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PCM TUTORIALS
XII – PHYSICS
 E'(AM
SUMMARY Or QUESTIONS ASKED IN PREVIOUS
gC$
1 ffi.ryTd+,TI'G HP"E PYSAIvE

of a particle performing u c'M' {M*rc!t-2ao8) t9)

- H-.f.1u. r, expression for linear acceleration and angular velocity in tr.c.tll $tlctreh 2aaE' 2a1.2; Qct' 2oa9)l2l
(31 obtain the relation between linear velolity
t3}Deriveanexpressionforperlodofaconicalpendulum.{Morefu2fla8}(3) I
booy about a given axis is equal to i Lco' where'
L is angular
icfi Show that the kinetic energy of a rotating
momentum and o is angular velocily (l${rr{:k' &t}*E} t-.7 ' - '+r Ii 19)
radius of Explain its physical significance (March 2008' 2Tlg' Jwlg 2O1S) 'i l2l
{g} Define ryration.
Jimensions' (Ocfober 2AO8' Ma'rch 2O18) (3)
(6i Define moment Jinertia. State its St unit and
with uniform angular speed' fKarch 2009) (2)
(?} Derive an expression for the kinetic ",,".ry or body rotating (March 2oog, 2A7O, 2A7q l2l
isl Distinguish between centripetal f"..;';;r";,JrJg"ir".".]
,, igl
tgl For a conical pendulum prove that ran 0 = ; (Oct" 2AO9) road'
on a banked
sp.ed wih which a vehicie can be driven safely
{1O} obtain an expression for maximum
of the mass of the vehicle ' (March 2a1o' Qct' 2o1o)
(3)
show that the safety speed lirnit is independent (3}
2*1Q
i11| State and prove the principle of pttptt'ai"'1ar
axes' {IftoLrch
ol anguiar momentum E*'ctu 2011, 2018; Aet' 2A1X' 2G15} (2)
{}"?} State ancl prove the Lw of conservation motion is conserved' {March 2oLx'} (3)
(LG! Show that total eners/ of a bcdy performing iertical circular l2l
(14") Dehne centripetal force and give its u.ry t*"o examples. $llctrelt
201L) -i?3'*'. ri,
poi"t and at highest pdint for a p--article revolving in
sL
{}.s} Denve an expression for linear ".r""i#uiio*"ri
Lr rv!!v"- r----' (3)
vertical circular motion. P&. 2a1i) moving along
what is banking of roads? obtain an expre.ssion forthe ma-ximum safety speed of a
" vehicle
{xe;r} (3)
(tflarcit 2812)
a curve horizontal road. .- ,-- ^.. given axis' Show that
Derive an expression for the kineti. of a body of mass M rotating uniformly about a
{L?) "rr'..g,
(3)
the rotational kinetic enerry = #' lf,)' ,**'"n 'r"'
(1.8) state s.l. unit of angular momentum.6rtri. its dimensions. (Mateh 2012) l2l
rigid-b-ody is iolling on a horizonta-l surface without
slipping'
(1.9! Derive an expression for kinetic "l:.ry, *t.., u
Hencefindkineticenerryforaso1idsphere'(March2o13)
just completes the vertical circular motion' Derive the expression for
the
{2O} A particle of mass m, points. (March 2o13) (3)
difference in tensions at the highest and the lowest

(21) For a particle performing uniform circular motion ; /. obtai., an expression for linear acceleration
=;,
(Feb' Z}ffi) 121
of the particle performing non-uniform circular motion' (4)
i22i State urra prou" the theorem of 'parallel axes' {Feb' 2974'' 2A1.6} t?t
(23!statethelawofconservationofangularmome'tu*andexplainwithasuitableexample'(Oct'20la)
a curved banked road'
of forces acting on a vehicle moving on
{24) Draw a diagram showing all components
Writethenecessary.q,utio.,formaximumsafety,speedandstatethesignificanceofeach (3)
term involved init. (Oct. 2014)
auu'rsraLrvi
resultant acceleration
ne resurLarrl
for the of a
(2S) In circular motion, assuming i=d r7, ]utain an expression (z)
particle in terms of tangential and rad.ial component' (Feb'
2A-15)
moment of inertia' (Feb' 2o15)
(26) state the theorem oi pu?rr.r axes and th.;;;'; ;i
perpendicuiar axes about
l2l
inertia of a solid uniform disc, rotating about an axis passing through its
(27) state an expression for the moment-of
centre,perpendiculartoitsplane.H"n"ea..iu.anexpressionforthe-o,.,"t'tofinertiaandradiusofgyration:
the plane of the disc'
(i) about . tu.g..rtl,' d;;;". of the disc, and (iii about a tangent perpeadicular to
(oct. 2o15) (41
State the expression for its periodic time in terms of
length'
(2g) Draw a neat rabelled diagram of conicar pendulum. (oct. 2o15) l2l

;=;,7, where symbols have theirusual meanings,

(29) In U. C. M' (Uniform Circular Motion), prove the relation
(Feb.2075) l2l
r .,11
in the form * 4.) f zo n l2l
(30) obtain an expression for total kinetic enersr of a rolling body L*'l' "u'
(183)
 184
r-liii:rii.r Xll Physics Papers Solutlon

iiil^i obtain an expression for torque acting on a body rotating with uniform angular
acceleration.

{i:i'!; Dra"v a neat labellcd-diagram shorving the (3)

varior,rs forces and their compon.rr.
moving along curved banked roaci.
iJt.rdrj .?0_i5,i
^.,il;?rt;;;n.r;"'
ii..f ii]
Explain the ccncept of centripetal iorce.
1:,frre ;,a :*: i.1i
Pl
(3"93 Explain the physical significance of radius of grration. t2t
iJt;..!:g Z*l?;
iG:::l what is the value of tangentiar acceleration in U.c.M.? el
$t€tar.*tt k{ix*; (1)
is61 obtain expresstons of energ' of a particle at different positions in the verticar circular motion.
{*ttr-r*?e zulg}
{37} Define uniform ciruclar motlon. {l;ll:;.rt"!.t E*Z{4 (3)
{3*} obtain the relation between th"';;;;iil;'o?tr',"u. acceleration and angular acceleration in circular rrotio(r1]
fi|trarctu 2t)2*)
State and prove the principle of parallel axes in rotational l2l
1119) motion (31
(4o! state the ftrmula for moment oi inertia of solid sphere
about an axis passing through itlilfilet:r:ozol

{41} using the energy conservation, derive the expression for minimum speeds at different
al circular motion controlled by gravit1,. r":?:r-;*Y#r- S)
{42} Define moment of inertia ."?"ii"s rigid body, state its sl unit and dimensi"rr. gJ.Y 'o'n,'
"r "kinetic
{43) Derive an expression for the l:i
energy of a body rotating with a uniform angular speed.

{Marciz 2o22}13l.
El'clLliemm :
{t} An object of mass 1 kg is tied to one end of a string
of length 9 m and whirled in a vertical circie. what is the
minimum speed required at the lowest position to lomplei
(?] a circle?
of mass 2 kg attached to a r'viie of length 5 m is revolved {aat.
zgosi l2l
in a horizontal circle. If it makes 6o r.p.m.
f;o"l/:"t
{ai Angular speed 1b} Linear speed {c} centripetal acceleration (d! centripetat force
{3} A torque of 1500 Nm acting on a bocly produces an {lrfarch Zaag} $l
angular acceteration ot s.z r^a1ir. ri"Jm.r. of the body.

{4} A torque of magnitude i000 Nm acting on a body produces

an angular acceleration * , *ffr"r':tiffrl| lil
moment of inertia of the body. pct. 2009, March
ZOIA)
Moment of inerlia of a disc ,[ort .r, il.Pu.J.'g inrorgn
l
{5} its centre andq perpendicular
Find its moment of jnertia about the rliameter. (oct, vurvvraqruqra to
Lv rln P1 i. 10 kg-rl?l
its plane
eaxo)
A stone of mass one kilogram is tied to the end of a string pl
{6} of length 5 m and whirlec in a vertical circle. what
will be the minimum speed required at the Iorvest position
to coLprete the circle?
l_Giuen: S = 9.8 m/ s21 1*:t. ktlth1
tt I A coin kept on a horizontal rotating disc has its centre
at a distance of 0.1 m from the axis of th" .ot^tirrg dil:l
If the coelficlent of friction between the coin and the disc
is 0.25; '-'-"
coin rvould be about to slip ofi. (Gioen: = g.B tl ' find the angular speed of disc at which the
S
A.car of mass 1500 kg rounds a.urve oiradius^t250 f:ri. ir lil tot
{s} m at 90 kmi hour. calculate the centripetal to."" u.tirrg L?

{e) A wheel of moment of inertia 1 kgm2 is rotationg

at a speed of 40 rad/s. Due to friction /ffX*,'','n:'*r::l
comes to rest in 10 minutes' calculate the angular "" before
momentum of the wheel, two minutes it comes to
rest.
(10) A ballet dancer spins about avertical a-xis at
folded' the moment of inertia
2.5n rad/sec. with his both arms ort.,."t.r,"(fl1lui[ii:?rf]
r.p.m.
it"-."-e axis of rotation changes
"to"t by 2so/o. calculate the new rotation in
(11) A racing car completes 5 rounds on a circJilar
track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of ,n" ,."J?.,i?:::l*
.- ^. yrlifo.rn cenrripetal acceleration of n2 mf s2. iO.iiOl-il
(12) In a conical pendu.tum,.a .1+"g r."gth
i: f,x-e'd ^!:!
q* at rigid support
and carries a mass of 150 g ,, t,. f,!3J
ini 9ihorizo'ntat129
end' If the mass is revolved circle of radius o.i? around a vertical axis, calculate tension
in the
string/g-s.sm/s'.) (oct2ola)
(13) A stone of mass 1 kg is whirled in horizontal r,r,i- - . .*'.
circle attached at the end of a 1 m long string. If the string
(31
an angle of 300 with vertical, calculate th" ;;i;;.;J;;; makes
;;;; on the stone. (s = e.B m/sz). {Feb. 2014)
(121) A solid cylinder of uniform density of radius 2 cm has
mass of 50 g. If its length is 12 cm, ca-lculate it" *o..r"(rr2l
of inertia about an axis passing iniough its centre
and perpendicular to its length. (ieb. 2o H)
ir' 5) A body starts rotating from rest-. Due t"o a couple of 20 Nm it
completes 60 revolutions in one minute. Find the
l2l
momeflt of inertia of the body. pct. 2O14)
(161 A stone of mass 5 kg, tied to Ln" ena
oi. .op. or length 0.8 m, is whiried in a vertical circle. Find ilr" ,ri.i*rr[l]
velocit5r at the highest point and at the
midway poinI. 19 = r.n
^r;;j'iait'iir*'1"'"^'"''' (21
 Summary of Board Ques/lons
185

;;';ri The spin dryer of a n'ashing machine rotating at 15 r.p.s. slorvs dorvn to 5 r.p.s. after making
50 revolutions.
Find its angular acceleration.
{Feb. ?{:}.Si pl
i 'i Il i A horizontai disc is freely rotating about a i.^.,.r.."" axis passir.rg through its centre
at the rate of 1O0 re'olutions
per minute. A 20 gram blob ol rva-r falls cn the disc and strcks to the disc at
a distance of 5 cm fro;n its a,ris.
Moment of inertia of t1-re cisc about its axis passing through its centre of mass
is 2 x 10-a kg m2. calcu1"t;-ii ;
nerv frequency of rotation of the disc. i{,eh. Ztrlilj
(3}
{i:;i A stone of mass 100 g attached to a string of length 50 cm is whirled in a vertical circle by giving velocity at
krrvcst poit-rt as 7 m/s. Fincl the velocity at the highest point.
[Acceleration d-ue to grauity = Sbkt"ri

i?iii Acoinkeptatadistanceof 5cmfromthecentreof aturntable of radius l.5mjusto"rr^r,"f'tii;ilfit',fJ

turntable rotates at a of 90 r.p.m. Calculate the coefficient of static friction between the coln and the
^speed
turntable. [g = 9.8 m/s-]. iFeb" 2Oi6) el
{31} A stone of mass 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle attached at the end of 1.5 m long string. If the string
mal<es an argle of 30o',vith vertica.l, compute its period. (g=9,8 m/s2){&r-ty
ZOt6} '
l2l
t';-:zi A uniform solid sphere has a radius 0. 1 m and densrty 6 x 103 kg/ mr. ii.ra it= moment of inertia about a tangent
to its surface. (Jwtg Zt)i6)
{3;l} A solid sphere of mass 1 kg rol1s on a table u'ith linear speed 2 m/s, find its total kinetic energ/.
el

{24} A vehicle is moving on a circular track whose surface is inclined towarcls the horizontal ;h?
ma-rimum velocity with which it can move safely is 36 km/hr. Calculate the length of the '"y::::::;:110".
circular track.
[:r = 3.142] il€a:etu Z*ifi
{zsi A small bocly of a mass 0.3 kg oscillates in vertical plane with the help of a string 0.5 m long *r,h
speed of 2 mls. It makes an angle of 60o with the vertical. Calcuiate tension in the " "or.,l:l
string (5"= g.B m/*1

{?a} uniform solid sphere has radius 0.2 m and density B x 103 kg m3. Find the moment of inertia rrf#?t3?jjJ.(,,2l
A
to its surface. {r. = 3.1421 (Jutg e*lfi (B}
{??i A flat curve on a highway has a radius of curvature 400 m. A car goes around a curve at a speed of 32 m/s.
What is the minumum value of coefficient of friction that will prevent the car from sliding?'b = g
B *tiil
l2l
{2r} The frequency of revolution of a particle performing circular motion changes from 60 ,.{Yi:\9|'r:l
in 20 seconds. Calculate the angular acceleration of the particle. 1r = S.l+21
1Sut1S ZOiAT
^.
{29} AmetergaugetrainismovingatT2kmlhralongacurveclrailwayofradiusofcurviture500matacertainplace.
el
Find the elevation of outer rail above the inner rail so that there is no side pressure on the rai1.
lg = o S m/s2) @z:et Zatg (3)
{ittJi A so1ld sphere of diameter 50 cm and mass 25 kg rotates about an axis through its centre. Calculate its moment
of inertia' If its angular velocity changes from2 rad/s to 1 rad/s in 5 seconils, calculate the torque
app1iec1.

{31} A wheel of moment of inertia 1 kg m2 is rotating at a speed of 30 rad/s. Due to ,^r{{X'!r'r!!,jtJ-,., n.o*".trtJ
rest in 10 minutes. Calculate the average torque of the friction. (Mrnrah ZOig)
l1l
{3?} The radius of S/ration of a body about an a-xis, at a'distance of 0.4 m.from its centre of mass is 0.5 m. Find its
radius of gyration about a parallel axis passing through its centre of mass.
{March 2oL9)
(33! Energ' of 1000 J is spent to increase the airgular speed of a wheel frcm 20 rad/s to 30 rad/s. Calculatel2l
the moment of inertia of the wheel (March 2a2o)
(3a| In a Circus, a motor-cyclist havirlg mass of 50 kg moves in a spherical cage of radius im. Catculate the last l2l
velocity with which he must pass the highest point without iosing contact. Also calculate his angular
speed at the hilhest point. (March 2o2o) (3)
.

