UNIT-VI Servlets
******************Servlet******************
• Servlets:-
- Web browser & servers.
- Servlets are web pages generated by the web servers in response to the
request send by the clients.
- MIME type (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension). Eg. text/pain, text/html,
etc.
- CGI (Common Gateway Interface). C,C++,perl.
-> Performance of servlets is better than CGI.
-> CGI is not platform independent but servlets is platform independent.
-> Sun, Netscape and Microsoft web servers offer servlet API.
-> The programs developed for this API can be moved to any of these
environment without recompiling them.
-> Java security manager will helps us to set restriction to access resources of
server machine.
-> As we know java has great collection of java class libraries and all these are
available for servlet.
• Types of Servlets:
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UNIT-VI Servlets
• Servlet Life Cycle:
init()
service()
destroy()
Step-1:
- User enter URL in web browser and generates HTTP request for this URL.
- This request transfer to appropriate web server.
Step-2:
- HTTP request received by web server. Server map this request to the
particular servlet then servlet loaded into address space of web server.
Step-3:
- Server invokes the init() method of servlet. When servlet first loaded into the
computer memory then this method will get called.
- The initialization parameter passed to the servlet so that it will configure
itself.
public void init(ServletConfig config)
Step-4:
- Server invoke service() method. This method is used to process HTTP request.
- service() method accept the request parameter and process it and try to
create HTTP response for the client.
- servlet available in server address space and it is able to process each HTTP
request.
public void service(ServletRequest req,ServletResponse res)
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Step-5:
- Server may take decision to unload the servlet from its memory. Server will
use algorithm to take this decision.
- The server will invoke destroy() method to released the resources which are
allocated for the servlet.
public void destroy()
• Steps to create a servlet example:-
There are given 6 steps to create a servlet example. These steps are required
for all the servers.
The servlet example can be created by three ways:
1. By implementing Servlet interface.
2. By inheriting GenericServlet class
3. By inheriting HttpServlet class
The mostly used approach is by extending HttpServlet because it provides http
request specific method such as doGet(),doPost() etc.
• Steps to create a servlet example
1. Create a directory structure
2. Create a Servlet
3. Compile the Servlet
4. Create a deployment descriptor
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UNIT-VI Servlets
5. Start the server and deploy the application
Here, we are going to use apache tomcat server in this example. The steps are
as follows:
1. Create a directory structure
2. Create a Servlet
3. Compile the Servlet
4. Create a deployment descriptor
5. Start the server and deploy the project
6. Access the servlet
1) Create a directory structures:-
The directory structure defines that where to put the different types of files so
that web container may get the information and responds to the client.
The Sun Microsystem defines a unique standard to be followed by all the
server vendors. Let's see the directory structure that must be followed to
create the servlet.
Diagram:-
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UNIT-VI Servlets
As you can see that the servlet class file must be in the classes folder. The
web.xml file must be under the WEB-INF folder.
2) Create a Servlet:-
There are three ways to create the servlet.
1. By implementing the Servlet interface
2. By inheriting the GenericServlet class
3. By inheriting the HttpServlet class
The HttpServlet class is widely used to create the servlet because it provides
methods to handle http requests such as doGet(),doPost, etc.
In this example we are going to create a servlet that extends the HttpServlet
class. In this example, we are inheriting the HttpServlet class and providing the
implementation of the doGet() method. Notice that get request is the default
request.
DemoServlet.java:-
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UNIT-VI Servlets
3) Compile the servlet:-
For compiling the Servlet, jar file is required to be loaded. Different Servers
provide different jar:
Two ways to load the jar file
1. set classpath
2. paste the jar file in JRE/lib/ext folder
Put the java file in any folder. After compiling the java file, paste the class file
of servlet in WEB-INF/classes directory.
4) Create the deployment descriptor (web.xml file):-
The deployment descriptor is an xml file, from which Web Container gets the
information about the servlet to be invoked.
There are many elements in the web.xml file. Here is given some necessary
elements to run the simple servlet program.
web.xml file
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UNIT-VI Servlets
Description of the elements of web.xml file
There are too many elements in the web.xml file. Here is the illustration of
some elements that is used in the above web.xml file. The elements are as
follows:
<web-app >represents the whole application
<servlet> is sub element of <web-app> and represents the servlet.
<servlet-name> is sub element of <servlet>represents the name of the servlet.
<servlet-class>is sub element of <servlet> represent the class of the servlet.
<servlet-mapping> is sub element of <web-app>. It is used to map the servlet.
<url-pattern> is sub element of <servlet-mapping.> This pattern is used at
client side to invoke the servlet.
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5) Start the Server and deploy the project:-
To start Apache Tomcat server, double click on the startup.bat file under
apache-tomcat/bin directory.
One Time Configuration for Apache Tomcat Server
You need to perform 2 tasks:
1. set JAVA_HOME or JRE_HOME in environment variable (It is required to start
server).
2. Change the port number of tomcat (optional). It is required if another server
is running on same port (8080).
6) How to deploy the servlet project:-
Copy the project and paste it in the webapps folder under apache tomcat.
7) How to access the servlet:-
Open browser and write
http://hostname:portno/contextroot/urlpatternofservlet. For example:
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UNIT-VI Servlets
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
public class HttpServletDemo extends HttpServlet
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse
res)throws ServletException,IOException
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter=res.getWriter();
String name=req.getParameter("nm");
pw.print("<html><body>");
pw.print("<br>Welcome"+name);
pw.print("</body></html>");
pw.close();
Web.xml
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>SVMP14</servlet0-name>
<servlet-class>HttpServletDemo</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
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UNIT-VI Servlets
<servlet-name>SVMP14</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/college</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
loginPage.html
<html>
<body>
<form name="myform"
Action=""http://localhost:9696/SVMP14/college" method="GET">
Enter Your Name:<input type="text" name="nm">
<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="b1">
</form>
</body>
</html>
********************************************************
• Cookies in Servlet:
A cookie is a small piece of information that is persisted between the multiple
client requests.
A cookie has a name, a single value, and optional attributes such as a
comment, path and domain qualifiers, a maximum age, and a version number.
• How Cookie works:
By default, each request is considered as a new request. In cookies technique,
we add cookie with response from the servlet. So cookie is stored in the cache
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UNIT-VI Servlets
of the browser. After that if request is sent by the user, cookie is added with
request by default. Thus, we recognize the user as the old user.
Diagram:-
• Types of Cookie:-
There are 2 types of cookies in servlets.
1. Non-persistent cookie
2. Persistent cookie
• Non-persistent cookie:-
It is valid for single session only. It is removed each time when user closes the
browser.
• Persistent cookie:-
It is valid for multiple session. It is not removed each time when user closes
the browser. It is removed only if user logout or signout.
• Advantage of Cookies:-
1. Simplest technique of maintaining the state.
2. Cookies are maintained at client side.
• Disadvantage of Cookies:-
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UNIT-VI Servlets
1. It will not work if cookie is disabled from the browser.
2. Only textual information can be set in Cookie object.
• Cookie class:-
javax.servlet.http.Cookie class provides the functionality of using cookies. It
provides a lot of useful methods for cookies.
• Constructor of Cookie class
• Useful Methods of Cookie Class:-
There are given some commonly used method of the Cookie class.
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UNIT-VI Servlets
• Other methods required for using Cookies:-
For adding cookie or getting the value from the cookie. we need some
methods provided by other interfaces. They are:
1. public void addCookie(Cookie ck):method of HttpServletResponse interface
is used to add cookie in response object.
2. public Cookie[] getCookies():method of HttpServletRequest interface is
used to retum all the cookies from the browser.
• How to create Cookie?
Let's see the simple code to create cookie.
Cookie ck=new Cookie("user","vjtechacademy");//creating cookie object
response.addCookie(ck);//adding cookie in the response
• How to delete Cookie?
Let's see the simple code to delete cookie. It is mainly used to logout or signout
the user.
Cookie ck=new Cookie("user","")://deleting value of cookie
ck.setMaxAge(0);//changing the maximum age to 0 seconds
response.addCookie(ck);//adding cookie in the response
• How to get Cookies?
Let's see the simple code to get all the cookies.
