INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEM
Wireless Communications – The transmission of user information such as human
voice, digital data, e-mail messages, video and other multimedia services without
the use of wires
History of Wireless Communications
Radio and Television Communications
Radar Communications
Satellite Communications
Wireless and Mobile Communications
Cellular Communications
Advantages of Wireless Communications
Mobility
Increased reliability
Ease of installation
Rapid disaster recovery
Lower cost
Disadvantages of Wireless Communications
Radio signal interference
Security
Health hazards
Wireless Network Generations (Generations of Mobile Communication)
First Generation Analog Cellular Systems (1G)
Second Generation Digital Cellular Systems (2G)
Evolution from 2G to 3G Cellular Networks (2.5G)
Third Generation Digital Cellular Systems (3G)
Fourth Generation Digital Cellular Systems (4G)
Fifth Generation Digital Cellular Systems (5G)
1G
First 1G mobile phone – 1980 in US
Before 1G only radio telephones in cars.
Analog circuit switched technology was used.
FDMA
800-900 MHz frequency bands.
Only voice facility
Eg. AMPS (analog mobile phone system) in North America and TACS (total
access communication system) in Europe.
Limitations of 1G-
1. Supports only speech
2. Low traffic capacity
3. Unreliable handover
4. Long call setup time and frequent call drops
5. Inefficient use of bandwidth and poor battery life
6. Poor voice quality and large phone size
7. Allow users to make voice calls in 1 country only
2G
Digital Cellular systems
Commercial use in 1990
Supports data, speech, FAX, SMS, WAP (Wireless Access Protocol)
890- 960 MHz
(uplink MS to BS 890- 915 MHz) and (downlink BS to MS 935- 960 MHz)
Standards- GSM and IS-95
GSM uses TDMA and IS-95 uses CDMA
Limitations of 2G
1. Provides low data rates ranging from 9.6 Kbps to 28.8 Kbps
2. Circuit switched networks- dedicated sessions causes reduction in usage
of BW and resources.
3. Too many 2G standards- GSM, CDMA, PDC, PHS etc.
2.5G
Interim generation (between 2G and 3G)
Web browsing and email
In 1998, added GPRS (General Packet Radio System)
Enhanced data rates for GPRS evolution (EDGE)
3G
In force from 2000
High speed internet access
Live video communication
Simultaneous data and voice transmission
Multimedia facilities + 2.5G phone
1710- 2170 MHz
High data rates 348 Kbps in a moving vehicle and 3 Mbps in a stationary
MS
Global roaming
Eg. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System
Limitations of 3G
1. High BW requirement
2. High spectrum licensing fees
3. Expensive and bulk size phones
4. Lack of 2G mobile user buy for 3G
5. Lack of network coverage
6. High price of 3G services
4G
Concept developed in 2002, implemented in 2012-2015
Transmission rates 2 Mbps
Very smooth global roaming
Lower cost
Higher data rates 100 Mbps for a roaming mobile device to 1 Gbps to a
stationary device
Video conferencing
Streaming picture perfect video
Modulation techniques used variable spreading factor orthogonal frequency
and code division multiplexing (VSF-OFCDM)
4G-LTE Long Term Evolution
Limitations of 4G
1. Possibility of some interference
2. Capable of being attacked (jamming frequencies)
3. Privacy risked
4. Need to buy a new device to support the 4G
5. Different network bands for different phones
6. Expensive & hard to implement
5G
Yet to be implemented
The 5G technology is expected to provide a new (much wider than 4G)
frequency bands along with the wider spectral bandwidth per frequency
channel.
5G is also advanced in terms of
High increased peak bit rate
Larger data volume per unit area (i.e. high system spectral efficiency)
High capacity to allow more devices connectivity concurrently and
instantaneously
Lower battery consumption
Better connectivity irrespective of the geographic region, in which you are
A larger number of supporting devices
Lower cost of infrastructural development
Higher reliability of the communications
Practically possible to avail the super speed i.e. 1 to 10 Gbps.
1,000x bandwidth per unit area.
Feasibility to connect 10 to 100 number of devices.
Worldwide coverage.
About 90% reduction in network energy usage.
Battery life will be much longer.
The whole world will be in a wi-fi zone.
Advantages of 5G Technology
Technology to gather all networks on one platform.
More effective and efficient.
Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision tools for quick action.
Most likely, it will provide huge broadcasting data (in Gigabit), which will
support more than 60,000 connections.
Easily manageable with the previous generations.
Technological sound to support heterogeneous services (including private
networks).
Possible to provide uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity
across the world.
Disadvantages of 5G Technology
Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.
The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in the
future, it might be) because of the incompetent technological support in most
parts of the world.
Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G, hence, all of them
need to be replaced with a new one — expensive deal.
Developing infrastructure needs a high cost.
Security and privacy issues yet to be solved.
Applications of Wireless Communications
Office and household environments
Industrial control
Education sector
Health services
Government and military operations
Event and travel management
Home entertainment
Environmental and industrial research
Wireless Communication Systems (examples/ types of mobile radio sytems)
Paging System/ Pagers
Cordless Phone System
Cellular Telephone System
Handheld Walkie Talkie
Remote Controllers
Door Openers
