Assessment of Road Maintenance Practices and Administration

Approaches: A case study in Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia

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Daniel Shewatatek*
*Civil Engineering, Dire Dawa University Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

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Abstract: Aiming to assess the pavement maintenance experience in Dire Dawa City this research has
been discussed about the possible road distress, their causes of occurrence, problems, basic aims of
maintenance, the approaches of pavement maintenance management system in the city and possible
improvement measure for the case. The research has used questionnaire and interview questions for
quantified staffs’ samples from Dire Dawa Road Authority, maintenance work contractors, from consultant

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and university lecturers in related fields. As a result, based on the data collected and the manual of United
States transportation, drainage problems, road walkway problems, patch deterioration, polished aggregate,

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raveling, fatigue cracking, rutting, non-wheel path, wheel path, potholes, transverse cracking, and shoving
are significant pavement distresses and problems in Dire Dawa City (DDC), are accepted with more than
50% of respondents. The overflow traffic volume (97.06% acceptance rate), design problem (76.47%) are
the leading causes. However, the effectiveness of DDC road maintenance management system was
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positively accepted to 64% which uses visual survey, destructive testing for road condition data collection
tools and Microsoft offices for the analysis of data. In fact, there is strong experience in releasing
maintenance project for bidders through open tendering or a trend to construct using the authority’s resource
(manpower, professionals and labours) by itself. Collaborative efforts of universities, colleges, research
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consultants and road authority is detected as very important line to improve condition survey, analysis and
management practices of pavement maintenance system in the city.

1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the study
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Ethiopia is under developing country that founds at eastern part of Africa. Referring World Bank Ethiopian road
sector report of 2015, (Hassan, 2018) has described that the country was participating in increasing road networks
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and throughout the years, it has approximately 6,400km road in 1951, 46,812km road in 2010 and 85,966km road
in 2015. His research has categorized Ethiopia as the only best country in Africa with good maintenance
management culture in construction. However, in specific perspective of road network, the report of (RTA, 2014)
described Ethiopian road network as ‘out of the shadow of poor road network’ and probed that road maintenance in
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Ethiopia is backlogged practice before decades and it is under lack of inclusive approach. However, Ethiopia has
established road fund model and reformation plan in 1997 to minimize road maintenance issues and related
economic problems. But, road maintenance practice and concentration is increasing highly in the country. The study
of (Eyob, 2022) referring Dana and Hitcon Consulting Engineering study (hired by Ethiopian Road Administration
to conduct research on condition of federal roads) numerically interpreted that 74% and 86% of paved and unpaved
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road respectively are not in upright condition. Out of these percentage 37% and 38% of paved and unpaved road
respectively are totally not in safe condition for driving vehicles with passengers’ comfort and vehicles damage.
This study is focused on the previously conducted and currently ongoing road maintenance practices in Dire Dawa
City Administration. The causes of road deterioration, road distresses, practices of road maintenance method in the
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city and problems faced during maintenance has been discussed in this project.

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4305472
 2. Literature Review
1.2. Problem Identification
Pavement condition of operation can be maintained
Road Projects in Dire Dawa City has faced for different through technical and related administrative operations.

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failures. There is a need to identify causes of road Maintenance does not entail improving the asset; rather,
failures and problems to obstruct maintainability plan it means applying minor reconstruction to pavement
and design where necessary. Moreover, road sections and conditions, such as extending or addressing
maintenance is very sensitive in land use, comfortable shoulder problems, along with repairs. If there is no
(RTA, 2014) service provision, climate change and maintenance, roads can quickly deteriorate, leading to

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types of materials used for maintenance. According to increased expenditures, decreased road operation
(Hassan, 2018), road maintenance in Africa countries conveniences, increased operation time, reliability
remains inadequate because of lack of appropriate problems, and security issues (Harvey, 2012).
financial funding. Road distresses like structural According to the study of (Dodson, 2021), road
deformation, surface defect (surface weathering, maintenance is key to manage road networks in the way
cracking, patch and potholes), and road condition of providing economic and material resource access
problems are contributing factors detected in Dire Dawa with minimizing environmental impact on pavements.

