 y 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.96 x, y: mole fraction of benzene in liquid and vapour phase respectively. Solution. y 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.74 |0.655} 0.57 | 0.44 |0.318} 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.02 7 0.995 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.75 |0.655}0.543] 0.43 | 0.30 |0.183} 0.05 66.67} 25 | 12.5 |11.11}10.53}11.76} 9.71 | 8.93 | 10 |12.05)33.33 O’-y) y is from operating line and y’ is obtained from equilibrium curve for a specific x value. xp=04, xy =(1-0.98)=0.02, R=35, HTU=07 [xp(R + 1)] = (0.98/ (3.5 +1)] = 0.218 Overall mass transfer lies in vapour phase. So the slope ~ [(I/kx)/ (1/ky)] becomes vertical, y and y” values are obtained at the intersection of operating and equilibrium curves. dy 7 = 13.175 J [5 - si Z = HTU x NTU = 0.7 x 13.175 = 9.22 m Feed rate to a distillation column is 400 kmol/hr. The overhead product rate is 160 kmoW/h. The mole fraction of more volatile component in distillate is 94%. The residue contains 5% of more volatile component. The reflux ratio is 4. The mole fraction of vapour leaving a plate is 0.4, whereas the mole fraction of liquid coming to the same plate is 0.3. Assuming constant molal overflow, determine the condition of feed. Solution. Feed rate: 400 kmol/h Distillate, D: 160 kmol/h Therefore, flow rate of residue, W: 240 kmol/h The composition of distillate xp = 0.94308 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 + 70 65 60 50 45 30 25 15 10 0 02 04 06 08 10 Fig. 9.47 Example 19 packed distillation.21, Distillation 309 The composition of residue x,, = 0.05 Reflux ratio: 4 Ynet = 0.94 Xm = 0.05 We know that Tn = Guy, + W (Eq. 9.67] Since, the molal overflow rate is constant, L,, _(_L Ww Ym =| Pow = | Dow Jw (Eq. 9.94] Substituting, we get, 240 0.4 0.05 240 ) Solving, we get T= 880 kmol/h From Eq. (9.67) we get . Gust = Lm —W = 880 - 240 = 640 kmol/h = G,, = G (Due to constant molal flow rate). Feed rate = 400 kmol/h p L Reflux ratio = D* 4 Hence, L = 4D = 640 kmol/h. L = 880 kmol/h We also know that L-L) _ (He -Hr) 92 = Ga (Eq. 9.110) ” L=L+qF Substituting, we get 880 - 640 . a 9 = Jpg — = 0.6 (Fraction of liquid) Hence, the feed is a mixture of 60% liquid and 40% vapour. The feed rate to a binary distillation column is 200 kmol/hr and 75% of it is vaporized. Distillate flow rate is 120 kmol/h with 95% composition of more volatile component. Reboiler steam demand is 4000 kg/h. Latent heat of steam used in reboiler is 2304 kJ/kg. Latent heat of liquid to be distilled is 32000 kJ/kmol. Determine the reflux ratio.310 - Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice Solution. We know that L =L+qF (from Eq. 9.110) G=(R+D (from Eq. 9.84) From Eq. (9.111), we get 9 _ E-v., =@- (G-G =Fq@-) G=G+Fq-1) ie. G=(R+1)D+ Fq-1) Fraction of vapour = (1 - q) = 0.75 Fraction of liquid = q = 0.25 G = (R + 1)120 + 2000.25 - 1) = (R + 1)120 - 150 = 120R - 30 G Steam needed for the reboiler m, = wes eam m, Aseam = GAjeed = (120R ~ 30)Afeea ‘ms Asteam = 4000 x 2304 = 9.216 x 10° kI/nr = (120R ~ 30)Afeea ie. 9.216 x 10° = (120R — 30)32000 Solving, we get R= 2.65. EXERCISES Compute the VLE data from the following vapour pressure data at 760 mm. Hg. Pressure assuming ideal solution. Temperature,°C 984 | 105 | 110 | 120 |1256 Vapour pressure of A, mm Hg | 760 | 940 | 1050 | 1350 | 1540 Vapour pressure of B, mm Hg | 333 | 417 | 484 | 650 | 760 Ans: Xa | 1.0 | 0.655 | 0.487 | 0.157 | 0.0 ya | 1.0 | 0.810 | 0.674 | 0.279 | 0.0