{35} A motor cyclist (to be treated as a point mass) is to undertake horizontal circles inside the cylindrical rvali
of a rveli of inner radius 4 m. The co-efficient ot static friction between tyres and the wal1 is 0.2. Calcqlate
the minimum speed and period necessary to perform this stunt. (oct. 2o2L)
(36) Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform disc of mass 10 kg and radius 60 cm about an
l2l
a-xis
perpendicular to its length and passing through its centre. (March 2o22) (ll
2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID
Theory:
llf Define the terms: {a} sphere of ihfluence (b} Angle of contact. (March 2oa\)
l2l
l2l Explain the phehomenon of surface tension on the basis of molecular theory. (March 2oo1)
(3) Define surface tension. Explain the effect of impuriqy on surface tension. l6ctoter ZotiAl {41
(3t
{4} What is surface energr? Obtain the relation between surface tension and surface eners/.
(October2OO8,20lO) (31
 186
Uitant's Xll Papers Solution

{si Define angle of contact state

its four characteristics. i11fa,'r:lt. zt}*-e:,{.}cg:ii}&er
{61 Define surface tension. state its
i.i-urrit-a,d r}${}gi
i?l Derive arr expression for height
r riquia
dimensiorr" f,:rJ",*,;ii;;*--,...*r,
.oror-., ,rrr"r-r .".rpiiru.y is. verticily dipped in ff,i
{8} Drarv a neat diagram for thl
.i". oiriqria in a capillary tube sho,"ving the components a riquid. {*ct. z{}a*} pl
of a surface tension T.
{3} whatis capillarity? Give any'two applications
of capiilarity. lsc:iir:,n*r,.jgrIf, ,*-t:::?';Xff,'3;{r"iil,{,t-,
i1*1 Explaintheformationof"on"c'ueu,ri'"orrr.rsurfaceofliquido-nthebasisofmorecrlu.to..... 8,
iI .1.
1 Define angle of contact. Stut. ii. urritwo characte.i.ii"llirr"t. :ti"til, ::1;i.41 f,t{*z:-cfu 2{}ii} l4l
{;-:;; Explain'"i'hy the angle of i, acute for r..o..rr.,gi^ss pair anci is obtuse pl
"o'''tu"t fbr Mercury-glass pair.
{Ii'j Derive the relation between surface tension and surface.r..s,,!:,.
{1'$} show that the surface tension unitarea. {)Fiurch rrrff*'"*'r"i
"i, rrq"ia is numerically;il;i a the surface ener$/ per unit area. l;l
Pct 2o1s)
[i:i B:i,'#if:#:.:i"'i'['l j:"::: :?::::T e" l?" basis or press,:re.silre re,nc-e. (Feb. zot4) l3l
{,7} Draw u n..i k"ri.J;;;;;'.h#;.;iF:11":f#i,".,*;!:ii"j,;r"1jl
{-[8] Derive Laplace's ta* rot"spr'eJc"l'-."*rr..rr.
or u,iuu.
;".;;"* tube /o*. ,r,,,,,L|,,
ar" t*o'.r.f""..t.nsion. i,eb. 2a16, March 2oLg)
i" *r,""',#,ier. {3)
:i:l :4:"1;:",:':::'i.- ,#:r'"r,Y;;tiq'ia "'r'"'
{2O} Define surface tensio"
"",,tu"t"*ith a solid,
el
^"a
r;'.i',! obtain an expression for "".f""L
the.i.. "r".g,. {Jutg ZOlf}

[Ht':[|J'3:TI;.H:
:lfi Explain
'1tJI*11f*'""';:ffi'il,ry:
"r.'rro;id in JcapiiiJry,ube. gw*,rt*.t
{Mr,,et pozoi
eai*j {gr
pt
{':i4i surface tension on the basis (11
of molecular theory. ztt.zj.}
*l""i v in terms of Reynord's {*at"
i:rl5] state the formula for critical
number io. u no* of a fluid. (Jr€arc:h
ror terminat veiocitv .oi..r".i,o;.., ,arr)l?l
'**' 3ixli,,,1"r.#:j['X; ", " rdrl,r;r;;.,"'*#,,, through a viscous
j":chi,eins . (3)
(: ) caiculate the workdone when
a spherical drop of m.ercury or radius
breakes into a million droplets, 2 mm, falls from some height and
"i"rr-"iilr" .a-" .L". i;""r;;u." tension of mercury is r = 0.5 N/m
{21 Adropofmercury2mmincliameterbreaksintoamilionsmars-phericardroprets.
the workdone (Sufa.c1r"rri"" oy-^ii,i _ ,
nu?.x t o N/ m) (*it. zalt) ^rr"r".#J{i.lZ'"'"'l,jlJ
::: ili'uf$Al;#:','[Tl:;tjxim :Zli,,;f,;,';Jxli:;,.," wr,u, wi,,be,he heish, o*he..*. r,q,llJ
s av'"7"il Find surrace tension orrvater
at 2sjc
t2t
:]. i:h:Y;:::'ti'it,"i$,fii-,*;;:F
tension or soap sorution is 30 dyne/cm
Carcurate *," *J?
isr i:Lfi! fifJlJ:tffii*;it'"",e;;rrace
:":
:.X':,:fT i[.0i,),yn::.0ilT'iL,iil'j,t;*;."'r,1ary or diameter 0.25 mm dipped in pararnn ol or .,.ru(.?
(Angle of contact of paraffin
utn gr;;" = )Bo and- accelercLtion due *
17' water rises to i'eigni s'z t* it' u grJs-s nr?\rr. = 9 B ry/ s2.) (Feb, 2014)
'
another glass caoillary having f,*f
capillary tube. Find the height to which'tir"
..*.
(31
water w,i rise in
(8) ui.u-of cross section . (Oct. 2014)
A raindrop of diameter + mmls
about io-fa-ll on the ;;il;. ;i;uhie d'!
the pressure inside the raindrop.
[surfacetensionof waterT= 0'072 N/m, atmospheicpressure
= 1.0i3 * ta it*] ti"r."iirul l2l
(loi rhe total free surface enerry or a tiquia
drop is ,,.,8 times the surface tension
diameter of the drop in S.I. unit. of the riquid. c"r"rr^,. ,1r?
(r1| The total energv oif"t til;; (Juig 2016)
drop is 2z times the surface rension
diameter of the drop?
[Assume it "]l=rti;ta
r"r_"'i" St unit]. (March 2017)
of the liquid. wt.t i. tlr?
(12; 'lbo soap bubbles i't* ttJlli"
ilr*'r.it" o,a. wtrat is *r..ulio'or*oik done to
blow ttese uuuut""e
iil
(13) calculate the work done
in increasing the
of soap sotution is 30 dyne/c^.1r:Z'iiE3.{ius of a- soap bubbre in air from I cm to ,
(14) A horizontal circular roop
oi" *li.
(March 2o1B) "*Y^:!{rl^. t.n.il?
o.o2 m is lo#ered into crudg oil and a firm
"r-."ilrt.ru
to the surface tension oitt" tiqriJiln.;1
r3 rr' is formed. ,r" ,"."" ;L'j
(r= 3.1a21 N. uauurate rne sut
ca.lcuiate tnesurtace iension of the crude o,.
puu.2a1g) (g)
 Summary of Board Quesflons 187

ii:.i Calculate the rvork done in blowing a soap bubble of radlus 0.1 m. (Surface tension of soap
^ ^ dvne
--. )
solurion = JU .., ,. j: . l2l
CIn
ii,,'il Ccmpare the amount of rvork done in blorving tlvo soap bubbles of radii in the ratio 4:5, $aat. !lt;21j l2l
Ij:: Eight droplets of water each of radius 0.2 mm coalesce into a single drop. Fine the decrease in the surface
area. j:'/.i.r.:r'<:fl1 '3li:;:.1:
l2l
.5
P{EHE3'EC THE}*RY SF GESMS.qHffi HAtr}E&T5OS
Theory:
{l} Assuming the expression for pressure of an ideal gas, shorv that R.M.S. velocity of gas molecule is directly
proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. fii,.Te;rr:,1, '?{iii!}j (3}
i::l On the basis of the kinetic theory of gases, derive an expression for the pressure exerted by a gas.

ffi i,"|"1i.-r:H;,];,;;;tJ- fffiLfff;neat 1abe11ed diagram of artincia.l perfectly,u"u o"offi::---lii (3)

{5i 5[6q, graphically spectrum of energr distribution of biack body in terms of wavelengths.
{*ct. 2A{}&,2O*9, F*t*. 2{3X"4i l2l
i"{! Define : i;r: Coeflicient of absorption i'L; Coefficient of reflection 1,*i Coefficient of transmission and obtain the
relation between them. il&Ia:rft E}i.i.i, ,-3*rr;:;*r .?"C.IS] (3)
{,t} Define perfectly black body. How can it be realized in practice? 6$e'1er,*er':r#Jf,i,] l2l
{*} State Wien's displacement 1aw for black body and define solar constant. ifriitir$'i 2{}1i} l2l
it,! Using the expression for pressure exerted by gas deduce expression for
i:; Kinetic ener$/ of a gas i,.r Kinctic enerry per unit volume ic; Kinetic energ/ per mole. 1i-rer,i",,b*r'lidr.I .iri (3)
{i.ii; Prove Kirchhoffs law of radiation and prove it theoretically. f.lfur:"ci"r 2tri,2,.fw1"g Z*i?i (3}
{11} Draw a neat labelied diagram for Ferry's perfectly black body. lidar*fu 2t:i3,,Iutg 2&18} l2l
{1?l Explain black body radiation spectrum in terms of wavelength. i{}t:f ?Si3j l2l
(t3i Show that R.M.S. velocity of gas molecules is directly proportional to square root of its absolute temperature.
{Feb. 2*14., hfe*aiz 20i7} l2l
{14.} Explain Maxwell distribution of molecular speed'"vith necessary graph. {*ci:2{}1"4} (3)
{1s} With a neat anC labe1led diagram, explain Ferry's perfectly black body. /**t. 3#-I4j l2l
{}.5} State: [a] Wein's displacernent 1aw and {b} First law of thermodynapics. {Feb. 2015) l2l
{3"?; Dehne 'emissive power'and 'ccefficient of emission of a body'. gF*b. .**!$} l2l
f l"Si What is perfectly black body? trxplain Ferry's black body. {Mrere?x,28}"91 (3)
{i!; Explain energy distribution spectmm of a black body radiation in terms of rvavelength. (Ntrarefu 2fi20} (3}
{?C} Draw a neat, labelled diagram of ferry's black body. {Oct. 2*2},} l2l
{?1;State:
(a) Stefan - Baltzmann 1aw radiation. (b) Wien's displacement law.{*et. 2{}21) l2l
i??| Derive an expression for a pressure exerted by a gas on the basis of kinetic theory of gases:
(M*rek 2a22)l4l
Probleu"rs :

{X ! The velocities of three molecules of a gas are 2 ms-r, 3 ms-l and 4 ms-i respectively. Find, the mean velocity and
RMS velocity of the molecules. {Me*eh 2OOB) l2l,
t2! A heated metal ball is placed in cooler surroundings. Its rate of cooling is 2oC per minute when its temperature
is 60oC and 1.2oC per minute when its temperature is 52oC. Determine the temperature of the surroundings;
and the rate of cooling when the temperature of the ba,ll is 4BoC. Also find the temprature at, which the rate of
cooling is 0.6oC per minute. {March, 2OOB) (4)
{3} If the r.m.s. velocity of oxygen molecules at N.T.P. is 460 m/s, determine the r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen
molecules at N.T.P. [Molecular weight of oxggen = 32, molecular weight of hgdrogen = 2] (Oct. 2OO9) l2l
l4t A metal sphere cools at the rate of 4oC per minute at the temperature of 60oC. Calctr-late the rate of ccoling at
40oC, if temperature of the surrounding is 30'C. (March 2O1A) l2l
(51 Calculate the Kinetic ener$/ of helium molecules in I cm3 at pressure 2 atmosphere.
(1 atmctsphere= 1.013 x l1s N/m2)(March2o11) l2l
(6) Assuming Stefan's law, compare the rate of loss of heat by the body at temperature 527"C and 127"C, if the
temperature of the surrounding is 27'C. lActaber 2O11) l2l
{7t Calculate the kinetic enerS/ of 10 gram of Argon molecules at 127'C.
(UniuersalgasconstantR= B32OJ/kmoleK,Atomicweightof Argan=40) (Marck2Ol3) (3)
(Sl The Kinetic ener$/ of nitrogen per unit mass at 300 K is 2.5 x 106 J/kg. Find the kinetic enerry of 4 kg oxygen
at 600 K. (Molecular weigLtt of nitrogen = 28, Molecular weight of oxygen = 32) (Oct 20 13) (31
 1BB
i-ji!.in's Xll Physics Papers Sotution

11,; per kilomole itrl! per kilogram of oxfien at

27oC
-
8320 J/kmole K, Auogadros number
IR : 6,0T*
{:rr.!i A pinhr-le is made in a hol1ou' sphere of
lo2b mot"crtns,tK mole]
raclius 5 cm whose inner wall is at tempera ture
yr:e:u;. *s.{sj (g)
727,'c. Fincl the
: 5.7 x io'ii*;i'', po,"ver
u, ., f11"X':,i"'.';"T',l,iiX1,f.i"* ."T:["if;:'J )missiu,!; r"t= o it t*.i" ssi
url1,
st t2t
fUniversai gas constant, R = B32o r /k *"?
i, TffS":i{,*"_,-_.ri
At r'vhat temperature will average kinetic eners/ }"j:,.,:i#:
H..r. **r*
1!rii t2t
of gas be exictlv haffof its value at rv.r p.r f.,ui.," **iT,] (21
ii::tl The drfference betrveen two moral speci{ic n.It.
oI"
g* ,r-iuoo J / kg. K. If the ratio of specific heats is
4 caiculate the molar specific heat at
1
{r;-.} rhe dirrerence betr'veen the trvo morar
specific is 1.5, calculate the two moral ",;:":}::il"#T;,11.-,.'ffii,
specific neats. gviarifi
,
I keK.rr the ratio "r,n. ,1,?
ZOZZ} el
4.
{1i State
(4)
!2! What
(3) Write (11
(4.1 What (21

i5) What 12l

(21

Frob,lsml,* :
{l } 0 5 mole of gaS at temperature 450 K expands isotherrnally from an initia,l
voiume of 3L to final volume of gL.
a. What is the work done by the gas? (R = 8.319
J mo1_1 K-1)
b. How much heat is supplied to the gas ? yoct ZOZII
(3t
(21 The initial pressure and volume of a gas enclosed
in a cylinder-rib
If work done in compressing the gas at constant
are 2 x 105 N/m, and 6 X 10-3 m3 respectively.
0r...".. i. ;, nr," trre final volume of the gas.