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city roads. Weather impact, heavy and largely loaded The study (Hassan, 2018) & (Hawzheen Karim, 2008)
trucks traffic flow, drainage problems and types of road on Road maintenance in Africa, was conducted and

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constructed are very considerable factors for road utilizing using a technique known as change analysis
maintenance plan and implementation. However, the which entails complimentary steps for the analysis of
maintenance approaches and management practices of issues, procedures, and objectives in order to pinpoint
Dire Dawa Road Authority, is not identified changes that are required. Road maintenance practice in
scientifically. This research is proposed to assess the Addis Ababa city that implemented by Addis Ababa
considerable impact of these factors on road City Road Authority’s (AACRA) is implemented after
maintenance practices.
er traffic safety and protection of passengers and
properties becomes provided as prioritization
1.3. Objectives requirements (Nuredin, 2016). Road distresses
(failures), according to the research of (Agidew, 2017)
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The study aims to evaluate the current road maintenance
and US department of Transportation manual (FHWA,
approaches and management schemes in Dire Dawa
2014) can be categorized as cracking, Patch &
City, Ethiopia, by identifying the root cause for
potential failure and current road maintenance system Potholes, deformation, defect, and Miscellaneous
with asphalt pavement road. distresses.

Table 1: Standards for Distresses of pavement with Asphalt Concrete surfacing baseline manual
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Distresses of pavement with Asphalt Concrete surfacing

Measure Rating
Type of distresses Considered when
Category ment High medium Low
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Fatigue Cracking m2 (A) >0.3m transverse >0.3m slightly spalled Not evident
Block Cracking 2
m (A) 0.1 to 10 m2 width >19mm width >6 & ≤19 width ≤6
Cracking

Edge cracking ml 0.6m edge to shoulder >10% cover Up to 10% cover No breakup
Longitudinal ml > 0.3m width >19mm width >6 & ≤19 mean w≤6
Reflection at joints m2 / ml width >19mm width >6 & ≤19 mean w≤6
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Transverse ml > 0.3m width >19mm width >6 & ≤19 mean w≤6
Patch Deterioration m2 >12mm >6, <12mm add < 6
Pot
hol
Pat
ch

es
&

Potholes m2 & no > 0.02 m² >5 cm 2.5cm - 5cm <2.5cm

deformati Rutting ml (d) at 15.25m difference It is more repeatable than severity rating level
on Shoving No of occurrence in m2 Shall be determined by its relative effect
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Bleeding m2 Any bleeding presence is potential problem

Surfac

defect

Polished aggregate m2 Any degree reduces surface friction

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Raveling m2 Any sign indicates potential mixture problem

Lane to lane
Not According to the measurement taken
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Miscellan shoulder drop-off

eous Water bleeding & No &
Varies according to moisture condition
pumping ml

Source: US department of Transportation (2014), Distress manual

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 In addition to that the study of (Kenea, Kumar, study is focused on management approaches practices
Singh, Chala, & Chimdi, 2021), road distresses had of road maintenance in the city, samples are considered
includes road condition problems like; traffic to be all informed populations (professionals and labour
forces) of Dire Dawa Road Authority, consultant expert,

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controlling posts, signalized intersection lights,
pedestrian walkway problems and drainage involved university instructors and awarded constructor
professionals which are counted as 57. So that, sample
problems. The report of (Harvey, 2012) that size is purposively taken purposive sampling method
released by International Transport forum and the and the sample size accordingly is 57.
report of (Mohamed & Binti, 2010), road

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maintenance may be done in routine, periodic 3.2. Data Source and collection
and/or urgent situations based on governmental
interest and environmental effect of distresses. The data for this study would primarily obtained from
questionnaire, interview and observations while
However, some studies concluded that most of
secondary data previously implemented maintenance
African countries do not insure sustainability for practices are available documents (reports, design
road infrastructures and due to the case road are review, contract agreement, draft and design

