Mechanic Of Materials

Midterm

Study Guides

Contents:
• Stress, Strain, Stress-Strain plots, Factor of safety
• Poisson’s ratio, Young and Shear Modulus, Shear strain
• Saint Venant principles, Deflection of the rod due to stress, Deflection due to the
thermal expansion.
• Torsion, Power transmission, Coil spring
• Combined loadings : Pressure vessels

Tomorrow /Sunday)
-
Calculation involve Scientific notation

-
Quiz review

-
Additional exercise problems
Saturday
-
Final review
(1) Stress, Strain, Stress-Strain Graph
What is stress and strain?

Stress (ความเค้น) =
• measure the intensity of the force to the object.
• measure of the internal force an object experiences per unit area
when subjected to an external force.
Strain (ความเครียด) =
• measure of the deformation of an object when subjected to stress.

Deformation (การเปลี่ยนรูปร่างของวัสดุ) = refers to the change in shape or

size of an object due to an applied force or a change in temperature.

Type of stress
Normal stress: the direction of the deforming force is perpendicular to the cross-
sectional area of the body.

Tensile stress: when forces pull on an object and cause it’s elongation, like the
stretching of a rubber hand.

Compressive stress: when forces cause a compression of an object.

Bulk stress: when an object is being squeezed from all sides

Shear stress: when deforming forces act tangentially to the object’s surface.

Bearing stress: two elastic bodies are forced together.

Formula: Difference between normal stress and shear stress?

Normal stress: - - A

F
Shear stress: ↑ =

A
DF
I
A
Strain
Normal strain: if the force applied to both end of the object. Then the object is elongated
by the displacement in the axial direction
l L
G
-

Formula: E
=
=

Lo

Lateral strain: if the tension force applied to both end of the object with diameter D. The object is
elongated in the axial direction and the object shrinks by ΔD in the transversal direction.
- &D
Formula: Elateral
:

Lateral strain: if the compression force applied to both end of the object with diameter D. The object
is elongated in the axial direction and the object increase by ΔD in the transversal direction.
&D
Formula: Elateral D

Poisson’s ratio
The relationship between Lateral strain and Normal strain can be found by using the Poisson‘s ratio

-
Elateral
2 =
Formula: Enormal Range of Poisson’s ratio: & <U <0 S .

For metal, the Poisson’s ratio are x = 0 . 3

typically….

Shear strain

Formula:
Factor of safety

ultimate stress

For brittle material… The factor of safety is… allowable stress

yield stress

On the other hand, for the ductile materials…. allowable stress

F S > 1
The factor of safety is chosen to be greater than…
.

What is ductile and brittle materials?

Ductile: Glass ceramic other non-metal object

, ,

Brittle: Metal

Young’s modulus Formula:

E =
8

Shear modulus Formula:

G =,

Relationship between Young’s modulus, Shear modulus and Formula: G =

2 x)
Poisson’s ratio
+

· max
Stress concentration Formula:
k =
Onormal
Stress-Strain graph Proportional limit: the point that marks the end of the linear region of
the graph, where stress is directly proportional to the strain.

Yield stress: the point where the object change from elastic behavior
to plastic behavior.

Special case: brittle materials

To calculate the young modulus by using the graph.

Formula: E =

8
To calculate the strain for elastic recovery

Formula: Erez
max

To calculate the permanent set of the bar

Formula: Emax-Ere

To calculate the change in length

Formula: & =

Lo Epermanent

According to the elastic-plastic behavior, if we

applied the force to make the object elongate
again. The proportional limit will equal to the
maximum stress of the object that was firstly
loaded.
(2) Pressure Vessel

Thin walled tube / Cylindrical vessels

circumference stress Normal stress

- Ar D ~ pr
Formula:
=
I

& t I 2
2t

↓
-=> z
82 =
Spherical vessels
↳ 202 =
=

Formula:
= I

Exercise 5

Cylindrical vessels

din=
*
1 2m
-> V
.
=
I = 0 8m
.

t =
12 mm

50 =

P -> 140 MPa = Pro . dm)

10 812m)
.