{March zo22) (21

q
OSCILLATIOI{S
Theory
{1i Trvo S.FI.M. are represented by x, = a, sin
{cul + 61,1 uld n = q sin (ot + u2). Obtain the expressions
dispracement, amplitude and initiar ph."" oi for the
t/ti
th" .;;"r;t; ot,?oi.^"*,i*rnn. eooal
Represent graphically the displacernent, velocity (g)
and acceleration agri,-rst time for a particle performing
S.H.M., wlren it starts from the mean position._/.lwcrrch linear
t"1t
2OAB, ZOli, Oct.^ZAIO1 (g)
u: and r'E.
5:ffi::*ff',#y"5J#TH"itj;B;,t "1;;;.fi.-performing linear S H Ni. with respect to
14l Give graphical representation of s'H'M when l2l
particle starts from the positive extreme position.
{5} Define anguiar s.H.M. state its differential equation. (octobbr ror,
(Ma,ah 2ota)
(6) Define an ideal simple pendu'lum' show that
th. -oiio.,
"i"
simple harmonic. obtain an expression ror iis period..(Mqrch rr-ir. pendulum under certain conditions l;lis
(7t show that lbr a small amplitude' the motion zola-, iols, Julg 2at8) (41
of a simpre p""J"r,i- is rineari.H.M-.'H.rr"" Iind its period.
(8) show that iinear S'H'M' is the projection of uniform
{e}
circular motion ol
of velocitv and acceleration
in s.u.rt,t with^r{
diarneter.
l3l
phase, if motion starts from extreme
,*"Y;;;'r?f "'
i}.:|,"-":i#?Yrlff,variation
tt'' s'H'M' starts from extreme position. ptot
tj::ffi: :":f;'#;r the graph orvelocity and disptacem"",.s^i,l3l
(11) Derive an expression for the period of motion
of a simple pendurum. on which factors does it
o.p.#
(12) StateanexpressionforK'E'(kineticenerg';)andp.E.(potentialenergi)at.dispracement.x,fcrarJ?:l?:l:l-,1-J
linear s'H'M' Represent them graphicaltv. nina
(1"3) Define phase of s'H'M' show variati";
,h;t';o;.;", rii"nt"r, x. o. is E. (Feb. 2o1a) (sl
"d^i;;-p.
and-accelerado, *rd, phase for a particre
performing linear S'H.M. graphicaliy, when"1:l-"tl"J,ri;;;,'*b"try
it starts
(14! obtain an expression for potential eners/ or pu.,i"r.from extreme position. pct. 2oH) l4l
" p.rr".-i"g .i.ple harmonic motion. Hence evaruate the
 of Boarrl
190

.-.. potential energy, iai.at mean

pr:sition and (!i! at extreme position. iF.e.,h. .?OJS" lfnrt:it.
"' u
, 3;Tffi,:l;;i:f"'"'offiLj#-:; '
uro"g the same ilf ;;#; #;;";il ;;il;J:JJtant ampritulJ
:-; Biiii M is a projection or U C M :i:l-,i:i
Sho*'
ll";.ffi,';,Xff:.ffi:H on anv ciiameter /.rei.r"
l;i
that rnotion olbob of pendulum rvith
small ampliturle is 1i,ear s.H.M.
Hence obtain an expression for its
,r., l,lll* -Yli,l:: the factors
:" ;r::l'iJ::#lerential
on u,hich its period depenrls? ilrr?d3{r;ii-r6J
equatior-r or rinear simple haimonic
motion. {ii:!t;r.ti-: k{.tifi
srrou, the
lll
"..,.,,"i"liil,X;:':;:,"J":T.Ti.i"m'::[.r#?:T,i-;,fff*:*:::;n*#.1::.,1:,ir]1.,^lll
l:itl1 p"nt'" linear simple harmonic
motion. Assuming the expression for
extreme position' explain graphicallv dispracement of a particle .tu.tirg
the variatioi.r rr*ro.it,,,.rra t ,13
acceleration r"...,."iiir.. {,iz;:..i--g iti;.tri}
linia:'simptc harmonic ro,ion.'H_.,,.e F)
iJil: rl:#T;'Jt'"qu'Io"
,.:" p."-ii;;."".;i:;:T;;j:iiffi;.,:hq:Jf;Ii 'r obrain tr,. .*f,.r.ion ror acceJera.on,
r:*:,
a particle performing S.H.M.
ll L?;t;li,m::t.lLE;,;;,; u,a a,.pru.",,.,,,(ll
/.l1dr-rlrl:. "2Oj9l
(2:! et rvhich position' the
total eners/' of a particle executing linear
S. H. M. is purely potent*,
lmuo*r, aoJflf
{2'ii Deline linear S H. M. obtain clifierential (1)
equation of linear s. H. M. {Mrrrch 2fr*G1
j;:l
:!tii'.":;1:L#:;',x irr;i*J;m'#';*l']inear
r';rr Write the differential equation
a. o"*.ri* S. H.
M. E**2;
SHM is ma-ximum?,*.,
"**,,!ij
(31
itr€*.rtk
seconcl',s pendulum. Deri'e
a i,*.rru for the length of second,s penclulum.
;i:;::::: !1fa;:c- .?*,?.?,1 i;i
{it The displacement of particle performing S.H.M. given
is by
l- r nI
x-
i5sinrt*l2sinl "'' I)lcm. Delermine rhe ampiitude. period and initial phase olthe motion.
\zi lhe period of a simple penclulum increases {*ct.2005}
length and period of the pendulrrm. L" ',0% rvhen its Iength is increased by 2.1 cm l4t
(g Find the original
t|41 s.u.u. t. given by theequationx=B-sin= 9.g my 521 {t3ct. 2.AA9}
(4rl) +66.,. 1,
 Utt;;tn's Xll So/utlon
190

10 g oscillates freelyrvith amplitude 2 cm' Find lts

potentialener$/
{3rii A simple penclulum of length 1 m and rnass
(P.E) at the extreme positi"bn. @ = 9.8 m/s2l !;i'ui'g 2*:'l:; l2l
pendulum in a clock is increased to 4 times length .,
initial r^-^+ra
its :.^,,,^r Calculate the number
ii.f:.1 The length olthe second's j?i.ijii (2)
of oscil]ations complet"d by the nelv pendulum in one minute, l#':r,:ri'
osciliate on a spring of force constartt 16 N/m Calculate
{1?i A bocly of mass 1 kg is maie to
iai Ar-rgularliequen'cy, (1;! Frequencyofvibrations'iili'o;:cfit'GSIt{^ l2l
1:1--r^^r
A simple pendulum of ler.gth 1 m has mass 10 g' ancl osciliates freely r'vith amplitude of 5 cm Calculate its
{1b.1 (3)
potential energy' at extreme position' lii:l'r:rlir ?d']?{-Ji
maximum velocity 25 cm/s and maximum acceleration 100 cm/s2'
l1*) A particle pcrforming linear S. H. M. 1-ras : '
Find periocl of oscillation. ;'il'1i:;":l;r '?i-!2:ii,r
s ,EijPElft iF f, [iiT]I* N $C'" sPI& V ]i]'"1'
TI;ri+; "
betrveen the frequencies of the t'"vo
{li What are beats? prove that the frequency of beats is equal to the difference (4)
sound notes giving rise to beats. 1**" i}aaS
express it in different forms' {t}*t' 2si?9J (4)
{zi Derive an equation of a simple harmonic progressive wave and
stationa{' waves 2a8*i (31
{3} State the points of comparison between progl."ir" waves and {}l{crch
(4i
What are beats? Deduce analytically the exiression for beat frequency' l?ct'
2t;1f i
{4} wave travelling in the direction of
(5! Derive an expression for one dimensional - Si*pl" harmonic progressive
(3)
positive X-a-xis. Express it in 'two' different forms' {**t 2A13!
:"'"':r'1' ?{l'1 5'! (31
{61 Explain what is Doppier effect, in sound and state its any 'four' applications'
Slrow that beats frequency is eual to frequency difference between
two interfering waves' 1'rv"ly ZliGi (3}
{?) medium and a rarer
{$} trxplain the rellection of transverse and longitudinal waves from a denser
{.!,!t:t::|, **i.i11 (3)
mcdium.
vibration of string stretched between two rigid supports'
t?l Drarv a neat labelled diagram of the first two modes of
gfar*fr **fi3; l2l
open at both ends'
{xt!} Dra$, the neat 1abe11ed diagrams of the first two modes of vibrations of an air column

vibrations of air column ln a pipe':;:t:T:f:::"'l?l

{11} Show that only odd harmonics are present in the pll*:r"c"n 2i) i0) l3l
of air column in a pipe
I 1 .>'" Drarv a neat label1ed diagra.ms for the iundamentai mode of vibrations
{a-} Open at both the ends {bi Open
at one end
2!:]7nl (3)
write formula for the .n.."rpnrr-,1ir.g fundamental frequency in each case /[reir'i:?-that no'1*s: ot antinodes are
SJlori
{13} Dcr-i.;e expression for forrnation of statiorlarv $'ave bV anah'tjcal methotl
equally spaced, ; '?.
i1
(3)
t1"1i Witt-r rr.ai diagrams explain various modes
of vibratio,s oi i'i sirclched string' 'i-"-;' 2'i-'- ''
t!q] Explain analyiically how stationary waves are formed. What are nodes and antinodes? Show that distance

2012" 2u19i (4)

betrveer-r tr,vo acljacent nodes or antinode is I f.nr*""L
(16| Differentiate behveen free and forced (Match 2O13| l2l
'ibratlons present in an air qolumn contained in a pipe open at
t1?! with a neat labelled diagram, show that all harmonics are (4}
both the ends. Define end correction {Mctrc:n 2A73}
{1-8} Drawneatlabelleddiagramsformodesof vibrationsof
anaircolumninapipervhenitis'
ta! open at both ends (h! closed at one end'
Hence derive an expression for fundamental frequency in each case. {ocf
2o13, 'lulg 2o1B) (4!
rigid supports separated by a distance 'L'
( 19) A wire of density
,p,
and young's modulus Vl i. .i."t"f,.d between two

Hence show that

under tension T'. Derive an expression for its frequency in fundamenta-l mode'

1Fl u'here svmbols have their usual meanings' (Feb' 2a1fl (4)
"= ;l;, of vibration
(2o) Distinguish between forced vibrations and resonance. Dra'*' neat, labelled diagrams for the rnodes
of a stretched string in second harmonic ana ifrira harmonic.
pct. 2014) (41
are present in an air column vibrating
(2 lf What are forced vibiations and resonance? Show that only odd harmonics
'- ' i; ; pile closed at one end. (Feb. 2015) (41

(22) Show that all harmonics are present on a stretched string between two rigid supports'
pct' 2O15) (31
between node and
(23) Expiain analytically how the stati<-rnary waves are formed. Hence show that the distance

adjacent antinode i, \ . {r"t. zola) ' l2l

Show that nodes and' .antinodes are equally
{24} Explain the formation of stationary wave by analytical method.
 Summary of Board Quesfions
-104

spaced in a stationary wave. X"fu:1.;.r .:iirIii/

ii:ii E::plain the formation of stationary ,"vaves by analytical method. l4l
show the formation of
stationary wave diagramatically. !j;::,::t..t:it :.1:.;.j,.'i.i
(4)
i;i!''r Discuss dilferent modes of vibiations in an air column ola pipe open at both
the ends. state the cause of end
end ccrrection for the pipe open at both the ends in iundamental
mode. iq;r,...t...r,. :.:iii;:J (s)
; ' ; :f:ttll"i
,.,r, l:l,o,tn:
what ls meant bv harmonics? Shorv that onlv odd harmonics are present as or.ertones
in the case of a, air
column vibrating in a pipe closed at one end,
Il.ri.::.ri::* ?Sf,Ei (4)
i'l-'i) Shor'v that even as ',vell as odd harmonics are present as overtones in
the case of an air column vibrating in a
pipe open at both the ends. itifrrr+rr_ Ilr.iii:.r
(31
{i?:'i1 51]o* that all harmonics are present in case of an air column
iE:irjr.:'r li,r:{rilj $l
{:'1{l} what are harmonics and overtones (Trvo point)?
r.:rr.i.*,r*k- kt}|*R}
ii{nt Prove that frequency of beats is equal to the clifference between the frequencies of @l
giving rise to beats. *:.igilr{:i; 31..,',t:,j
the two sound notes
(g}

Fr*hie;*; :

{1i waveiengthsof twonotesinairare ,,u"a fr m.Eachof thesenotesproduce4beatspersecondwith

l*
the third note of fixed frequency. Find the velocity of sound in air.
f"&Ca:.c lt eg{a&i (4)
(2: The velocity of sound in air at room temperture is 350 m/s.
An air column is 35 cm in length. Find the frequency
of third overtone in a pipe, when it is
ia! closed at one end {tr} open at both ends. ritrieralrr :d}$.t; l4l
i:j: A sonometer wire is in unision u'ith a tuning fork ,"vhen stret&ed
by a weight of specific gravity ,,nine,, on
completelf immersing the weight in rvater, rvire prtrduces 4 beats per
second with the fork. Calculate the
liequency of the fork. l,rlr:"*.-rrrrirf'" iai
{.$r Two sound notes Ilave waveiengtht 83 , 83
m ar-rd
tzO ,r, m in air. These notes rvhen sounded together produce g beats
the vetocity of sound in air and frequencies of two notes. g&Jarcft z*#g, g*tr?j
(qi
l;': flilt^"^1*.,-9al:ulate
tne consecuttve harmonics of an air column closed at one end (4)
are 405 Hz and.6Z5 Hz respectively, Find ti-ie
fundamental frequency of the similar air column but open at both
ends. iscf. 2ssg;i (41
{6} A simple harmonic progressive wave is given by the equation y= 0.1 sin 4r (50 /.- 0.1 x) in S.I. units. Find the
amplitude frequency, wavelength and velocity of the wave.
{t/I*_rcb Z*10} (4}
l71 32 tuning forks are arranged in descending order offrequencies. Ifany two consecutive tuning forks are sounded
together the number of beats heared is ei[ht p". The frequency of the first tuning fork is octave that of
the last fork. calcL-rlate the frequency of the first,"."oni.
rast and the 2ist fork. {r}*." zrJr{}i
i8i A set of i2 tuning forks is arrangedin the increasing orcler of frequencies. Each tuning fork produce .y,beats l4l
per second with previous one. The last tuning fork is an octave
cf the first. rhe fi[n tuning fork has the
frequency 90 Hz. Find Yand hence find the frequency of the
last fork. fi.€.errc&. A*tl., Zt3iT)
t'sl In a resonance tube experiment the shortest length of an air column is resonating with a tuning fork of
l4l
frequency 300 Hz is 25 cm' The next resonance occurs when
rvater ievel is B0 cm below-the open tube. Find the
velocity of sound in air and diameter of the tube. (Ma-rck_ eTl.l)
(1s) In a resonance tube experiment a tuning fork resonates Fl
with an air column 10 cm 1ong and again resonates
when it is 32.2 cm 1ong. Calculate the wavelength of the wave
and end correction. {ilct, Z{}11) l4l
{11} A.cylindricai glass tube is 35 cm long. If both ends of the tube are open. what is the fundamental
frequency of
vibration of air column? Neglect end correctio n. (verocitg of sound"
in air = 350 m/ s) (March 2o1z) l2l
{12} A transverse wave of amplitude 0.01 m and frequency ioo aris travelling along a stretched
string."r,ith a speed
of 200 m/ s' Find the displacement of a particle at a distance
of 0. T m frorri the o-rigin after 0.01 sec. Also find the
phase difference betrveen the point where wave reaches
from the origin. (Marci Zolzl
(tr.3| A train biows a whistle of frequency
640Hz in air, Find the difference in apparent frequencies of the.;vhistle for
Fl
a stationary observer, when the train moves towards and away from
the observer wlth ihe speed of Z2 kmlhour.

