Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

⦁ It is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is changed or
shifted in accordance with the digital input signal‘1’ or ‘0.’

⦁ The change is shown by varying the sine and cosine inputs at aparticular time.

⦁ PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with
RFID and Bluetooth communications.

⦁ PSK is much more robust than ASK as it is not that vulnerable to noise, which changes
amplitude of the signal.

1 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

2 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
⦁ PSK is of two types,depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted.

They are − BPSK & QPSK

Binary Phase Shift Keying

⦁ This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying.

⦁ In this technique,the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

⦁ This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes four phase
reversals such as 0°,90°,180°,and 270°.

3 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Signal Representation of PSK

⦁ PSK signal is represented as,

𝟐𝑬𝒃
𝒔𝟏 𝒕 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕 → 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 ′𝟏′
𝑻𝒃

2𝐸 𝑏
𝑠2 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜋)
𝑇𝑏

𝟐𝑬𝒃
𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = − 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) → 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 ′𝟎′
𝑻𝒃

⦁ Where,0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏 and Eb is the transmitted signal energy per bit.

∴ 𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = −𝒔𝟏 𝒕

4 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
⦁ These PSK signals are called as antipodal signals, defined as a pair of sinusoidal waves that
differ only in a relative phase-shift of 180 degrees.

⦁ In BPSK,there is only one basis function of unit energy,

2
𝜑1 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏

∴ 𝒔𝟏 𝒕 = 𝑬𝒃 𝝋𝟏 𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻𝒃

𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = − 𝑬𝒃 𝝋𝟏 𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻𝒃

5 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Signal Space diagram of BPSK

⦁ A coherent BPSK system has two message points M=2 with one dimensional signal space
(N=1).

⦁ The message point corresponding to s1(t) is located at s11

Where, 𝑠11 = ∫0𝑇𝑏 𝑠1 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 → 𝒔𝟏𝟏 = + 𝑬𝒃

⦁ The message point corresponding to s2(t) is located at s21

𝑇
Where,𝑠21 = ∫0 𝑏 𝑠2 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 → 𝒔𝟐𝟏 = − 𝑬𝒃

6 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

7 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

8 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
⦁ BPSK generation (Modulator)

9 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
⦁ BPSK Demodulator

10 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
⦁ BPSK Demodulator (Binary-1)

11 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
⦁ BPSK Demodulator (Binary-0)

12 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
⦁ Probability of error in BPSK

13 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

14 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

15 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Advantages

⦁ BPSK has agood noise immunity

⦁ Even in the presence of noise the performance of BPSK is good

⦁ Requires simple circuit for generation and detection

Disadvantages

⦁ Sometimes its difficult to detect the binary bits without error

⦁ Low bandwidth efficiency

Applications

⦁ It is employed in communication systems with higher bit rates

16 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Two main goals in the design of digital communication systems are,

⦁ Providing reliable performance with very low probability of error

⦁ Efficient utilization of channel Bandwidth

Principle

⦁ The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band
Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a
time,called as dibits.

⦁ Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit
pairs.

⦁ This decreases the data bit rate to half,which allows space for the other users.

17 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Signal representation of Q P S K

2𝐸𝑏 (2𝑖 − 1)𝜋

𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏 4
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

⦁ Where, 𝑖 = 1,2,3,4 and 𝐸𝑏 = transmitted signal energy per bit

2𝐸𝑏 (2𝑖 − 1)𝜋 2𝐸𝑏 (2𝑖 − 1)𝜋

𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − sin sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏 4 𝑇𝑏 4

⦁ Using 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵

18 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ The two quadrature carriers represented in terms of basis functions are,

2
𝜑1 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏

2
𝜑2 𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏

(2𝑖 − 1)𝜋
∴ 𝒔𝟏 𝒕 = 𝑬𝒃 cos 𝝋𝟏 𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻𝒃
4
(2𝑖 − 1)𝜋
𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = 𝑬𝒃 sin 𝝋𝟐 𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻𝒃
4

19 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Signal Space Diagram of Q P S K

⦁ QPSK has four signal elements (M=4) with two dimensional orthonormal basis function
(N=2)

⦁ The four signal elements and their associated signal vectors are defined by
(2𝑖 − 1)𝜋
𝑬𝒃 cos
4
𝑠𝑖 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑖 = 1,2,3,4
(2𝑖 − 1)𝜋
− 𝑬𝒃 sin
4

20 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ The values of signal vectors are summarised below,
Gray-encoded Phase of Q P S K Coordinates of Message points
input Dibit signal (radians) si1 si2
𝜋 𝑬𝒃 𝑬𝒃
10 4
+ −
2 2

3𝜋 𝑬𝒃 𝑬𝒃
00 − −
4 2 2

5𝜋 𝑬𝒃 𝑬𝒃
01 − +
4 2 2

7𝜋 𝑬𝒃 𝑬𝒃
11 + +
4 2 2
21 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

22 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ QPSK phase shifted waveforms

⦁ https://www.etti.unibw.de/labalive/experiment/qpsksignalgeneration/

23 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

24 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ QPSK
Modulation

25 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

26 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

27 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ Q P S K Detection/Demodulation

28 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ Probability of error in Q P S K

⦁ Where 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are the Gaussian noise process of zero mean

29 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ We know that a coherent QPSK system is equivalent to two coherent BPSK system

⦁ These two coherent BPSK system is characterised by

𝐸𝑏
1. The signal energy per bit
2

𝑁0
2. The Noise power spectral density
2

⦁ Probability of error in QPSK can be determined using 3 steps

1. By finding average probability of bit error

2. By finding average probability of correct decision

3. By finding average probability of symbol error

30 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Average probability of error

⦁ The average probability of error in each channel of QPSK is

𝐸/
′
1 2
𝑃 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
2 𝑁0

⦁ Where,P’ = probability of error in channel

⦁ N0/2 = Noise spectral density

⦁ Eb = Energy of asingle bit

31 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Average Probability of correct decision

The Average Probability of correct decision resulting from both the channels working together is

𝑃′𝑒 = 1 − 𝑃 ′ 2

2
𝐸/ 1
2
𝑃′𝑒 = 1 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
2 𝑁0

𝐸/ 𝐸/
1 2 2
𝑃′𝑒 = 1 + 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐2 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
4 𝑁0 𝑁0

32 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Average Probability of symbol error

⦁ TheAverage Probability of symbol error in QPSK system is

𝑃𝑒= 1 − 𝑃𝑒,
𝐸/ 𝐸/
1 2 2
𝑃𝑒 = 1 − 1 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐2 + 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐
4 𝑁0 𝑁0

𝐸/ 𝐸/ 𝐸/
2 1 2 2
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 − 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, ≫ 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑁0 4 𝑁0 𝑁0

𝑬/
𝟐
𝑷𝒆 = 𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒄
𝑵𝟎

33 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ In QPSK since there are two bits per symbol,the transmitted energy per symbol is twice the
signal energy per bit
𝐸 = 2𝐸𝑏

𝑬𝒃
𝑷𝒆 (𝑸𝑷𝑺𝑲) = 𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒄
𝑵𝟎

34 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
⦁ Advantages

⦁ Disadvantages

35 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT