Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Module 2
Lesson 2: The Instructional Cycle
Learning Outcomes
Explain the meaning of outcomes in OBE
State the relationship among institutional outcomes, program outcomes, course
outcomes and learning outcomes
Draw the implications of the OBE principles in teaching in the teaching-learning
process
Introduction
CHED Memo 46. S. 2012 mandates outcomes-based education (OBE) standards for higher
education institutions. The Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum, more popularly called the K to 12
Curriculum of the Department of Education, introduced content standards, performance standards
and competencies in the K to 12 Curriculum Guide. The Technical Education Skills Development
Authority used competency standards in its Training Regulations long before CHED talked about
OBE and before DepEd introduced its K to 12 standards and competencies. What is OBE? Are
standards, outcomes and competency standards the same? Is it necessary for us to go to OBE?
Why? Does OBE have any disadvantage? Let's find out in this Chapter.
Meaning of OBE
OBE stands for outcomes-based education. As the name implies, it is an education that is
anchored and focused on outcomes. It is a student-centered approach to education that focuses
on the intended learning outcomes resulting from instruction (Nicholson, 2011). It is an approach in
planning, delivering and assessing instruction. It is concerned with planning instruction that is
focused on outcomes, choosing the methodology that leads to the intended outcomes and an
assessment process that determines the attainment of intended outcomes (See Figure 1).
Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Identifying desired
outcomes
Deciding on strategies and
Determining assessment measures for
methodologies to achieve
the achievement of outcomes
those outcomes
Figure 1
OBE as an Approach
Learning Principles of OBE
Spady (1994) gave four basic principles:
1. Clarity of focus
Teachers must begin with the end clearly in mind. Teachers must be clearly focused on
what they want students to know, understand and be able to do. In other words, teachers
should focus on helping students to develop the knowledge and skills that will enable
them to achieve the articulated intended outcomes.
2. Designing down
Once the intended outcomes are clear, teachers now design instruction. As Figure 1
shows, the instructional design includes designing assessment tasks.
3. High expectations
It means that teachers should establish high, challenging standards of performance in order
to encourage students to engage deeply in what they are learning. Helping students to
achieve high standards is linked very closely with the idea that successful learning promotes
more successful learning.
4. Expanded opportunities
Teachers must strive to provide expanded opportunities for all students. This principle is
based on the idea that not all learners can learn the same thing in the same way and in the
same time. However, most students can achieve high standards if they are given appropriate
opportunities.
Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Meaning of Outcomes
What are outcomes? Outcomes are the end targets of OBE. Various authors claim
outcomes as:
1) clear learning results that learners have to demonstrate, what learners can
actually do with what they know and have learned (Butler, 2004),
2) "actions, products, performances that embody and reflect a learner's
competence in using content, information, ideas and tools successfully" (Geyser,
1999),
3) culminating demonstration of learning, not curriculum content (Spady, 1994).
These definitions of "outcomes" imply that the knowledge that you learn about
principles of teaching does not qualify as outcomes. The outcome is what you can actually
do with what you have learned about principles of teaching. Your demonstration teaching
or microteaching where you apply the principles of teaching that you learned will be the
outcome.
Spady made use of two terms, namely, exit outcomes and enabling outcomes. Exit
outcomes are the "big" outcomes while the enabling outcomes are the "small" outcomes.
The attainment of the small outcomes leads to the attainment of the "big" outcomes which
we used to call terminal outcomes.
Enabling Outcome-to explain
the principles of teaching
Science Exit Outcome to apply the
principles of teaching science
with the use of an
appropriate method in a
demonstration teaching
Enabling Outcome - to choose
an appropriate teaching
method
Figure 2. Enabling Outcomes Leading to the Exit Outcome
Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