0.05 sin .f zor-il, where all quantities are

in S I' units, Calculate the displacement of a particle at 5 m from origin rnJ^t th"6irrstrrt
0.1 second.
{15) A pipe which is open at both ends is 47 cm loag and has an inner diameter 5 cm. If
the speeJ:;'";3lii'" -rfil
348 m/s, calculate the tundamenta.l frequency of air column in that pipe. (Feb.
2Ol4) l2l
{16} A 36 cm long sonometer wire vibrates wiih frequency of 280 Hz in fundamental mode,
when it is under tension
of 24.5 N. Calculate linear density of the material of wire. (Oct. 2O14j
el
 j

1A_ l.irte:rri's Xll Physics Papers Solution

I
!
i

I
{ 1?i wavelengths of tu'o notes in the air *. [#l ," ,rr0 m. Each of these notes produces 8 beats per seconcl .{
[# ] it
urith a tuning fork of fixed frequency. Find the velocity of sound in the air and frequency of the tuning fork.
it-,*t. 2{}}"$} (3) 1

{1ei ashechedrvireemitsfundamentalnoteof frequency 256Hz.Keepingthestrechingforceconstantandreducing i

the length of rvire by 10 cm, the frequency hecomes 320 Hz. Calculate the original lehgth of wire ffeb. 2,$-l 5l (3f {
I
ii$! Asonometerr'r,ireisinunisonr'vithatuninglorkoffrequencyl25Hzwhenitisstretchedbyarveight.Wirenthe !
rveight is completely immersed in rvater, B beats are heard per secorrd. Find the specific gravitv of the material
i
of the r,veight. f'}r-'t. 3&.i5i (31 t
{?$} In a set, 2 1 tuning forl<s are arranged in a series of decreasing frequencies. Each tuning fork produces 4 beats
per second with the preceding fork. If the first fork ls an octave of the last fork, find the frequencies of the first
and tenth forks {r"ret. ?0JSl (g)
(21! e set of 48 tuning forks is arranged in a series of d.'scendrng frequencies such that each fork gives 4 beats per:
second with preceding one. The frequencv of first fork is 1.5 times the frequency of the last fork, find the
.- _. lrequency of the flrst and 42"d tunrng fork. [Feb. 2fii6i (3)
(221 fne fundamental frequency of an air column in a pipe closed at one end is in unison with
the third overtone of
open pipe. Calculate the ratio of lengths of their air columns. {Feh. 2O16}
l2l
l23l A tube open at both ends has length 47cm. Calculate the fundamental frequency of air column.
(Neglect end corcection. Speed of sound in air is 3.3 x j02 m/ s). (Jutg 2016)
l2l
{24! The speed limit for a vehicle on roacl is 120 km/hr. ,A policeman detects a drop of LOok in the pitch of horn of a
car as it passes him. is the policeman justihed in punishing the car driver for irossing the speecl limit?
(Giuen:Velocitlt of sound- 340 m/s) {.!utg 2t716} (3)
"^*. a transverse rvave is produced
{25} on a stretched string 0.9 m long and fixed at its ends. Find the.speecl of the
transverse rvave, Ivhen the string vibrates rvhile emitting second overtone of frequency 324 Hz.
{}bturctu 2Afi)pl
{25} What should be tension applied to a. wire of length 1m and mass 10 gram, if it has to vibrate rvith fundamental
frequency of 50 Hz? (Julgg 2017) pl
l27l Thervavelength of trvo sound waves in *. f| - urra ff m. They produce t0 beats per second. Ca.lculate
^i.
.- -. the velocity of sound in atr. {Ms"rc|-t EOIBi (3)
(2E! 'fne length of an air column for a fundamental mode in a resonance tube is 16 cm and that for second
resonance
is 50.25 cm. Find the end correction. {,lutE 2O1"8)
(29) n stretched sonometer wire is in unison with a tuning fork. When the length of the wire is increased @l
by 5%, the
' number of beats heard per second is 10. Find the frequency of the tuning fsyl<. {March 2Ol9)
l1l
i38l A sonometer',vire 1 metre long '"veighing 2 g is in resonance with a tuning iork of frequency 300 FIz. Find tension
in the sonometer wire. {ifla.rch 2{}1"9} pl
{illi a r'vire of length 1 m and mass 29 is in unison with a tuning fork of frequency 300H2. Calculate the tension
produced produced ln the rvire.
{32} fina the distance betu,een two successive antinodes in a stationa.ry wave on s string vibrating with
frequency 32 Hz. [Speed of wave = 48 mi s.] pct. 2O21)
@l
(331 rne rvavelength of two sound waves ln air are frm They produce 9 beats per second.
^.d #m.
Calculate Velocit-y of sound in air. (Oct. 2A21) (g)

7 WAVE OPTICS
Theory:
{1) What is interference of light? With the help of neat ray diagram, describe how the distance betri,.een two.virtual
sources in biprism experiment is measured. Derive the necessary formula. (March 2OO8)
{41
l2l State the conditions necessary for obtaining sharp and steady interference patterrr.
(March 2OO8, Oct. 2O14) l2l
(3) Exptain the resolving power of a telescope with the help of a neat ray diagram. On what factors does it dependi
(October 2OOB) (3)
(41 Using aaalytical method, obtain an expression for path difference between two interfering light waves. Hence
show that bright and dark bands are produced alternately in the interference pattern. p;to;br 2Oo8) (gl
(5) State Huygen's principle. Explain refraction of a plane wavefront at a plane surface on the basis of Huygen,s
wave theory of light. (October 2OO8)
i6) In a biprism experiment show that d = ,,[dtd2, using the conjugate foci method. Draw ,n" ,r"""..rr, .(^]
diagrams. (March 2OO9) (g)
 Summary of Board Queslrons 193

17l What is resolving power of an optical instrument? Explaln Rayleigh's criterion for central maximum.
(Octaber'2aofl l3l
{S} Draw a r-reat labe11ed ray diagram of a biprism experiment showing clearly trvo virtual sources arrcl the region of
interference. (March 2OlO) l2l
(9| Drar'v neat labelled diagrams showing magnified and dininished images formed by a ccnvex lens in biprism
experiment. (October 2OlO, March 2Ol7) l2l
(1Si Dtaw a neat lr.belled ray diagram of refraction of a plane wavefront at a plane surface. (October 20tA, ZO11) l2l
(11} Distinguish betrveen the phenomenon of interference ald diffraction. (October 2O17, Mareh 2O17) (21
(1?i Give analytical treatment of interference bands and hence obtain the expression for fringle width.
(Mareh 2o12) (4)
(13) Explain Huygen's constructlon of spherical rvavefront. (March 2A12) l2l
(14| Drarv a neat 1abe11ed diagram of reflection of light from a plane reflecting'surface on the basis of wave theory,
(March 2O12) l2l
(15| On the basis of Huygens'wave theory of light prove that velocigr of light in a rarer medium is greater than
velocity of light in a denser medium. (March 2O1S) l4l
(16| Describe biprism experiment to find the wavelength of monochromatic light. Draw the necessary ray diagram for
magnihed and diminished images of virtual sources. (Feb. 2o14, March 2o1z) (sl
(17i Draw a neat labelled diagram showing the plane of vibration and plane of polarisa.tron for polarised light.
pct.2a1fl l2l
(181 What is a poloroid? State its'two'uses. (Feb.2O1S) (21
(19| Describe biprism experiment to calculate the wavelength of a momochromatic light. Draw the necessary ray
diagram. (Feb. Z.alfl (31
(2CI1With the help of neat diagrams, explain how the non-polar dielectric material is polarised in external eiectric
lle1d of increasing intensity. Define polarisation in dielectrics. pct. 2o1s) (g)
{21} What is'diffraction of light'? Explain its two types. (Feb.2Ot6) l2l
(22i Using analytical method for lnterference bands, obtain an expression for path difference between two
light -waves. (Jutg 2O16) (3)
(23) Obtain an expression for path difference and fringe rvidth of interference pattern in Young's double slit
experiment. Show that the fringe width is same for consecutive bright and dark bands. (Julg 2017) (31
(24) Explain the construction of plane wavefront using Huygens'principle. (Jutg 2o1z) (3)
(25| State the conditions to get constructive and distructive interference of tight. (March 2O1B) l2l
(26! State Brewster's law and show that when light is incident at polarizing angle the reflected and refracted rays
are mutually perpendicular to each other. (March 2019) (g)
(27| Explain refraction of light on the basis of wave theory. Hence prove the laws of refraction. (March 2A1fl (3)
{28} state any two conditions for steady interference pattern. (March 2o2o) l2l
(29) State Huvgens' principle. Explain geometrical construction of a plane wavefront. (March 2O2O) (gl
(3Ol With the help of a neat diagram, explain the reflection of light on a plane reflecting surface.fll4arch 2022)
(3)
Problems :

(1) Determine the change in wavelength of light during its passage from air to glass, if refractive index of glass with
respect to air is 1.5 and frequency of light is 4 x 1O1a Hz. Find the wave number of light in glass.
[Velocitg of light in air = 3 x 106 m/ s] (March 2OO8) (4)
(21 In a biprism experiment the slit is illuminated by a light of wavelength 4800 A.U. The distance between slit and
biprism is 20 cm and the distance between biprism and eye piece is B0 cm. If the distance between virtual
sources is 3 mm, determine the distance between the Sth bright band on one side of the centra-l band and 5th
'
dark band on other side. (Oct. 2OO9) (41
(3| In a double slit experiment, the optical path difference between the rays from two coherent sources at a point
P on one side of the central bright band is 7.5 x 10-6 m and at a point Q on the other side of the central bright
band is 1.8 x 10-6 m. Eow many bright and dark bands are observed between the points P and Q is wavelen[th
of light useci is 6 x 1C-7 m? (March 2OO9) (4)
(4! In Young's experiment, two slits separated by 4 mm are illuminated by a iight of wavelength 6400 A.U.
Interference fringes are obtained at a distance of 60 cm from the slits. Find the changes in the fringe width, if
the separation between the slits is -
(a) increased by 1 mm, and
(b) decreased by 1 mm (March 2OtO) (41
.
(5) A ray of light is incident on a water surface of refractive inae*
f making an angle of 40o with the surface. Find
the angle of refraction. (March 2OlO) l?l
(6) The number of waves in 6 cm of vaccum is same as the numberof waves in x cm of a medium. If the refractive
 [Jttan s Xll Papers Solution
194

3
indcx ol the mcdium is ;')', find x. (Oct. 2O1O) t2t
In Young's experiment, the sepration between the slits is 3 mm and the distance between the slits and the
wl
screen is 1m. If wavelength of light used is 6000 A.U.. :alculate the fringe widih what will be the change in

fringe width, if entire apparatus is immersed in a liquid of refractive inae" J . p&. 2Afi) (4)

(S) Monochromatic light from a narrow slit illuminates two narrow slits 0.3 mm apart producing an interference
pattern with bright fringe 1.5 mm apart on a screen 15 cm arvay. Find the wavelength of 1ight. How much rvill the
fi-inge '"vidth altered if
(a| the distance of the screen is doubled.
it1 the sepration between the slit is doubled. (fl$crch 2O11)
(41
(91 ihe wavelength of a beam of light in air is 3750 A". Find the number of waves of the beam in 10 cm of glass. Also
find the time required by the beam to pass through 10 cm of glass of refractive index is.
[Velocitg of light in air = 3 x 108 m/ s] (March 2O 1 1)
(4)

(10! If thedilferenceinthevelocitiesof lightinglassandrvateris0.25 z l0Bm/s. Findthevelocilyof lightir.rglass.