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highly affected increasingly and deteriorations are documents). Primary data were collected through
noticeable through visual detection (Hassan, 2018) questionnaire and face-to-face interview while the

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& (Hauer, 2015). The World bank road conditions secondary source of data has been collected
report generalized road conditions as; good, fair, or through reviewing and examining legal documents,
bad surface safety, flaws, the level of maintenance and reports.
requirements and an opposed to dirt roads
(Worldbank, 2008) & (M Rashid, 2017). The er 4. Result and Discussion
research of Gupta also determined significant The analysis of collected data was organized using
factors (causes) for performance of road as; traffic tabulated and chart-based presentations for the Dire
volume, construction quality, moisture content and Dawa Road Maintenance practice and management
maintenance practice itself (A.K.Gupta, 2013) and system. The research findings were reflected from the
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road condition can be surveyed through visual data collected using questionnaire and interview. The
survey, non-destructive testing, and destructive questionnaire used for this study data surveys was
testing methods (Agidew, 2017). divided into two parts, in which the first part is aimed
3. Methodology to collect participants’ personal information and
the second part focused on road maintenance
Study Area: The study is being carried out in Dire
related questions. For the study of the points listed in
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Dawa City, found in the eastern part of Ethiopia and

the questionnaire, all information and data from
also known as the "queen city of the desert cities in
participants who replied have been taken into
Ethiopia which is shown in the figure, Figure 1, below.
consideration. Only key informants are taken into
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account to respond for the question and interview as

were front-row positions and experienced with Road
Authority and maintenance management and practice.
4.1. Respondents information & response
rate
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Table 2: Respondents information and response rate

Identification Participants Sex

category Male Female
Gender Sex 42 15
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Figure 1: Map of DDC (Source: google map, Nov, below Diploma 1 0

2022) Diploma 8 2
Education
degree 21 9
3.1. Population and sample Masters & above 12 4
18 – 25
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The population for this project study, is the total number 7 3

of professional (highway related) and labour employees 25 – 30 22 8
in Dire Dawa Road Authority, professional experts Age 31 – 40 11 3
hired on the side of consultant, technical assistants for 41 – 50 3 0
road projects and Dire Dawa University instructors > 50 0 0
(from related fields) in the city. In this case, since the Response Non-responded 2 1

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 As shown in the table above, Table 2, 73.69% of Respondents having age below 30, 24.56% between 30
participants are male and 26.31% participants are years and 40 years, and 5.26% respondents has received
female with gender category. In the sense of education questionnaire. However, among distributed 57

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level, respondents of 1.75% below diploma, 17.54% questionnaires, 54 respondents had sent back their
diploma, 52.63% first degree and 28.07% master degree responses leads to 91.89% response rate.
were participated in questionnaire. Around 70.18% of
4.2. Effectiveness of previous maintenance management

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Dire Dawa Road Maintenance system
KEYS
24% 29%
Very effective
12%
Effective

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35% Not Sure
Ineffective

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Figure 2: Effectiveness of maintenance management in DDC

Discussion: As the result shown with the figure above, er respondents, 24% of respondents agreed that
Figure 2, and considering ‘very effective’ and maintenance management system is not effective yet
‘effective alternatives as positive response, Dire Dawa and the system needs to get collaborative support from
Road Authority has positively 64% effectiveness academic and technical institutions to reach its
towards pavement maintenance management system in appreciable point.
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the city. However, excluding 12% ‘non-sure’

4.3. Asphalt pavement failure and problems

4.3.1.The occurrence of road failures (problems) in DDC roads
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90 Occurance of road failure/problems in DDC

75
Percentage of response

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60 KEYS

45 Highly

30 Medium
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Low
15
0
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Crackings, Patchs, deformation, defects & conditions

Figure 3: : Dire Dawa City asphalt pavement failure occurrence response
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Distresses of Asphalt Concrete surfacing, structures, chart and tabulated presentation and analysis is done
and conditions categorized as: cracking, patches and using the response as result and US department of
potholes, surface deformations and surface defect, and transportation for the analysis/discussion of data (See
miscellaneous cracking are presented using excel bar Figure 3 above).

