PROBLEM SET 2
Name: ROENTGEN C. RIO Sr-Code: 22-09304
Section:AEE-2102
Instruction: Determine whether the following differential equation is Seperable variables,
Equations of Homogeneous Coefficients, Exact Equations or Linear Equations. After
finding the type of equation solve for the General solution. Determine the Degree of
Homogeneity if it is a Homogeneous Equation and Test for Exactness if it’s an exact
equation. (You may use the back of the page if space is not enough)
1. y (2x2 – xy + y2)dx – x2( 2x-y ) dy = 0 if x = 1 y = ½ find the particular solution
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.
𝜆𝑦(2𝜆2 𝑥 2 − 𝜆2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝜆2 𝑥 2 (2𝜆𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦)
𝜆3 𝑦(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝜆3 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝜆3 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑯𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟑
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑣 + 𝑥 2 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
(2𝑥 3 𝑣 − 𝑥 3 𝑣 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑣 3 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 3 − 𝑣𝑥 3 )(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
(2𝑥 𝑣 − 𝑥 3 𝑣 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑣 3 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 3 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣) = 0
3
2𝑥 3 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 = 0
2𝑥 3 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 3 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 3 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 3 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 4 (2 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣
𝑥 3 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 (2 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣
=
𝑥4𝑣3 𝑥4𝑣3
𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑣
= 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣3
𝑑𝑥 2−𝑣
∫ = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣
2−𝑣 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑐 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑣 − ∫
𝑣 𝑥
2 1 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑐 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 − ∫
𝑣 𝑣 𝑥
−1 1 1 1 𝑦
ln 𝑐 = 2 + 1 − ln 𝑥 = − 2 − ln 𝑥 , 𝑣=
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑥
1 1 𝑥 𝑥2
ln 𝑐 = 𝑦 − 2 − ln 𝑥 = − 2 − ln 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥2
1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
2
1 12
ln 𝑐 = − 2 − ln 1 = 2 − 4 − 0
1 1
2 22
𝑙𝑒𝑡 ln 𝑐 = 𝑐 , 𝑐 = −2
𝑥 𝑥2
−2 = − 2 − ln 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥2
0 = − 2 − ln 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 𝑦
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
2. 2 (y-4x2) dx + x dy = 0
𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2(𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
= − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = −4𝑥
𝑥
It is Linear
𝑑𝑦
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛: + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛: (𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦(𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑄(𝑥)(𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠: 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑡:
2
𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑥
𝑄(𝑥) = −4𝑥
2
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑦𝑥 2 = ∫(−4𝑥) 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥4
𝑦𝑥 2 = −4 ∫ 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 = −4 + 𝐶 = −𝑥 4 + 𝐶
4
𝑦𝑥 2 = −𝑥 4 + 𝐶
𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 = 𝐶
𝐶 = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 2 )
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
3. 2(xy)y’ = 1 + y2 if x = 2 y = 3 also find the particular solution
𝑑𝑦
2(𝑥𝑦) = 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
It is a Separable Variables
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 =
1+𝑦 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑦 = ∫
1+𝑦 2𝑥
𝑦 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 + 𝑦2 2
𝑢 = 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 1
∫ = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑢 2
1 1
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
1 1
2 ∗ [ ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶]
2 2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = ln 𝐶
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝐶
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝐶
𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦2
ln 1 + 𝑦 2 = ln 𝑥𝐶
1 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶𝑥
𝑥 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3
𝐶(2) = 1 + 32
1 + 32
𝐶= =5
2
𝐶=5
𝑦 2 = 5𝑥 − 1
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
4. (2x3 – xy2 – 2y + 3) dx + (x2y + 2x)dy = 0
(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑀
= −2𝑥𝑦 − 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑁
= −2𝑥𝑦 − 2
𝑑𝑥
It is an Exact equation
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑑
∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) − ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
𝑑
∫(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ((−𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥) − ∫(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
=𝑐
4 2 2
2𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑦 2 𝑑 2𝑥 4 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 2𝑦 2
− − + 3𝑥 + ∫ ((−𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥) − ( − − + 3𝑥)) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
4 2 2 𝑑𝑦 4 2 2
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
− − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + ∫((−𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥) − (−𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦)) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
2 2
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
− − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + ∫(−𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
2 2
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
− − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + ∫(−2𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
2 2
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
− − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
2 2
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
− + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
2 2
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
5. 3 ( 3x2 + y2) dx – 2xydy = 0
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 3(3𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝜆𝑥𝜆𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 3𝜆2 (3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝜆2 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝜆2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑯𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
0 = 3(3𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑣𝑥(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣)
0 = 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣
0 = 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣
2𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥(9 + 𝑣 2 )
2𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥(9 + 𝑣 2 )
=
𝑥 2 (9 + 𝑣 2 ) 𝑥 2 (9 + 𝑣 2 )
2𝑣𝑑𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥
9 + 𝑣2
2𝑣𝑑𝑣
− 𝑑𝑥 = 0
9 + 𝑣2
2𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
9 + 𝑣2
𝑢 = 9 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑣𝑑𝑣
2𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ −𝑥 =𝑐
9 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
∫ −𝑥 =𝑐
𝑢
ln 𝑢 − 𝑥 = 𝑐
ln 9 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥
𝑦
ln 9 + ( ) 2 = 𝑐 + 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦2
ln 9 + = 𝑐+𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦2
𝑐 = 𝑥 − ln (9 + )
𝑥2
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
6. dr = b cos (Ɵ) dr + r sin (Ɵ) dƟ
0 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 = (𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
−𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝑟
It is a Separable Variables
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝑟
− =
𝑟(𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 1) 𝑟(𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 1)
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟
− =
𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 1 𝑟
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟
=
1 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑟
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟
∫ =∫
1 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑟
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln 𝑟 + 𝐶
𝑏𝑢
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = ln 𝐶
1
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑟 + ln 𝐶
𝑏
1
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝐶𝑟
𝑏
1
ln 𝑢𝑏 = ln 𝐶𝑟
1
𝑢𝑏 = 𝐶𝑟
𝑏
√1 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑟
𝑏
√1 − 𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝐶=
𝑟
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
7. ( r + sin Ɵ - cos Ɵ ) dr + r ( sin Ɵ + cos Ɵ) dƟ = 0
𝑀(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑟 + sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃
𝑁(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑀
= cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑁
= sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
It is an Exact equation
𝑑
∫ 𝑀(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑁(𝑟, 𝜃) − ∫ 𝑀(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
𝑑
∫(𝑟 + sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟 + ∫ ((𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃) − ∫(𝑟 + sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
=𝑐
2
𝑟 𝑑 𝑟2
+ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + ∫ ((𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃) − ( + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃)) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑐
2 𝑑𝜃 2
𝑟2
+ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + ∫((𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃) − 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑐
2
𝑟2
+ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑐
2
𝑟2
𝐶= + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃
2
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
8. vdx + (2x + 1 – vx) dv = 0
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑦 , 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1
= (𝑦 − 2) −
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1
− (𝑦 − 2) = −
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦−2 1
𝑃(𝑦) = − , 𝑄(𝑦) = −
𝑦 𝑦
It is Linear
𝑑𝑥
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛: + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛: (𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ) + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥(𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ) = 𝑄(𝑦)(𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 )
𝑑𝑦
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠: 𝑥𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑦) 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦−2
∫(− 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 2 −𝑦 2 𝑦2
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −(𝑦−2 ln 𝑦) = 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦 =
𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑦−2 𝑦2 1 𝑦2
( 𝑦 ) + (− ) 𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = (− ) ( 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒
𝑦2 1 𝑦2
𝑥 ( 𝑦 ) = ∫ (− ) ( 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑦 𝑒
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑦
= − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑒
𝑦 −𝑦 −1 𝑦 1 (𝑦 + 1)
∫ 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑦 − 𝑦 = −
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒𝑦
𝑥𝑦 2 (𝑦 + 1)
= +𝐶
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦
𝑥𝑦 2 − (𝑦 + 1)
𝐶= , 𝑦=𝑣
𝑒𝑦
𝑥𝑣 2 − (𝑣 + 1)
𝐶=
𝑒𝑦
ROENTGEN C. RIO - 22-09304 , AEE-2102