34
[Giuen : p, = ; and p* = 3 ]. pct. 2011) l2l
(11! In biprism experiment the fringes are observed in the focal plane ofthe eyepiece at a distance of 1.5 m from the
s1it. The distance between the central band and 15th dark band is 3 mm. When a convex lens is interposed
berween the biprism and the eyepiece at a dlstance of 1i2.5 cm from the eyepiece, ttre distalce between trvo
magnified virtual images is found to be i.125 cm. Find the wavelength of iight used. (Oct. 2077) .. (4)

(12| In a biprism experiment a source of wavelength 6500 Ao is replaced by source of wavelength 5500 .[ '
Calculate the change in fringe width if the screen is at 1m distance from the slits which are 1 mm apart.
(March 2012) l2l
(1G) A point is situated at7 cm and7.2 cm from two coherent sources. Find the nature of illumination at the point
if wavelength of light is 4000 A. (March 2O13) l2l
(1a) In Young's experiment the ratio of intensity at the maxima and minima in the'interference pattern is 36 : 16.
What is the ratio of the widths of the two slits? (I+tarch 2013) (31
(15| In Young's experiinent, the ratio of intensity at the maxima and minima in an interference pattern is 36 : 9.
What will be the ratio of intensities of tlvo interfering waves? {Oct 2013) (31
(16| The minimum algular reparation behveen two stars is 4 , 10{ rad, if telescope is used to observe them with an
objective of aperture 16 cm. Find the waveiength of light used. (Act 2O13) l2l
(12) The refractive indices of water for red and violet colours are 1.325 and^1.334 respectively. Find the difference
between the velocities of rays for these two colours in r,",ater. (c = 3 x 108 m/ s) (Oct. 2O 13) (3 )

(18) For a glass plate as a polarizer with refractive index 1.633, calculate the angle of incidence at which light is
polari sed. Feb.ZaM) l2l
(19! If the clifference in velocities of light in glass arld water is 2.7 x 10/ m/s, iind the v€locity of light in air:
(Refractiue indqx of glass = 1.5, \gfractiue index of u.tater = I .333[ (Feb. 2O L4) l2l
(20) A rerl light of wavelength 6400 A in air has ',vavelength 4OO0 A in glass. If the wavelength of violet light in air
o
is 4400 A , nt a its wavelength in glass. (Assume that p,; p,) l}ct. 2Ok) l2l
(2 1) In a biprism experiment, a slit is iliuminated by a iight of wavelength 4800 i . The dlstance between the siit and
biprism is 15 cm and the distance between the biprism and eyepiece is 85 cm. If the distance between virtual
sources is 3 mm, determine the distance between 4th bright band on one side and 4th dark band on the other
side of the central bright band. (Oct. 2014) (3)

, Is) 2O15) (31

lz2llf the critical angle of a medium is sin-rlg.J frna the polorising angle. (Feb.
(23) In a biprism experiment, when a convex lens was placed between the biprism and eyepiece at a dista:rce of 30
cm from the siit, the virtual images o1 166 slits ale found to be separated by 7 mm. If the distance between the
slit and biprism is 10 cm and between the biprism and eyepiece is 80 cm, find the linear magnification of the
image. (Oct. 2015) (31

l24l ln a single slit diffraction pattern, the distance between first minima on the right 'and lirst minima on the left
of central nraximum is 4 mm. The screen on which the pattern is displaced, is 2 m from the slit and rvavelength
of light used is 6000i . Calculate width of the slit and width of the central maximum. (Oct, 2015) (3)
(25f A parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on a glass slab at an angle of incidence 60o. Find the ratio of
width of the beam in the glass to that in the air if refractive index of glass is |. f}.r. ,OrU) (3!
 Summary of Board Quesllons
195

i:*i Determine the change in r,"'avelength of light during its passage from air to glass. If the refractive inclex of glass
rvith respect to alr is 1.5 and the frequency of light is 3.5 x tOla Hz, lind the wave nurnber of light in g1ass.
pelocitg of light in air, c = 3 x 108 m/ sl {.{e!:. I,i! i5} (31
{2?} In biprism experiment, 10th dark band is observed at 2.09 mm from the central bright point on the screen ryith
red light of wavelength 6400 A . By horv much ',vill fringe rvidth change ii blue light of wavelength 4800 A is used
with the same setting? X;q'ei.,. i?JSj (3)
{2Ei A point is situated at 6.5 cm and 6.65 cm from two coherent sources. Find the nature of illuminatron at the
point, if rvavelength of light is 5000 i.,U*1.,;:*rfii pl
i??] Determine tl're change in rvar,elength of light cluring its passage from air to giass, if the refractive index of glass
r'vith respect to air is 1.5 and the frequency of light is 5 x 1014 Hz. Find the wave number of light in glass.
pelocitg of lightinair, c= 3 x 10E m/sl gutly 2Gn6) (gl
{3s} The width of plane incident u.avefront is found to be doubled on refraction in denser' medium. If it makes an
angle of 65o rvith the normal. Calculate the refractive index for the denser medium, (March 2Q1?) (gl
(31| The refractive inclices of glass and water rv.r.t. air
Iur-ra $r.rnectively. Dertmine the refractive index of glass
w.r.t. water. gulg 2*1r) (g)
{32} The refractive indices of rvater and diamond u,-ra 2.42 respectively. Find the speed of light in water and
^.. f
diamond (c - 3 x 1Cs m/ s) g1areh 2{}t?,) (g)
o
{S3} In a biprism experiment light of wavelength 5200 A is used to get an interference pattern on the screen. The
fringe width changes by 1.3 mm when the screen is moved towards biprisim by 50 cm. Find the distance
betu,een two virtual images of the s1it. {16e,rcta. 2018} (3)
{3'41 In Young's double sLt experiment, the slits are 0.5 mm apart and interference is observed on a screen placed
at a distance of 100 cm from the s1it. It is found that 9th bright fringe is at a distance of 8.835 mm from the 2nd
dark fringe, on the same side of the centre of the fringe pattern. Find the wavelength of light used.
puts 2a18) (s)
(35) The optical path difference between two identical wavgs arriving at a point is 371i. Is the point bright or dark?
If the path difference isO.24 mm, calculate the wavelength of light t:.sed. (Jutg 2O18) (gl
(36! Determine the change in wavelength of light during its passage from air to g1ass, if the refractive index of glass
with respect to air is 1.5 and frequency of iight is 4 10la Hz. (c= 3 x 108 m/s) {Jutg ZOf g (3)
'
{37} In Young's experiment interference bands were produced on a screen placed at 150 cm from t.vo slits, 0.15 mm
apart and illuminated by the light of waveiength 6500 i. Calculate the fringe width. f*4anch z7rc) el
{3El} Two coherent sources of light having intensity ratio 81:1 produce interference fringes. Calculate the ratio of
intensities at the ma-xima and minima in the interference pattern. (March 2A1fl el
{39} Monochromatic light of rvavelength 4300 ,l falls on a siit of width 'a'. For rvhat value of 'a' the first maximum
falls at 30"? (Attarch 2A19) l2l
(aO! In a biprism experiment, light of rvavelength 5200 A is used td obtain an interference pattern on the
screen. The fringewidth changes by 1.3 mm when the screen is moved towards the biprism by 50cm.
Ca-lculate the distarce between the hvo virtual images of the s1if. (March 2O2O) (3)
(4'1) If the difference in the velocities of light in glass and water is 0.25 x 108 m/s, calculate the velocity of light

in air. Given that refractive index of glass and water with respect to air are 1.5 and respectively.
f,
(oct. 2022) lgl
{42} Plane wavefiont of light of wavelength 6000A is incident on two slits on a screen perpendicular to the
direction of light rays. If the total separation of 10 bright fringes on a screen 2m away is 2cm, find the
distance betwcen the slits. (March 2O22) (O!

8. ELECTROSTATICS
Theory:
{ii State and prove Gauss's theoremin an electrostatics. (March 2OO8,2AA9,2011) (41
l2l Derive an expression for the mechanical force per unit area of a charged conductor.
(Oct. 20O8, March 2O1O) (3)
(3) Describe the construction of van-de-Graaf generator. (March 2OO9) l2t
l4l Derive an expression for electric intensity at a point outside a charged spherical conductor. pct. 2OO9) l2l
(5) Derive an expression for the eilerS/ of a charged condenser. Express it in different forms. (Oct, 2OlO) (3)
 Ulianr s Xll Physics
196

(6, Derive an expression for the capacity of a parallel plate condenser fi1led with dielectric. {oct. 2o1.1) (3}
Derive an expression for e.,erg;stored in a charged condenser. Obtain its different forms. {March 2012} (3}
iti
{8} State Gauss theorem and state its any two applications'
i*l Drarv a neat labelled cliagram of a parallel plate capacitor completely fl11ec with dielectric. (Marefu 2oi3) l2l
ifbl Wfr^t do you mean by pJlar molecules and non-po1ar molecules? Glve one example each. (Oct. 2&I3/ (21
j: f i Witf, the help of r."ridiagram, describe the construction and rvorking of van de Graff generator.
(JutE 20161 (4)

iI2! Obtain an expression for electric lield intensity at a point outslcle r-rniformly charged thin plane sheet.
@ufu 2a1.\ l2l
in electrostatics. State the expression for electrlc lle1d intensity at a point outside an
{18} State Gauss,s theorem
infinitely long charged conducting cylinder. (JuW 2AlS) (2)

{14} Define "upu"itu.,""1f a capacitorand its SI unit. (March 20L9) l2l

(l5i Capacity of a para11e1 capacitor with dielectric constant 5 is aprF. Calculate the capacity of the same

capacitor r,vhen dielectric material is removed. {Marctz 2O20) (1)

(16) Explain the concept of a parallel plate capacitor. State its any'two'applications. (March 2A2A) (3)
of three capacitors connected in series'
{l?) Obtain rr-, .*p."..ion for equivalent capacity for combination
(3t
(Oct. 2O21)
(18| what are poiar dielectrics and non polar dielectrics. Tjfftarch zo22s (21

Protrlerns :
(l) A parallel plate air condenser has an area2 x 10+ m2 ancl sepration between the trvo plate is 1 mm Find its
capacity. [€a= B.BS * 10-12 C1ttm21 luarch 2aa@ l2l
l2l Energ, stoied in a charged."pu.ito. of capacity 25 pF is 4 J. Find the charge on its plate' (oct' zaog) l2l
iai a para11el plate capacitlor has circular p1ate, each of diameter 20 cm seprated by a distance of 2 mm The
poiential difference-between the piates is maintain at 360 V. Calculate the capacitance and charge Waht is the
intensity of electric field betrveen the plate of capacitor? [Giuen: K = 1] (Oct. 2009) (4)
(41 A condenser of capacity 100 pF is chaiged to a potential of 1 kV. Calculate the enerry stored in the condenser'
(March 2alG) l2l
(s) 2sF 3pF Three condensers are connected as shown in hgure belor.v. calculate
B the effective capacitance betr,veen A and B' (Oct. 2O1Q l2l
4pF

(6) A capacitor carries a charge cf B prF at a potential 400 V. How much electrostatic enerry stored in the capacitor?
(March 2011) 12)
4 x 10o
17l The surface density of charge on the spherical surface is 2.65 x 1O-e C/m2. If the raciius of the sphere is 6
m, find the charge carried by the sphere. (Oct. 2011) l2l
(81 Electrostatic..r"iry of 3.5 x 10+ J is stored in a capacitor at 700 V. What is the charge on the eepacitor?
(March 2O73)
(el The enerry density at a poin( in a medjum of dielectric constant 6 is 26.55 x 106 J/m3 Calculate electric field
intensir.v at that point. 1c6 = 8.85, l0-'' Slunits)
or{o"t
zotsl
(31

(10) A network of four capacitors of 6 pF each is connected to a240 V supply' c2

(3)
Determine the charge on each capacitor' (Feb. 2O14) 6pF c1 c3 6pF

6pF

(1f) Six capacitors of capacities 5, 5, 5, 5, 10 and X pF are

connected as shown in the network given below.
Find : (a) The value of X if the network is balanced,
(31
and (b) The resultant capacitance betrveen A and C. (oct. 2o14)
 Summary of Board Quesfions'
197

{1*} Trvo metal spheres having charge densities 5 ytClm2 and.-2 prC/m2 with radii 2 mm and 1 mm respectively are
kept in a hypothetical closed surface. Calculate total normal electrical induction over the closed surface.
(Fe[s. e*aS] l2l
{:53i Aconductorofanyshape,havingarea.l0cm2placedinairisuniformlychargedwithacharge0.2pC.Determine
the electric intensiry at a point just outsicle its surface. A1so, find the mechanical force per unit area of the
charged conductor. [e n = B.85 x J&r: S.1. Units] (]!€b. 20n 6] (3)
{14} A cube of marble having each side 1 cm is kept ir. an electric field of intensity 300 V/m. Determine the energi
containedinthecubeof dielectricconstantB. [Gioen.'ar=8.85 *10],C/Nmrl (Marct't2{}1?}
t?f
{i5} Three capacitors ofcapacities 8 pF, 8 pF and 4 pF are connected in a series and a ootential difference at 120 voli
is maintained across the combination. Caiculate the charge on capacitor of capacity a pF. {,}ulg 20}V}
l2l
i1S! A parallel plate air condenser has a capacity of 20 prF. What r,vill be the new capacity if:
(a) the distance betu,een the two plates is double?
(b) a marble slab of dielectric constant B is introcluced betrveen the two plates? (Vlarch 2O1E! l2l
(171 A 10 pF capacitor is connected u'ith 100 \/ battery. What would be the electrostatic energr stored?
(July 2018) l2l
(18) Trvo charges of magnitude 5nC and -2 nC are placed at points (2 cm, C, 0) and (20 cm 0,0) in a region of
a region of a space where there is a no external field. Find electrostatic potentiai energ/ of the system.
' {fict" 2021} (Ol
(191 A parallel plate capacitor filled rvith air has an area of 6 cm2 and plate separation of 3 mm. Calculate its
capacitance. (Ma.rch 2A22) (gl
I CURRENT h]LECTR.ICITY
'l'heory:
(1) Describe hor'v potentlometer is used to compare the e.m.f.s of two ce11s by sum and difference method.
(Maretu ?a*E) lgl
t2t Obtairr the balancing condition of Wheatstone's network. {October 2OOB, Mareh 2A}.1"} (3}
(31 Draw a neat labelled circuit diagram to determine resistance of a galvanometer using Kelvin's method.
(Actober 2AA8, 2ALi) l2l
l4l Describe meter bridge experiment to determine resistance of galvanometer by Kelvin's iaethod.
grtarch 2aa9) (31
(s) Describe how a potentiometer is usecl to compare the emf's of two celts by connecting them separately.
(Actober 2009) l3l
l6l State Kirchhoffs larvs in electricity. (Ma.rcta 2O1A, Jutg 2O18) l2l
t7l State and explain principle of potentiometer. {March 2A11., Oct 2O13) l2l
(8) Explain with neat circuit diagram horv rvi1l you determine unknorvn resistance by using meterbridge experiment.
(March 2G12) (O)
(e) State any 'trvo' possible sources of error s in meter-bridge experiment. Ho',v can they be minimised? (Oct. 2A 1fl pl
(10) Describe Kelr,in's method to determine the resistance of galvanometer by using metre bridge. fiteb" 2A1"6) l2l
(11! State the advantages of potentiometer over voltmeter. (March 2O17) (2)
(12) Explain with a neat circuit diagram horv will you determine unknown resistance X' by using meter bridge.
(March 2078) (3)
(13) Explain the conversion of a Moving Coil Galvanometer (MCG) into an ammeter. Obtain necessary
formuia. (Oct. 2021) (4)
(14) Define potential gradient of the potentiometer wire. (March 2022) (11
(rs) Distinguish between potentiometer and voltmeter. (March 2O22) l2l
Problems :