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 Summary of Positivity and Negativity of response
120

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100
percentage of response 80 KEYS
60
Positive
40 response

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20
0 Negative
response

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Figure 4: Acceptance rate (Positivity & Negativity) of Asphalt road failure and problems
Discussion: Considering the responses recorded as (91.18%), patch deterioration (88.24%), polished
‘high occurrence’ and ‘medium occurrence’ as positive aggregate (88.24%), raveling (82.35%), fatigue
responses and ‘low occurrence; as negative response, as cracking (82.35%), rutting (82.35%), non-wheel path
shown on the figure 3 above, the first twelve (12) (79.41%), wheel path (76.47%), potholes (55.88%),
asphalt pavement road problems in Dire Dawa City has
highly visualized ranges. These are: drainage problems
er transverse (52.94%), and shoving (52.94%). (See
Figure 4 above). Accordingly, significant road failure
(97.06% positive acceptance), road walkway problems and problems are as specified in table below, Table 3
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Table 3: Significant road failures and problems in DDC respect to US Standard

Type of distresses and

Discussion using response and US transportation manual
problems
Road drainage problems Vey significantly affected road problem
Road side walkway problems Material, functionality and unpermitted practices
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Patch Deterioration Road deteriorated signs of rutting >6mm length covered area
Polished aggregate Presence of Surface binder worn away to expose CA
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Raveling Wearing away of the pavement surface

subjected to repeated traffic loadings (wheel paths) crack developed into many
Fatigue Cracking
sides with slightly spalled to >0.3m
Rutting None tolerable longitudinal repeatable depressed surface
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Non-wheel & wheel path Cracks parallel to pavement centerline with width >6mm
Potholes Occurrence of bowl-shaped holes of various sizes with minimum 2.5cm
Transverse cracking Cracks perpendicular to pavement centerline width >6mm
Shoving Occurrence of displacement of a localized area of the pavement surface
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Source: Extracted problems from questionnaire responses and respective discussion using US manual
4.4. Causes and Problem related to Asphalt pavement failure in DDC
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The causes asphalt pavement failures are issues with depressions, and damaged edges are the most frequent
design, craftsmanship, inter-paving, and surface water road distresses that are seen in many road failures
drainage. Cracks, potholes, rutting, raveling,

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 4.4.1. Possible cause of road failure and problems

Table 4: Possible causes of road failure and problems (%)

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It. Strongly Strongly
Causes Agree Neutral Disagree
No Agree disagree
1 Over traffic flow 64.71 32.35 2.94 0.00 0.00

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2 Type of pavements itself 35.29 35.29 5.88 11.76 11.76
3 Design Problem 32.35 44.12 5.88 14.71 2.94
4 Material Quality 14.71 26.47 32.35 14.71 11.76
5 Ground water level 14.71 5.88 14.71 44.12 20.59
6 Weather condition 26.47 23.53 14.71 23.53 11.76
7 Environment & community 38.24 29.41 14.71 5.88 11.76

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8 Lack of management 26.47 41.18 29.41 2.94 0.00

Source: From the questionnaire and interview data

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Discussion: as the result indicates, the three main road intersection), and type of pavement itself (specially
caused of road deterioration and problems for Dire MACADAM type) which are positively supported by
Dawa city are; over flow traffic (above designed respondents with 97.06%, 76.47% and 70.595
volume of vehicles), Design problems (drainage, traffic er respectively.
volume forecasting, pavement type recommendation,

4.4.2. Problems faced with planning or maintenance stage of pavements in DDC

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Management related Problems
90
percentage of response

75
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60

45
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30
Keys
15
Positive response
0
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Neutral

Negative response
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Figure 5: Positivity of responses for the problems faced with DDRA

Discussion: through asphalt pavement maintenance delay in construction, poor data collection practices,
management practices, the most influential problem poor quality construction and lack of enough funding
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faced is market inflation which is positively accepted are responded as acceptable problems with 88.24%,
with 94.12%. In sequence, delay in report and payment, 79.41%, 76.47%, 67.65% and 50% respectively.