↳p =
10 , 012m)/110x10a)
10 0m)
.

P =

2 8 .
MPa
(3) Axial load
Saint-Venant Principle

Saint-Venant principle is used to describe the behavior of loads and stresses in an axially loaded member. It
asserts that the stress measured at any point on an axially loaded cross section is uniform if it is far enough
away from the point of load application.

One good example is when a point load is applied to a surface, the stress is concentrated at the
point of application, causing it to stretch.

Deflection due to the normal stress

FL
Formula: G =
AE

Formula: 8 = I EIE

Deflection due to the thermal stress

Formula: ST =

x& TLo

Formula: T
=

Ex1T
 Unit for "T" is N . m

Solid tube
(4) Torsion ↑max : 18 T
OR
488P
d x2 d n

Angle of twist metal

For any
32TL G
=
82 MPa
8 : ad G

Polar moment of inertia /Ip /optional)

Ip : Er
Hollow tube where
10Td d'= Outer
↑max' diameter
3
d-d )
·

d= inner diameter
8 : 32TL

* G(d"+ -
dY

Ip :
Err) /Optional)
⑮

rotational
Power transmission p =

I where "T" is a
torque
and "w" is a

velocity .

Note: most of the given rotational velocity are in rpm units, but we should convert to rad/s

rad / min
rads
2x
W
n
=

n
rpm =
X > W =

I rev 60 S

Coil spring ·
T =

Pu =
2 xP
68

D
Shear stress distribution · Y 8W
=

To calculate the

spring constant (k)

Displacement of coil spring
· 8 =
SDIN
ik Gd
Gd4
=

How to calculate the mean diameter (D) 8D3

D = Outer diameter - Wire diameter OR Inner diameter + Wire diameter

 Mechanics of Materials Exercise 13
材料力学演習 13

(Q1) A portion of the stress–strain curve for a stainless steel alloy

is shown. A 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 long bar is loaded in tension until it
elongates 𝟐.𝟎𝒎𝒎, and then the load is removed. Roughly
estimate the following values from the graph: (a) permanent set
in the bar, (b) length of the unloaded bar, (c) elastic limit after
reloading.

(Q2) A circular rod made of steel is designed. The rod is

subjected to the tensile load of 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵 at the maximum. The yield
strength and tensile strength of the steel are 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂 and
𝟒𝟏𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂, respectively. Find the diameter of the rod. Use the factor of safety of 𝟒.

(Q3) A solid circular rod is subjected to an axial load of 𝑷=𝟐𝟖𝟓𝒌𝑵. The diameter of the rod is 𝒅=𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎, and its
length is 𝑳=𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎. After load 𝑷 is applied, the elongation of the rod is 𝜹=𝟑.𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎, and its diameter becomes
𝒅’=𝟐𝟗.𝟗𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒎. Determine (a) Young’s modulus, (b) Poisson’s ratio

(Q4) Two solid cylindrical rods (1) and (2) are joined
together at flange 𝑩 and loaded as shown in the figure.
The diameter of rod (1) is 𝒅𝟏=𝟐𝟒𝒎𝒎 and the
diameter of rod (2) is 𝒅𝟐=𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎. Determine the
normal stresses in rods (1) and (2).

(Q5) A bar A with 𝑨𝟏, 𝑬𝟏, 𝜶𝟏 and two bars B with 𝑨𝟐, 𝑬𝟐, 𝜶𝟐 are connected in
parallel as shown in the figure. The three bars have a same initial length 𝒍. When
temperature increases by 𝚫𝑻℃, the length is changed by 𝚫𝒍. Calculate the stress
produced in each bar.
-

(Q6) A steel circular rod with the length of 𝟏𝒎 is subjected to a torque 𝑻=𝟕𝒌𝑵∙𝒎.
Under the condition that the rotation angle must not exceed 𝜽=𝟎.𝟑°, find the
diameter of the rod. Use 𝑮=𝟖𝟐𝑮𝑷𝒂 as the shear modulus of the steel.

Student Number Name