(1) A potentiometer wire has a resistance per unit length 0.1 A/m. A celI of e.m.f. 1.5 V balances against 300 cm
length of the wire. Find the current through potentiometer wrie. (March 2OO9) 121
l2l The potentiometer wire has length 10 m and resistance 1OO. If the current flowing through it is 0.4 A, ',vhat are
the balancing lengths when two cells of e.m.f.s 1.3 V and 1.1 V are connected so as to (al assist and (bl oppose
each other? (March 2OLO) (41
(3) The length of potentiometer wire is 4m and its resistance is 1BO. A battery of e.m.f. 2Y and, internal resistance
2 O is connected across the wire. Calculate the potential gra.dient. If the balancing length for a cell of e.m.f. E,
is 200 cm, calculate Er. (Oct. 2O1O) (4)
l4l A celi balances against dGngth of 250 cm on a potentiometer wire, when it is shunted by a resistance of 10Q.
The balancing length becomes 200 cm, when it is shunted by a resistance of 5f). Calculate the balancing length
when the cell is in open circult and also find internal resistance of the ce1l. (Oct. 2011) (4)
(51 In a potentiometer the balancing length of the string is found to be 2.5 m for a ce11 of e.m.f. 1.5 V. Find the
balancing length of the strir-rg for another cel1 of e.m.f. 1.2 V on the same potentiometer. (March 2O72) l2l
i98 _ :,1iy!'4t!Phryics PSpy: Sgry!::g,

A cell balances against a length of 200 cm on a potentiometer wire, ',r'hen it is shunted

by a reslstance of 8 O.
{$.i 4 o. calculate the balancing
The ba.lancing length reduces by 40 cm, when it is shunted by a resistance of
it,. ..tt is in circuit. Also calculate the interr-ral resistance of the cel1. aji{(.!:irri{ :*:a;j (3)
ler-rgth *hen open
Four resistances 4Q, BO, XQ arrd 60 are connected in a series so as to lbrm Wheatstone s netrvork lf the
{-/i
netrvork is balanced, find the vahle of X. (** 2a13)
(21

diametrically opposite points of a rnetal ring are connected to t'"vo terminals of the left gap of meter bridge.
{El! Tr,vo
of'15 cm from the left end,
T6e resistance of t io is conrrected in right gap. If null point is obtained at a distance
ring. !iOJ"[l (3)
find the resistance of metal {Fetu.
be connected in
i,gl A potentiometer wire has a length of 4 m and a resistance of 5 Q. What resistance should
seriesrn,ithapotentiometerrvireandacellofe.m.f.2VhavinginternalresistancelOtogetapotential
(3)
gradient of 10 3 V/cm? (*ct. 2014;
ce11 of emf 1.5 V is balanced at 300 cm on this
O/cm. A potentlometer
{1,"}} iesistance of a potentiometer wire is 0.1
Ivire.Calculatethecurrentandbalancinglengthforanothercellofe.m.f' l.4Vonthesamepotentiorneterlvire'
(Feb. 2a15i (31
(11.) Apotentiometerwirehasresistalceof perunitiengthof 0.14/m.Ace1l of e.m.f. l.5Vbalancesagainst300cm
length of the wire. Find the current in the potenti'ometer wire' pct" 2015) l2l
resistance 990 Q and
{12i A potentiometer wire has length of 2 m andiesistance 10 O. It is connected in series with
a ce1l of e.m.f.2 V. Calcuiate the potential gradient along the wite. (Jufu 2a1fl l2l
An unknor,r,n resistance is placed in the left gap and resistance of 50 ohm is placed in the right gap of a meter
ils!
bridge. The null point is obtained at 40 crn from the left end. Determine the unknown
E]"iliii;,,, l2l
(14) When a reslstance of 12 ohm is connectecl across a cell, its terminal potential difference is balanced
by 120 cm
the same the balancing
length of poteniometer wire. When the resistance of 18 ohm is connected across ce11,

length is 1S0 cm. Find the balancing length when the ce11 is in open circuit. Also calculate the internal resistance
(3}
of the ce11. {"tutg zolz}
found to be 2.5 m for a ce11 of e'mf 15 V Find the
{18} In a potentiometer the balancing length of the wire is
balancing length of the wire for another ce1l of e.m.f. 1.2 V on the same potentiometer. (JuIy 2*18i l2l
(16) When a resistor of 5Q is connected across the cell, its terminal potentia-l difference is balanced
by 150 cm of
potentiometer wire and when a resistance of 10 O is connected across cell, the terminal potential difference
is
balanced by 175 cm same potentiometer u.ire. Find the balancing length when the cell is in open
circuit and the
(31
internal resistance of the ce1l. (Marcb. 2a19)
a meter-bridge gives a point dividing the wire in the ratio
{1?} Tr.vo resistances X and Y in the two of
gaps nu11
2:3.I1each resistance is increased by 30O, the null point dlvides the rvire in the ratio 5 :6, calculate the
(3)
value of X and Y. (March 202a)
cm of the potentiometer wire. When a ce11 is shunted b-'-
{1g} The e.m.f. of a cell is balanced by a length of 320
a resistance of 50O the balancing length is reduced by 20 cm. Find internal resistance of the cell'
pct. 2a21) l2l
internal respective internal resistance of 1Q and 2() are
{1gi Trvo cells of emf 4V and 2V having respective
of 5f) '
connected in parallel, in so to send current in the same direction through an external resistance.
Find the current through the external resistance. (March 2O22) (31

10. MAGENTIC FIELDS DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT

Theory
(1) Explain how a movingi-^ coil non be
aarrrannmerpr can
^^ir galvanometer hc converted info voltmeter.
cnnverted into vo'lt (March 2A08) l2l
and explain its working' (October 2008, March 2O11) {3}
iZi State the principle of moving coil galvanometer
i3i State Ampere's la.,rr and hence obtain an expression ftr the magnetic induction at any point 'near a straight
(3)
conductor carrying a current. (March 2oo9)
(41 Givetheconstructionof asuspendedcoiltypeof movingcoilgalvanometer. (Mc.rch2OO9) !91
(suspended ioil type\ (March 2o1o) (31
isi Explain the pnnciple of mcving coil galvanometer (oitober (31
ie i Oxptaln the construction and working of cyclotron. -2o1o)
galvanometer. How can sensitivity be increased? (Oct. 2O1O) l?l
iri Stite the formula for sensitivity of a moving coil
dlagram explain its.construction. (Oct.2011)
iti Stare the principle of cyclotron. With a niatmathimatical expression. pct. 2o11)
tql
l2l
isi Stut. Ampere's ttcuitat law and write its
exptaln ho* * moving coil galvanometer is converted into an ammeter. Derive the necessary formula'
ifbl (March 2a1,2) l3l
(11) State and explain Ampere's circuita.l law. (March 2012, 2018) l2l
(12f Obtain the expression for current sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer. (March 2O13) l2l
iisi i,r," n-p..tt circuitat 1aw. obtain an expression foimagnetic induction along,n;"il:;l;it"iti
 Summary of Board Queslrons
199

*'*' through a moving coil garvanometer is direcuy proportionar

:l;J,,tl;:;i:,i1:j:ltjr";;i* to the aagre or
{1s} Drau'aneatandlabelleddiagramof suspendedcoiltypemovingcoilgalvanometer.(Feb.2a1s1
(16! Drarv a neat labelled diagrarn"for
the construction of ,cyclotron,. (Feb. ZAi6) |f,i
{17} Explain horv movi'g coil galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter. l2l
Derive the necessary formula.
{1s} obtair-r an expression for magnetic induction atong the axrs
of torord on the basis :y;tr:":"?r':lr.rrtut turul2l
{xB} State the advantages and clisaclvantages of a moving coil galvanometer. gvIa"rchn"r\i;;r'U (3)
{?o} with help of suitable diagram state t"he expressior] for Biot-savart's t2l
law in vector from. (oct, 2azo} (2t
{2x} Draw a neat' labelled diagram of a suspended coil type moving
coil galvanometer. (lt'la.rctt 2a2e) (3t
Problerns :

(11 A voltmeter of resistance 500 o can measure

a maximum voltage of 5 volt. How
rrun Ldt
can it he made
maximum volrage of 100 vott? (oct. 2oo9) rL to measure a
,^
l2l In a cyclotron' magnetic {ield of 3.5 wb/m2 is used to accelerate protons.
what should be the time ,rr,"*"1 fl
which the electric fie1d between the Dees be reversed?
(Massofproton=i.67\10-2zkg,Chargeonproton=i.6xi0_1sC)
(31 A galvanometer has a resistarice ,i ioo. (Ma-rch2olg) pl
it .to*. r"tr jln..tio.r,;;; ,
through it' The only shunt resistance a'ailable "*r. is not appropriate tocurrent
is 0.060 which
of 20 mA is passed
convert a galvanometer into
an ammeter' Horv much resistance should be connected
in series with the '"
coii of
range of ammerer is 8 A ? (oct 2a1e " the
"' galvanometer,
"l
so that the
{4} A rectangular coil of a mo'ing coii galvanometer contains 50 turns each having , (31
rariial magnetic field 0'025 wb/m2"by a fibre area 72cm-.lt is suspende6 in
of trvist constant it, io:it'N
of the moving coil galvanometei,r.
{Oci ZAlq -7a.gr... c"rcurate the sensitivity
(5) Acoil of l00turns,iachofarea o..o2m2iskeptinauniforrrfieldofinduction3.5*
a speed of 6000 r'p'm' about an axis in the plane of 10-sT. Ifthecoilrotateswjt?
the coil and perpencicular to the magnetic induction,
calculate peak value of e.m.f. inciuced in the
. . The
(6) 1O"t :Of S,p
combined resistance of a galuano-et.. of "oli.
resistance 500 tl and its shunt is 21o. calculate ,t" ,rurr"(?l
shunt. (Feb. 2016)
l7l A voltmeter has a resistance of 100 o. wtat will be its reading when it is connected
and internal resistance 2oo? (Julg 2016) across a
LLU dLr or ..*.r. l?
(8) A moving coil galvanometer has a resistance ".rr
of 254 a,ld gives a full scate deflection for a current or to
Horv will you convert it into a voltmeter having _ -a.(21
(9) A rectangular coil of.a mor''ing coil galvanom.i..range 0 ioo vi (Jwl.g 2arc) (3)
in the radial magnetic field 0 03 t."the t*ist constant
"o.rt"ir-r,
100 turns, each having area^15 cm-. ^ It is suspended
of suspension fibre is 1s", i0-i0 N-m/degree. calculate
sensitivity of the moving coil galvanometer. (March ZAIT)
.- ^. !h"
(10) In a cvciotron, magnetic fieft of r.? wu7-'.i";J;;.
T" ;;.;"Iut. p.oto.,., how rapidly should trr" nJil
between the Dees be reversed? (r= 3.142, Mp.= 1 67 'i-;;'kg-";:
,.a ii;n q*iw;i.t zatal "t""t.i"
{11) A rectangular coil ha'ing 100 turns each of length 1 cm anibredt! " el
induction 0'002 T' The torsional constant of suspension 0.5 cm is suspended in radial magnetic
fiber is 2 x 10-8 Nm/degree. calculate the current
sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer. (Jue 2blq
(72], A cyclotron is used-to"ac."tl.ut";;"r"";
to a kinetic ener$T of 5 MeV. If the strength of maglretic fi"id
cyclotron is 2T, find the radius u.rd th" frequency needed i" tlrJ
for the applied
qvHlrvu alternating vulLt
qrLLrrraurr6 voltage of the cyclotron.
lGiuen: Velocitg of proton= S \ 107 m/sl March Zbrc)
(131 A moving coil galvanometer (M.c.G. (31
has i0 turns each of length 12cm and breadth B cm. The coil
of M. c..
G' carries a current of i25pA. and is kept perpendicular to
the uniform magnetic n.ta or t"orr"rr".',;-;.
The twist constant of phosphor bronze fiber is 12 x 10nNm/degree.
(March 2o2o). --l --o---' caiculate the deflection produced.

{14) If a charge of 50pc is moving with speed of 50m/s parallel to the ciirection l2l
of magnetic field, find the
nrechanical force acting on chargeC particle. (Oct 2O21)
(15) A circular loop of radius 9'2 crt canies
a current of 2.3 A. obtain the magnitude of magneti. n.ra t|rl
, centre of loop. (Oct. 2021) ^t pl
(16) calculate the vaiue of magnetic field
at a distance of 3cm from a very long straight wire carrying a currcnt
of 6A. (March 2022)
pl
 Uttam's Xll Solutlon

11 IVIAGNETIC MATERIALS

Theor-v:
Explain ferromagnetism on the basis of clomain theory' (Oct' 2Oo8' act' 2011)
(3t
{1}
Define magnetizatron. State its formula and S' I urrit' (Iwarck 2013)
(2)
tzl
(3) What is - {a} Magnetization and (b} Magnetic intensity ? ioct 2A}"3' Feta' 2A15) 12t

{4} Shorv that rhe orbital magnetic dipole moment. of a revolvinq electron i, + @eb' 2014) t2l
,two'points of clifferences between diamagnetic and lerromagnetlc substances. (Ac{ 2415} l2l
i5l Give any
Distinguish betrveen 'paramagnetic' and 'ferromagnetic' substances. (Feb. 2A16) t2t
{6!
Draw the diagrams showing the dipole moments in paramagnetic substance when external magnetic field
{f}
is {a) absent (b) strong. (Julg 2O16) 121

(E) Distinguish between diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances. (Jutg 2O17) 12t
(9) Define magnetization. Write its SI unit and dimensions' (March 2A18) l2l
(March 2O19) (11
{10} What happens to a ferromagnetic substance heated above Curie temperature?
(1L) What is magnetization? Write its unit and dimensions' (oct' 2O21) (1)
(12) obtain the expression tor Bohr magneton. pct' 2a21) (3)
(13) Wnat is magnetization, magnetic intensity and magnetic susceptibility ? (March 2O22) (3)

Frohl.erns :

(1) A circular coil of 250 turns anci diameter 18 cm carriers a current of \2 A. What is the rragnitude of magnetic
moment associated with the coil? (March 2AlQ l2l
is 4224. Find the permeability of annealed iron at
l2l The magnetic susceptibility of annealed iron at saturation
saturation. (po = 4, lO
" ''5.1. unit\ (Gct 2O13) l2l
(g) The susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 2.4 x lo-s. At wirat temperature will the susceptibility increase to
3 6 x 10-s 7 @eb' 2014) t2t
x cm is 3 Am2. calculate the intensity of
14) The magnetic moment of a magnet of dimensions 5 cm 2 5 cm x 1.25
magnet[ation. (oct. 2014) l2l
(s) A circular coil of 300 turns and average area 5 x l0-3 m2 calries a currrent of 15 A. calculate the magnitude
of
magnetic moment associated with the coil. (Feb' 2015) l2l
(6) An iron rod of area of cross-section 0.1m2 is subjected to a magnetising fie1d of 1000 A/m. Calculate the
magnetic permeability of the iron road.
4n x 1O' S. I. rJnitl pct' 2015) l2l
fMagnetic susceptibititg of iron= 59.9, magneticpermeability of uaanum=
l7l Thesusceptibilityofmagnesiumat200Kis1.8 x1O-5,Atwhattemperaturewillthesusceptibilitydecreaseby
6 x 10-6? (Feb.'2O16). ,',
(8) The susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is i.2 x 1O-s. At what temperature will the susceptibility
increase to 1.8 x rc-s ? pulg 2016) l2l
(9) Findthemagnetizationof abarmagrretof length lOcmandcross-sectionalarea 4cm2,ifthemagnetic
moment is 2"em2. (Julg 2017) l2l
(1O) tfre susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1.2 x 10-s. Whatwill be its susceptibility at 200 K?
{March 2o19) l2l
(11) en eiectron in an atom is revolving round the nucleus in a circular orbit of radius 5.3 x 10-r1m with a speed
of 3x106 m/s. Find the angular moments of electron. (March 2O22) l2l