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 4.5. Aims, Approaches and project releasing approach for DDC road maintenance projects
4.5.1. Aims of road maintenance in DDC

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Table 5: Aims of maintenance

Aims of maintenance

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It. 100

Codes
Aim & necessity Yes No 80
No
60 Keys
1 Reducing Deterioration A 100.00 0.00
40 Yes
2 Lowering Operating Costs B 70.59 29.41
20 No
Keeping closed Roads to C 23.53 76.47
3

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be Opened 0
To improve safety of D A B C D
4 91.18 8.82 Codes of variable

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passenger and vehicles
Figure 6: Chart for aim response
Discussion: According to result shown above (Table 5 & 4.5.2.Approaches of pavement condition survey
Figure 6), the main aim of Dire Dawa Road Authority,
Road maintenance department is to reduce deterioration er This section has been considered and dependent based
as general and primary purpose. However, following on the interview responses of twelve (12) respondents,
deterioration reduction improving safety of vehicle, and who were direct responsible and informed about the
lowering vehicle operational cost are dependent purposes issue, since it was management practice and experience
of maintenance. Since there are no closed road sections based question regarding to the previous trends
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due to maintenance problem, opening closed road
sections is not that much considered aim.

Approach of Road condition survey & analysis tools

100 2.94
90 5.88
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23.53
80
Percentage of acceptance

70
60 79.41 85.29
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50 94.12 97.06
40 76.47
30
20
20.59
10 14.71
0
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Using special
Non Destructive Destructive using microsoft
Visual survey software for
Testing Data Testing offices
analysis
No 5.88 79.41 23.53 85.29 2.94
Yes 94.12 20.59 76.47 14.71 97.06
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Figure 7: Road condition survey practice in Dire Dawa city

Discussion: as the result implication Dire Dawa road methods as a tools of data surveying. Collected road
authority has an experience of using visual survey and condition data were practiced into analysis using
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destructive testing (Damage pavement layer and taking Microsoft offices rather than using special software
samples like: dynamic cone penetration, modulus of developed for survey & analysis. In fact, design
elasticity) methods for the collection of road failure and department was being using software like civil 3D,
problems data. However, it doesn’t have an encouraging AUTOCaD, ETABS, Sidra, eagle point and SAAP
experience towards using non*destructive (Such as: software. Very important software like, VISIM
Ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic testing)
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 4.5.3. Pavement maintenance releasing approach
road construction biddings and heavy maintenance
Discussion: Mentioning several document as evidence projects through open tendering. However, the authority

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for the authority project delivery systems, all also has an experience to implement non-large projects
interviewees of this project from Dire Dawa Road by itself through its’ equipment, already employed labor
Authority and familiar consultancy experts assured that and expert forces.
the authority has an experience to release new project
4.6. Possible solutions to improve Asphalt pavement maintenance system

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Table 6: Possible road maintenance system improvements

It.
Possible remedial measure SA A NS D SD
No
1 Recruiting more number of professional 5.88 14.71 11.76 23.53 44.12
2 Developing human resource through training 41.18 52.94 0.00 5.88 0.00

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3 Using modern pavement condition survey tools (equipment 35.29 61.76 2.94 0.00 0.00
and software)

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4 Use computerized management system 26.47 38.24 29.41 2.94 2.94

5 Studying for road condition for the purpose of prioritization 32.35 44.12 23.53 0.00 0.00
and funding
6 Strengthening collaboration with related sectors (university, 23.53 38.24 5.88 14.71 17.65
colleges, …)
7 Improving MACADAM towards AC
er 8.82 14.71 38.24 32.35 5.88
8 Additional route provision for heavy vehicles 17.65 44.12 5.88 26.47 5.88
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Where: SA=Strongly Agree, A=Agree, NS=Not sure, D=Disagree, SD=Strongly Disagree