Cookie ck[]=request.getCookies();
for(int i=0;i<ck.length;i++)
out.print("<br>"+ck[i].getName()+" "+ck[i].getValue());//printing name and
value of cookie
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UNIT-VI Servlets
1)
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
public class AddCookie extends HttpServlet
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse res)throws
ServletException,IOException
res.setContentType("text/html");
String name=req.getParameter("cname");
String value=req.getParameter("cvalue");
Cookie ck=new Cookie(nm,value);
res.addCookie(ck);
PrintWriter pw=res.getWriter();
pw.println("<html><body>");
pw.println("<b> Your Cookie Added Successfully!!!");
pw.println("</body></html>");
pw.close();
Web.xml
<web-app>
<servlet>
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UNIT-VI Servlets
<servlet-name>vjtech</servlet0-name>
<servlet-class>AddCookie</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>vjtech</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/ajp</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
HomePage.html
<html>
<body>
<form action="http://localhost:8484/CookieDemo/ajp" method="get">
Enter CookieName:<input type="text" name="cname"><br><br>
Enter Cookie Value:<input type="text" name="cvalue"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Create Cookie" name="b1">
</form>
</body>
</html>
2)
• GetCookieServlet-
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
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UNIT-VI Servlets
import javax.servlet.*;
public class GetCookieServlet extends HttpServlet
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse res)throws
ServletException,IOException
res.setContentType("text/html");
Cookie ck[]=req.getCookies();
PrintWriter pw=res.getWriter();
pw.println("<html><body>");
for(int i=0;i<ck.length;i++)
pw.print("<br>"+ck[i].getName()+" "+ck[i].getValue());
pw.println("</body></html>");
pw.close();
Web.xml
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>vjtech1</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>GetCookieServlet</servlet-class>
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UNIT-VI Servlets
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>vjtech1</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/get</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
********************************************************
• Session and Session Tracking:-
getSession()- This Method will create HttpSession object.
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import java.util.*;
public class DateServlet extends HttpServlet
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse res)throws
ServletException,IOException
HttpSession hs=req.getSession(true);
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw=res.getWriter();
pw.println("<html><body>");
Date d1=(Date)hs.getValue("date");
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pw.print("<b>Last Access Time:"+d1);
pw.println("</body></html>");
pw.close();
Web.xml
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>vjtech2</servlet0-name>
<servlet-class>DateServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>vjtech2</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getsession</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
******************************************************
• JSP:
- JSP stands for Java Server Page.
- JSP is similar to ASP(Active Server Page).
- JSP used at server side.
- JSP do not <SERVLET> tag in an html file.
- Every block of code is called as scriplet.
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UNIT-VI Servlets
- The scriplet is begin with <% and ends with %>
- JSP has got four predefined variables.
1) request: This is servlet request and is object of HttpServletRequest class.
2) response: This is servlet respone and is object of HttpServletResponse
class.
3) out: It is an output writer and is an object of PrintWriter.
4) in: It is input reader and is an object of BufferedReader class.
- Extension of JSP file is .jsp. Eg hello.jsp
- If we want run above jsp file then we can use URL
http://server:port/hello.jsp.
Example of hello.jsp file
<html>
<body>
<%
if(request.getParameter("name")==null)
out.println("No user entered");
else
out.println("Hello
"+request.getParameter("name"));
%>
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</body>
</html>
• Expression and Directives:-
- As we know that JSP use scriplets. JSP also use expressions and directive.
- A JSP expression begin with <%= and ends with %>.
- A JSP directive begin with <%@ and ends with %>. We use directive like
<%@ varname="value" %>
There are total six variables that can be used.
1) content_type:
E.g - <%@ content_type="text/plain" %>
2) import:
E.g - <%@ import="java.io.*,java.util.*,java.lang.*"%>
3) extends:
E.g - <%@ extends="SuperClass1" %>
4) implements:
E.g - <%@ implements="interface name" %>
5) method:
E.g - <%@ method="doGet" %>
6) language:
E.g - <%@ language="java" %>
• Life Cycle of JSP Page:-
Following steps are involved in JSP Life Cycle:
1) Compilation
2) Initialization
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UNIT-VI Servlets
3) Execution
4) Cleanup
• JSP Compilation:-
- Here, we can compile the jsp page.
- In compilation process, following phases are present
I) Parsing the JSP
II) Converting JSP into Servlet
3) Compilation of the servlet.
• JSP Initialization:-
- It is used to initialize database connection, create lookup tables and open
files, etc.
• JSP Execution:-
In this phase, JSP engine trying to process request and will try to generate
response.
public void _jspService(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
//body
• JSP Cleanup:-
-In this phase, JSP got removed from the container. it means, whatever the
resources allocated for the JSP got removed.
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UNIT-VI Servlets
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