12 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Theory :
(1) wnat are eddy current? State any two applications of eddy cur{eJ{: (March 2008, october 2oop) l2l
2oo8)
iz) st.t" Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction , (october(March (2)
isi Distinguish detween step-up and*step-down transformel. 2oo9) l2l
l4l State t-he principle on wirich a transformer works tith neat diagram, explain the construction of a
step.up lransfoimer.fJllarch 2O1O) (31
(51 otiain an expression for the e.m.f. induced in a coil rotating in a uiriform magnetic field. Show graphically the
variation of induced e.m.f. with respect to time. (October 2b1q (31
(61 prove theoretically, the relation between e.m.f. induced and rate of cirange of magnetic flux in the electric
circuit in electromagnetic induction. (March 2011, 2018) (41

l7l Obtain an expression for e,m.f. induced in a coil rotating with uniform angular velocity about its diameter
perpencliculai to uniform magnetic fleld. Pct' 2O11)
 Sunmary of Board
201

(8i obtain an exnression for the e.m.f. induced in.a coil

tgl rotating in uniform magnetic field. (fii*.reh 2*12j
srate Faradar"'s.laws. rr.rg"t."-rgrr"iil irra.-,.tio' (31
a,ra rcJi L'v. flfmrc& ?$J3J
change or magnetic nr.u in a ,,oui,,g(fl
l::l ;TlljH";ffi:1,;tj;:'al;1.;",;;;;;''d;;;o"i*
(11! obtain a:l expressjon lor the induced
"' "o,r
e m.l. in a.coil rotating wirh unifor.m angular velocity
fietd. plot a graph of variation of induceed. e.m.r. in uniform *r*r.1?
,gainri fi-,-r..'1o = or,"; ;;;;1.a..lort eors;
i1?! State the principle of a transform..- nrplai., its coistructio., "r) (4)
e m f's in terms of number of turns
ura *ort ir'rg. Derive an expression for the ratio of
in primary u"a .""orrau.y ir-rr."*u"x
{13} Explain the phe nomenon of self inductron and mutual ""rr (4)
induction. Define coelficient of self induction and mutual
induction write the SI unit and dimensions
(14) obtain an expression for e.m.f. of coeffici.,.,t oi ..tr incluctior-r. y<srt. zai'+1
i";;;; in a coil .otutmjiuiit .rr1i9._ angular v.to.ity
field. Shorv graphically rhe vanarion ol e.m.f. in a uniform magnctic
(4)

(151 obtain an eipression'for with time il F"n. ZAISS

average pow.r ais"ipatld ;;
circuit and stateits var re for p"urery resistive fr-,."ry ...i.tive A.c. circuit. Define power r^.tu. or tlaJ
(16) State the principle on which A. c. eors;
"i."rit.-l6ot.
t.u".io.-.. works. Explain its working with construction. Derive .r, ."0."..r1?
for ratio of e m f s and currents in terms of
"r1".". i" p.imary and secondary coil. (Feb. 2o16) (4)
number
(17) What is elccrromagnetic inductioir? pror .- dd
gluts 2o16j (s)
(18) Explain ..r i,,a,.tlo,. ;;;,
(191 State the p'rincipie of working
;:.i:T:::t r"or,a
trxplain the construction and working of a transfer.
"it.r".r".-.er.
expression for e.m.f. and curient in terms of turns ratio. (,liig ZAfftr
o".iu" L?
(2o) what is series LCR circuit? obtain
the expre"sion for impeian"I. H.rr". state the conditions
and derive the expression for resonant irequency. for series ,".or-rurj.?
(21) Explain the rvorking of a transisto, f.l"riy-irii"if
as a s*itcf-r. (July 2O1B! Fl
(22J, et which positio"
tr'" plane of the-rotating coil with the direction of magr-retic field, the e.m.f. induced
coil is maximum? 9!(March 20tr9! i, tl,r?
(23) Assuming expres^sion for impedance
in a para11e1 resonant circuit, state the conditions fo. pa.u11.1
Define resonant frequency and obtain an
expression for it. (Mareh 2019)
...orrurlll
(2a! what does the negative sing (g)
inclicate in Lenz's law ? (March zoea)
(25) Derive an expression for magnitude
of magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. (Ma.rclt
faraday,s lows of electromagnetic induction . (Oct. ,oro) l;l
1191 !,1" lva1t
2021)
l27l Defi,ne the following : '-'-' Pl
(a) Self inductance
(b) Mutual inductance (Oct 2021)
- pl
(28) Derive an expression for emf (e)
generated in a conductor of length (l) moving in
uniform volocity (v) alogn x_a_xis. (Marck 2O22) uniform magetic (B) witli
problems : ' (3)

(11 An LCR series combination has R 10

-- o, L = 1 mH and c = 2 prF. Determine {a} The resonant frequency,
current in the circuit and (c) voltage across rne
L and c when an alterna_ting voltage of i0 mv operating {h} at the
resonant freouency, is applied to the series
combination. (March Z}AS) "
(21 e'm'i' of p*i uJr. i16v ,"a r..quency 50 Hz is connected ftl
fL = llt-l-o'*
i0 ml{ and c = 25 pF' calculate the inductive t.".t""..-"rp*itive across rcR series circuit with R = 100fJ
reactance and impedance of the circuit.
(3) An A'C' supply of frequency 50 Hz is supplied
to a series combination of 25 pF #:1',1"a""1o1
and 24Q resistor' calculati inductive urd
".p."tiut;
;;;;;;;'atso find "o.,d..,.".,3:i*
impedance of the circuit.
l4l A rectangular coii of length 0.5 m and breadth
0.4 m has resistance or 5ez. The ."il i.
induction of 0'05 T and the direction is perpendicular I11:::hi:':"J*:l)
to the plane of the coi1. If the magnetic induction is
uniformiv reduced to zero in 5 milts seconds,-fincl
(s) An A'c' ioltage of r.m.s. th" emi."d;;;;;;;;;*d't;il"."ti. ror. 2oos) t4l
value 1.v i. upf[Ja';; of inductor r, = r0 mH and capacitor
c = 4pF' ca-lculate the resonant freqy.r,"y and current
(61 In a series LCR circuit, the inductor or l.,ai"torr""
"';;ffiioll?.,u,,o,,
tr,.nugtr eacn branch u, r..o.run... (March 2olo)
100mH, ,.-.irto. of 1 0o and variable capacitor are connected l4l
across 20v' 5c Hz supply. At what capacitance "
*1L...o"u".. Find the corresponding current.
(71 A series LCR circuit
"".".2
has 0.2 pF and inductor of 8mH. Find its resgla-nce frequency.
(8) An AC circuit consist ^capacitor
of resistor or so, i"au"ior of inductive reactance orlfi!;lZlr'|, lll
reactance 127 '38o in series across 200 supply. 62.ge and a capacitor of capacitive
(cf Power factor (d) power dissipated Determine (a) Impendance {b) current of the circuit
(el An alternating e'm'f' e = in the'ji'cuit. (oct. 2ol1)
!z-o |in f rior,O pplied to a bulb of resistance 110o. Find peak value,
value, frequency and period of alternating""ri:.- .n""t$J
.";r.;'d;;; i iii -iio"*n ,o , rl (41
 202 L/flanr s Xll Physics Papers Solution

I
(t*'! A metal rod ; m long rotates about one of its ends perpendicular to a plane whose magnetic induction is
!77
4 x 10-3 T. Catculate the number of revolutjons made by the rod per seconcl if the e.m.f. induced between the ends
of the rod is 16 mV. {Feb. ZCIng pl
{31} An A.C. circuit consists of inductor of incluctance 125 mH ccnnected in parallel with a capacitor of capacitv
50 pF. Determine the resonant frequencl'. ,oail ZAM) el
A
{12} solenold 3.112 m long and 5.0 cm in diameter has trvo layers of windings of 500 turns each anri carries a
curent of 5 A. Calculate the magnetic induction at its centre along the-axis. {S'e&. 2OJSJ
l2l
{I-t; The magnetic flux through a loop varies according to the relation O = Bf + 6t + C, where ,C,is constart, ,{,is in
mil1is'eber and 'l'is in.second. What is the magnitude of induced e.m.f. in the loop at t = 2 seconcls?
@eb, 2a1fl l2l
{nai The co-efficient of mutual induction betrveen primary and secondary.coit is 2H. Calculate induced e.m.f. if
current of 44 is cut off in 2.5 x 10+ seconds. (Feb.2016)
l2l
(15! Themagneticfluxthroughaloopisvaryingaccordingtoarelation0=6t2+Zt+Iwhere$isinmilliweberand
t is in second. What is the e.m.f. induced in the loop at t = 2 second? (Mareh 2O17)
l2l
{1'5} A capacitor of capacitance 0.5 pF is connected to a source of alternating e.m.f. of frequency 100 Hz. What is the
capacitive reactance? (r = .3.1421 g$arch 2Ot8)
l}l
{I"7) A closely wound solenoid of 1000 turns and area of cross-section 2 , lO-a m2 carries a current of 1A. It is placed
in a horizontal plane with its axis making an angle of 30o with the direction of uniform magnetic field of O. tO f.
Calculate the torque acting on the solenoid. (Jue 2AXe pl
{J.8} A circular coil of 300 turns and diameter 14 cm carries a current of 15A. Calculate the magnitude
of the magnetic dipole moment associated with the coil. (March BA20)
l2l
{19} A paral1el L - C circuit comprises of a 5H inductcr and 5pF capacitor. Calculate the resonant
frequency of the circuit. (March2020) l2l
i20.} A straight conductor is moving with a velocity of 3 m/s, at right argles to a magnetic field
' 4.5 x 10's rvb/ m2: If an e. m. f. developed between
its ends is 1.35 x 10a volt, calculate the
length of strainght conductor. {Oet - 2A21)
(21| Two indurctor coils with inductance 10mH and 20mH are connected in series. What is the
l2l
. resultant inductance of the combination of the two coils ? (March 2o22) (1)
l22l An emf of 91 mV is induced in the windings of a coil, when the current in a nearb5z coil is increasing
at the rate of 1.3 A/s, what is the mutual incluctance (M) of the two coi.1s in mH? (March 2022) (gl

.!. Li. AC CIRCUITS

(li When si an AC Circuit non inductive ? (Oct. 2O2l) (1)
l2l Explain why the total impedance of a circuit dbcreases when a capacitor is added in series with inductor
(oet' 2021) Pt
(s) ill;:":'",.
(a) Inductive reactance
(b) Capacitive.reactance
(c) Impedance (March
tt'drctt 2022)
Prolrlern , 'rt.at (31

(1| An a-lternating e.m.f.e = 200 sin 314. 2t volt is applied between the terminals of an electric bulb whose
fiiament ha a resistance of .100e. Calculate the following
(a) RMS current
(b) Frequency of AC Signai
(b) Period of AC signal pct.
2OZr) (O)
l2l A0.l Hinductor, a25 x 10'6Fcapacitorand a 15resistorareconnectedinseriestoa 120V,50Ac
source: Calculate the resonant frequency. (March 2O221 (gl
14. DUAL NATURE OF RADTATION AND MATTER
Theory
(l) State Einstein's photoelectric equation. Explain two characteristic of photoelectric effect bn the basis of Einstein
photoelectron equation. (March 2OO8, 2O1S; Oct; 2O7O)
lll witf, tfr. fr.fp diagram describe an experiment to study photoelectric effect? (oct. 2oo9)
(3) With the help "i.i."rit
of circuit diagram, describe the experiment to siudy-the characterstic of photo electric effect.
[31
Hence discuss any two characterstics of photoelectric effect. (Oct. 201"1)
l4l
 Summary of Board Quesfions
203

{'+i State Einsteir-r's photoelectric equations. Explain'trvo'characterstics on the basis of this ecltation.

iir: Draw a lveil 1a.bel1ecl diagram of photorlectric cell. Explain the obserwations macle ,, ,tff-hfnJ#r.o ,rotl]
(31
{"*: Describe the construction of photoelectric celi. {f,eLe. lOl4J
el
ii'l Drarv a neat labelled circuit diagram of experimental arrangement for study cf photoelectric effect.
itl*t, !1:..t 5) (21
fsi With the help of a neat circuit cliagram. explain the rvorking of a photodiode. State its any 'trvo'uses.
f*c:*. f r.'3 Jj (2)
i*i What is photoelectric effect? Define (i) Stopping potential, (ii) Photoelectric r,vork function. fl!:iltlr-er1r.?ffjgj agi
{f{r} The photoelectric u,ork function for a metal is 5 eV. Calculate the threshold frequency for
the metal. {*rt. zts?ti l2l
{l i} with a neat, labe11ed schematic diagram, explain the experimental set-up for photoelectric effect.
(acL Zt]Zt") (3)
{12} Is it allvays necessary of use red light to get photocelectric {Metck eozz} (1)
(13! Explain de Broglie wavelength. Obtain an expression for de Broglie wavelength of rveve associated with
the
material particles. ll{tarch ZOZZ} pl
Prohiems :
(tl The threshold wavelength for silver is 3800,i,. Calculate ma-ximum kinetic..r".g, in eV of photoelectrons
emitted, when ultraviolet llght of wavelength 2600i fal1s on it. Also calculate stopping potential.
[1eV=1'6xlO-leJ,Plank'scanstant=6.63 ']O-raJ-s, speedoflightinuacuim=3x108m/sl {frer:.ZOA*} $l
(?) The photoelectric work function for a metal is 4.2 eV. If the stopping potential is 3 V, find the threshold
, wa'relength and maximum kinetic energ/ of emitted electrons.
lVeloiitg of Ugnt in air = 3 x i OE m/ s,)
Planck's constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J-s, Charge on electron = 1.6 x 10 le C)
fftlirak z7l\j (Bl
(3i Find the wave number of a photon having an ener$i of 2.OT2 ey.
Given : Charge on electron = 1.6 x 10-1e C, Velocity of light air = 3 * 108 m/s,
Planck's constant 6 63 x 10-3a J-s. {Feb. 2AJ.4..t
(41 ;
The photoeiectric threshold wavelength of a metal ls 230 nm. Determine the maximum kinetic ener5/ in joule
l2l
and in eV of the ejected electron for the metal surface when it is exposed to a radiation of wavelength 1BOnm.
[Planck's constont:h= 6.63 x l0-s4 Js, velocitg of light:c= 3 x 108 m/s.] {aet. 2fiJ.4} (3)
{5} The threshold wavelength of silver is 3800,i . Calculate the maxmium kinetic ener5/ in eV of photoelectrons