Discussion: road maintenance management system ordering and funding (76.5%), applying
can be improved through different strategical computerized road maintenance management
points application. In this regard, as shown in the system (64.7%), Strengthening collaboration with
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Table 6, using modern pavement condition survey related sectors like; university, and colleges
equipment and software (97.1% positive response), (61.8%), and providing additional routes for
developing human resource through experience unconsidered heavy vehicles path (61.8%) are
sharing and professional trainings (94.1%), positively accepted and recommended remedial
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prioritizing road failure and problems through measures

conducting official study for the purpose of

4.7. Road Maintenance Cycle

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Road Road Condition Road Road

inventory Survey Prioritization maintenance
plan
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Acceptance & Tender evaluation

closing
Financial Measurement Progress report Contract
Progress & payment
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Figure 8: Road Maintenance cycle (Taken from Authority’s Work plan)

Discussion: According to the organization's road maintenance plan documents and pavement maintenance
department work breakdown structure (secondary data examination), the cyclic management structure used for
carrying out road maintenance work seems as shown with the chart above, Figure 8.

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 5. Conclusion better results. It is virtuous to enable the authority to
develop analysis software like toolkit and other special
Road maintenance is essential for managing road software to evaluate the severity of the pavement
networks so that to make driving vehicle in safe distresses and computer-aided pavement maintenance

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condition and economically. It was occurred because management methods so that road maintenance work
of the quality of material, environmental impact, and management can do more efficient work following
construction management system. The planning and computerized methods. It was also very
design process by the Road Administration has deep recommendable if further researchers will try to
focus on maintenance-related initiatives to oversee develop computerized pavement management system

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road condition survey practices, causes of pavement for the city and if they will have an economic
failures, resources available for maintenance aims, the assessment regarding to road maintenance
approaches of maintenance and feasibility of management approaches to draw an important
maintenance projects. This project, which intends to feasibility information that helps to develop
evaluate the pavement maintenance experience, has economical strategies for further maintenance plans.
covered the fundamental maintenance goals, 7. References
approaches, management system, and potential

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improvement measures for Dire Dawa City (DDC) A.K.Gupta. (2013). Pavement deterioration and its
Road Authority. According to the data gathered and cause. International journal of innovative

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based on the US transportation manual, significant research.
pavement distresses and problems in DDC are drainage Agidew, D. (2017). Assessment of Road Maintenance
issues, road walkway issues, patch deterioration, Management Practices of Addis Ababa City Road
polished aggregate, raveling, fatigue cracking, rutting, Authority (AACRA). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:
non-wheel path, wheel path, potholes, transverse er Addis Ababa Science and University.
cracking, and shoving, which are accepted by more
than 50% of respondents. Over designed flow of traffic Dodson, E. M. (2021). Challenges in Forest Road
volume, design problems, and type of pavement itself Maintenance in North America.
are also potential causes accepted with more than 70%
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of respondents. With respect to the problem faced with Eyob, E. (2022). Identification of Problems on Road
planning and constriction stages of maintenance, Maintenance and Assessment of the Effects of
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Dire Dawa Road Authority has acceptable effective the case of Federal Roads of Ethiopia) . Addis
road maintenance management system both in Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.
releasing projects for eligible bidder and constructing
projects using its own resources. FHWA, U. T. (2014). Distress identification
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6. Recommendations Mannual: For long term pavement performace

program. Washington DC.: US department of
Various stakeholders need to be focused on monitoring
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projects. In this respect, Dire Dawa Roads Authority, Harvey, M. O. (2012). Optimising Road
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This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4305472
 Oromia, Ethiopia. Materials Science and Nuredin, S. (2016). Assessment of Traffic
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Mohamed, & Binti, N. W. (2010). Road Maintenance Worldbank. (2008). The World Bank annual report

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er
pe
ot
tn
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ep
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This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4305472