Static and Dynamic
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Prof. Dr. Noridah Mohamad
Sem 1 2020/2021
Introduction to static
• Mechanics can be defined as that branch of the
physical sciences concern with the state of rest or
motion of bodies that are subjected to the action
forces.
• Basic mechanics is composed of two principal
areas:
• Static
• Deal with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that
are either at rest or move with a constant velocity
• Dynamic
• Concern with the accelerated motion of bodies.
Fundamental concept
• Basic terms
• Length
• needed to locate the position of a point in space and
thereby describe the size of a physical system.
• once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then
quantitatively define distances and geometric properties of a
body as multiples of the unit length.
• Space
• the geometry region occupied by bodies whose positions are
described by linear and angular measurement relative to
a coordinate system.
• for three-dimensional problems three independent
coordinates are needed.
• for two-dimensional problems only two coordinates will
required.
• Time
• the measure of the succession of event and is a basic
quantity in dynamics
• not directly involved in the analysis of static problems
• Mass
• a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a
change of velocity.
• can be regarded as the quantity of matter in a body.
• the property of every body by which it experiences mutual
attraction to other bodies.
• Force
• the action of one body on another.
• tends to move a body in the direction of its action.
• the action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by
the direction of its action, and by its points of application.
• Particle
• has a mass, but a size that can be neglected.
• Example: the size of the earth is significant compared to the
size of its orbit, therefore the earth can be modeled as a
particle when studying its orbital motion.
• when the object is idealized as a particle, the principles of
mechanics reduce to a rather simplified form since the
geometry of the body will not involved in the analysis of the
problem.
• Rigid body
• can be considered as a combination of a large number of
particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed distance
from one another both before and after applying a load.
• as the result, the material properties of any that is assumed
to be rigid will not have to considered when analyzing the
forces acting on the body.
• in most cases the actual deformation occurring in structures,
machines, mechanisms, and the like are relatively small, and
the rigid-body assumption is suitable for analysis.
• Conversion factors
Newton’s three laws of motion
• First law
• A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will
remain at a uniform speed in a straight line, unless it is acted
on by an imbalanced force.
F1 F2
F3
• Second Law
• A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force, F experiences
acceleration, a that has the same direction as the force and
magnitude that is proportional to the force
• If F is applied to a particle of mass, m, this law may be
expressed mathematically as
F = ma
F
a
Accelerated motion
• Third Law
• For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction..
force of A on B
A B
F R
Action - Reaction
force of B on A
Newton’s law of gravitational
attraction
• Gravitational attraction between any two particles is govern after
formulating Law of motion
• Where
F = force of gravitation between the two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation; according to
experimental evidence,
m1,m2= mass of each of the two particle
r = distance between the two particles
Weight
• What is the different between Mass and Weight?
• The relationship between mass and weight can be expressed
• develop an approximate expression for finding the weight, W of a
particle having a mass m1 = m
⦿ Assume the earth to be a non-rotating sphere of constant density
and having a mass m2 = Me, then if r is the distance between the
earth’s center and the particle, we have
Letting, yields
g = 9.807 m/s2
so
Units of measurement
• Mechanic deal with four fundamental quantities
• Length
• Mass
• Force
• Time
Units and symbols in Two system
• SI units
• International system of units
• Newton (N)
• Force in Newtons (N) is derived from F=ma
1kg
Force?
• Solution
(g=9.81m/s2)
• US Customary
• The unit of mass, called a slug, is derived from F = ma.
• Newton (N)
• Force in Newtons (N) is derived from F=ma
1slug
• Solution mass?
(g=32.2 ft/sec2)
Conversion factors
Terms U.S Customary S.I metric unit
Length 1 in. = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mile = 1609 m
Area 1 in.2 = 6.45 cm2
1 ft2 = 0.093 m2
1 sq mile = 2.59 km2
Volume 1 in3 = 16.39 cm3
1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3
Capacity 1 qt = 1.136 I
1 gal = 4.546 I
Mass 1 Ib = 0.454 kg
1 slug = 14.6 kg
Velocity 1 in/sec = 0.0254 m/s
1 ft/min = 0.3048 m/s
I mph = 0.447 m/s = 1.61 km/h
Acceleration 1 in./sec2 =0.0254 m/s2
1 ft/sec2 = 0.3048 m/s2
Force 1 Ib = 4.448 N
1 poundal = 0.138 N
Pressure 1 Ib/in.2 = 6.895 kPa
1 Ib/ft2 = 47.88 kPa
Energy 1 ft-Ib = 1.356 J
1 Btu = 1.055 kJ
1 hp-hr = 2.685 MJ
1 watt-hr = 3.6 kJ
Power 1 hp 0.746 kW
Example 1.1
• Convert 2 km/h to m/s and ft/s
Solution
Since 1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 3600 s, the factors of
conversion are arranged in the following order, so that a
cancellation of the units can be applied:
Mathematic requirement
• Algebraic equations with one unknown
• Simultaneous equations with two unknowns
• Quadratic equations
• Trigonometry functions of a right – angle triangle
• Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right angle
triangles.
• Geometry
• Algebraic equations with one unknown
Example 1.2
Solve for x in the equation
• Simultaneous equation
Example 1.3
Solve the simultaneous equations.
• Quadratic equations
Example 1.4
Solve for x in equation
• Trigonometry functions of a right – angle triangle
r
y
• Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right angle triangles
• Triangles that are not right – angle triangles
A β
C
γ α
B
• Side divided by the sine of the angle opposite the side
C α
β γ B
• Right – angle triangle where g = 90o
C α
β γ B
A
• Geometry
• opposite angles are equal when two straight lines intersect
a
d a=b
c c=d
b
• supplementary angles total 1800
a
a + b = 1800
b
• complementary angles total 900
a
a + b = 900
b
• a straight line intersection two parallel lines produces the
following equal angles:
a=b
a c=d
c
b or
d a=b=c=d
• the sum of the interior angles of any triangles equals to 180o
a a + b + c = 1800
b
c
• similar triangles have the same shape
D
θ
A
θ
B
C E
• If AB = 4, AC = 6 and DB = 10, then by proportion
• circle equations:
• Angle θ is defined as one radian when a length of 1 radius is
measured on the circumference.