emitted, r.vhen ultraviolet light of ',vavelength 2600:A falis on it. [Planck's constant, h= 6.63 , 10-3a J.s., Velocity
of light in air, c = 3 x j7B m/ sl (Feb. ZA jS) pl
(6! The photoelectric current in a photoelectric ce11 can be reduced to zero by a stopping potential of 1.8 vo1t.
Monochromatic light of wavelength 22OO ;, is incident on the cathode. Find the maximum kinetic energr of the
photoelectrons in joules. [Charge on electron = 1.6 x 10-1e C] (Oct.. 20 jS]
(71 The photoelectric work function for a metal surface is 2.3 eV. If the Iight of wavelength 6800 i is incident on
the surface of metal. find threshold frequency and incident frequency. Will there be ar emission oF photoelecrrons
or not? [velocttg of light c = 3 x i 08 m/ s, planck's constant, h = 6.63-x 10-34 Js] (Feb. 20 16)
(s) Lightofwavelength3000 i fuU.onametalsurfacehavingworkfunction 2.3eY:Calculatethemaximumvelocity.
of ejected electrons. (Planck's constanth= 6.63, 103a J.s.,velocitg of lightc= 3 x 108 m/s,
mass of an electron = 9.1 , i0-31 kg) (Julg 20 j.6) (g)
(9| The work functions for potassium and caesium are2.25 eV and 2.14 eY respectively. Is the photoelectric effeci
possible for either of them if the incident rvavelength is S1B0 ?
[Giaen : Planck's constant = 6.63 x 10-3a J.s.;
Velocitgoflight=3x 108m/s; 1eV= 1.9,, 10',nJl (March2Atfl (g)
(10) If the total energr of radiationof frequency TOta Hz is 6.63 J, calculate the number of photons in the radiation.
lPlanck's constant = 6.63 x 10'34 J.s.1 pulg 2o17) l2l
{11} If the work function of a metal is 3 eV, calculate the threshold wavelength of that metaJ. (Julg 2o17) iZi
(12) The rvork function for a metal surface is 2.2 eV. If light of wavelength 5000i is incident on the surface of the
metal, find the threshold frequency and incident frequency. Will there be an emission of photoelectrons or not?
(c=3 x 108m/s, 1ev= 1.6 x 10-1sJ,h=6.63 x 10-3-4J.s.i (March2o18) (31

(13) The photoelectric work function for a metal is 4.2 eY.Find the threshold wavelength. (March 2o22) (21
 l/rtan's Xll So/ution

x5 S3T{.{JE?UE{tr OF &TSP{fS A,FiF.! I'{UCLF]I

Tli*r:r':r:
{1} Derive an expression for de Broglie u,avelength of an electron moving under a potential difference of 7r'olt.
(&ctober Ea08i l2l
{il} State c1e-Broglie hypothesis of matter rvave s and derive an expression for de-Broglie rvavelength.

{3i State the postulates of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom. Write do'uvn necessary equation. ,-l#:;:y;:X;,'
l3l
{{r.l State Bohr's third postulate for hydrogen atom and hence derive Bohr's formua for lr'ave number'
lfrfarc{r 2Ai$i (3}
{5} Draw a neat labeled enerry leve1 diagram for hydrogen atom. f0etol;er' 2*i*, Ma.rch 2012) l2l
(61 Shorv that the radius of Bohr orbit is directly proportional to the square of the principle quantum number.
201lj l2l
(Nlarch 2417, Act.
t?l DrawaneatlabelledenerS/1eve1 diagramof firstfourseriestbrhydrogen atom. (Actuber2O11) l2l
(8) Write notes on
-
{a} Nuclear fission (bl }luclear fusion /Oct ?OI3/ (41
(9) In a hydrogen atom, an electron carrying charge 'e' revolves in an orbit of radit'.s 'r' with speed 'r'. Obtaln an
expression for the magnitude of magnetic moment of a revolving electron. pct, 2AH) l2l
(10! Derive an expression for the total energr of electron in'n'th Bohr orbit. Hence show that ener5, of the electron is
inverselv proportional to the square of principat quantum number. Also define binding ener5r. (Oct" 20L4) (4)
(11| Obtain an expression for the radius of Bohr orbit for H-atom. {Feb. 2015}
{1.2} State Bohr's third postulate for hydrogen (Hr) atom. Derive Bohr's formula for the wave number. Obtain
expressions for longest and shortest rvavelength of spectral lines in ultraviolet region for hydrogen atom.
pct, 201.5) l7l
{13} With the help of a neat labelled diagram, describe the Geiger-Marsden experiment. What is mass defect?
peb.2ax6) (4)
(14! State larv of radioactive decay. Hence derive the relation N = Noe-" Represent it graphically.
(Jutg 20tr6, March 2013, 2019) (3)
(15) Draw a neat, labelled enersi level diagram for H atom showihg the transitions.
Explain the series of spectral lines for H atom, whose llxed inner orbit numbers are 3 and 4 respectively.
(March 2t)17) (41

{X.6i Drari, a neat and labetled energr level diagram and explarn Balmer series and Brackett series of spectral lines
for hydrogen atom. (tuIarch 20181 (4)
(17i Obtain an expression for energr of an electron in Bohr orbit. Hence obtain the expression for its binding
ener5.. iJuly 2O18) (4)
[1-8] Using an expression for energr of electron, obtain the Bohr's formula for hydrogen spectral 1ines.
(March 2019| (3)
{19) State the name of the visible series in hydrogen spectrum (Murch 202A} (11

{20} State any two postulates of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom. (Marck 2020) l2l
{21i State any two limitations formula for third postulate of Bohr's atomic model ? (Morch 2O22) {f }
(22) What is the mathematical formula for third postulate of Bohr's atomic model?
(23) Derive an expression for the radius of the nth Bohr orbit of the electron in hydrogen atom.(March 2A22l2l
Problems :
(1) Find the eners/ of the electron in serond Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom
[Energr of an electron in the first Bohr orbit = -13.6 eV) (March 2OOB) l2l
l2l Second member of Balmer series of hydrogen atom has wavelength 4800 A.U. Calculate Rydberg's constant.
Hence calculate energ/ in ev when electron is orbiting in third Bohr orbit. [Planck's constant = 6.63 x ]0-'" J.s.
Speedof lightin uacuum= 3 x 108 m/s, leV = L6 x 10-14 Jl (oct.2OO8) (41
(3) The velocity of electron in the first Bohr orbit of radirrs 0.5 A.U. is 2.24 x 106 m/s. Calculate the period of
revolution of electron in the same orbit. (March 2009) 12l
(4) Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of proton; if it is moviirg with a speed of 2 x 105 mls. @ct. 2ott9) l2l
(5) The wavelength of H, line of Balmer series of Hydrogen Spectrum is 6563 ,3. . pira the (a! wavelength of H, line
of Balmer series. (bf shortest wavelength of Brackett series. Pylarch 2011) (41
(6) Tlre shortest wavelength for lyman series is 912 A.U, Find shortest wavelength for paschen and Brackett series
in Hydrogen alom. (March 2O12) (41
l7l Findthevalueof energrof electronineVinthethirdBohrorbitof hydrogen atom.(Rgdberg's@nstantE) = 1,097x 1O7m-l,
Planck's constant(h) = 6.63 x 10-34 J - s, Velocitg of lightinair (e) = J x lQa m/s.l (March 2O73) l2l
(8) The velocity of electron in the 1't Bohr-orbit having radius 0.53i. i. ZZOO km/s. Calculate the frequency of
Sttmmary of Board duestlons 205

revolution of electron in the same orbit. 6t3cd 2O-131 (2)

{*} Calculate the radius ol second Bohr orbit in hydrogen atom from the given data.
r'
Mass olelcetron = 9.1 v .l 0 kq
Charge on rhe electron = 1.6 , 1O-r" C
Planck's constant = 6.63 x iO-34 J-s.
Permittivity of free spacc = B.85 x 10-12 C2/Nm2 {,ieb. 2{}:l-.;} (3)

{1{}} Calculate the de Broglie rvavelength of an electron moving rvith (})'''r of the speed of light in vacuum (Negelct
relativistic effect) (Planck's conslant :h= 6.63 , 1O-i+ ,Js, Mass of elect,'on: m= 9.11 " 10-28 g) {rtet. *0}4) l2l
(11) An electron is orbiting in 5tL Bohr orbit. Calculate ionisation energy for this atom, if the giound state
energir is -13.6 eV. iX-,'eh. ?f I5,j (21
{r 2} Theclecayconstantof radioactivesubstanceis4.33 x 1O-1 peryear. Calculateitshalf lifeperiod. (Feb,203rti pl
{1 3} What is de Broglie rvavelength of an electron accelerated through 25000 volt? {"fw\ 2*f"6} 12]'
{i 4} Find the frequency^ of revolution of an electron in Bohr's 2nd orbit; if the radius and speed of electron in that
orbit is 2.71 , lO-)" m and 1.09 x 106 m/s respectively. [r = 3.L42]gfiarcit 2017] l2l
{15} An electron in an atom revolves around the nucleus in an orbit of radius 0.53. If the frequency of revolution of
an electron is 9 x 10e MHz. Calculate the orbital angular momentum.
[Giuen : Charge on an electron = 1.6 x 10-1e C;
G.gromagnen.cratio=.B.Bx 1010C/kg:n-3.1a2lffarch2O17) (3)
(15I Thorium ooTh"'is distintegratcd into lead urPb200. Find the number of a and b particles enritred in disintegration.
l2l
(17! Find the ratio of longest rvavelength in Paschen series to shortes wavelength in gdrrrit'uslyr 3:.t''
{"IwZg 2*17) l2l
(18! The electron in the hydrogen atom is moving with a speed of 2.3 ^ 1C6 m/s in an orbit of radius 0.53 ;.
Calculate the perlod of revolution of electron (tr = 3.142) (Mwreh 2018) l2l
{181 Calcuiatethede-Brogliewavelengthofanelectronmovingwithonefifth^ofthe speedof light.Neglectrelativistic
effects. (h=6.63x 10-" Js., c= 3 v l0Bm/s,massof electron=9x 10"'ka)$tIa"rch2A18) l2l
(20) The ener$r of an excited hydrogen atom is -0.85 eV. Find the angular momentum of the electron.
lh = 6.63 , 10 J.s., r = 3.142, E1 = -13.6 e|l (JuU 2A1q
sa
Pl
[21.] Energy of an eiectron in the second Bohr orbit is -3.4 eV. Calculate the energy of an electron
in the flrst Bohr'orbit. {Mwrch ZAEA} l2t
{22} Calculate the minimum enerS/ required to take an electron from the grcund state to the lirst
excited state in hydrogen atom. {Oct 2O21) l2l
{23} The hail lile of a radioactive species is 3.2 days. Calculate decey constant (Per day) {CIe{. 2028} l2l
{24} Determine the shortest wavelengths of Balmer and Paschen series. Civen the limit for Lyman
series is 912 A, g,€c'rch. 2&22) (31

3.6. SEMICONDUCTORS NEVICES

Theory :

{f-} Drarv the logical symbol of NAND gate. {March 2OO8} (3)
l2l Draw a neat labelled circuit diagram, of a transistor used as common ernitter amplifier. (March 2QO8) l2l
(3) What is a rectifier? With a neat circuit diagram, explain working of p-n junction diode as a fu1I wave rectifier.

(4) Draw a neat tabetted circuit diagram for NPN transistor as an amplifier in common emitter fJ#f:?33,?" lll
rvorking. (March 2009,2011) (31
(5) State the principle and uses of solar cell. {March 2OO9) l|l
(61 With neat circuit diagram, explain p-n junction diodes as full wave rectifier. Draw necessary graphs.

l7l Describe construction and working of light emitting diode (L.E.D.) State its any two uses. ,-"1?i';3i3f' lll
{S} What is p-n junction diode? With a neat circuit diagram explain the use of p-n junction diode as a ful1 wave
recti{ier. (October 2O1O) (41
(9) Draw neat labelled circuit diagram of fuli wave recti{ier using semiconductor diode. (March 2O71) l2l
(1O) Draw a neat circuit diagram for transistor as common emitter amplifler and explain its workirrg.
(oct. 2o11) (41
{11) What is rectifier? Explain with neat circuit diagram the action of semiconductor diode as a full wave rectifier
(12) with the heip of neat labetled circuit diagram erplain the working of half wave rectifier
diode. Draw the input and output waveforms. (March 2473) ".1ff::iffl3l.lll(31
(13) Explain the working of transistor as a switch. (Oct 2013) (31
(14) Explain the workin[ of P-N juction diode in forward and reverse biased mode. (Feb. 2OU) (3]
 i
i
!
Uttan's Xll Solution
{
{
1

i
{i'1} Explain the formation of energ' band diagram in case o[conductor and semiconductor.
zat}4i
jl

{oct., (Bl ,}
p parameters for a transistor? obtain a reration between
i;;i/i urstlnqutsh
Y,*::::: ?"9 them. (Feb.2ots)
rt betrveen intrinsic and extrinsic-semiconductor. (Give any two points). (Jzttg 2016)
{1s! Draw t}re schematic symbors for AND, oR, Nor and NAND gate. {"}:iu z*ia] l2l $

diagram , horv a p-n junction di"d; ;. u f,uf *Lv-e rectifier . ima,ch Eotz
el d

I*li
{z'e; 3:li:::ll:-1..1,
uraw a neat circuit diagram_ tc study the characteristics of"3;;""' (Bl
common emitter n-p-n transiior. with the help of a
graph, explain the output characteristics of t
.this transistor. ("!.wty Hgn*i
{21i what is Zener diode? Aorv is it used as a voltage_ (g) 1

regulator?'r}aa-iwk eaia; (B)

{2?} Distinguish betrveen p_-type and n-type semicord.,.Io... {r,€crck R{}}.9}
{2s} Name the logic gate which generates high output *t.r.,.it.^.t-orr" input is high. (Ma.rek. zar4} pl
(11
{i 4 } Define
[a) Threshold frequency
(b)qPhotoelectric work function (Marek 2\pg
(41
{25} what is a rectifier ? with the help of the near circuit diagiam explain the working
of all full wave
rectilier. (March 2O2q
{27} What is light emitting diode? Exptain working of a LED. f;ct l4t
ZOet) , l2l
{24} Define
(a) Threshold frequency
(b)qPhotoelectric work function (March 2O2@
(4)
{25} what is a rectifier ? with the help of the near circuit diagram explain the working
recrifier. (!ilo.t"ch 2O2O) " of all fu11 wave

{26} what is the phase difference between input signal voltage and output Fl
signal voltage in cE amplifier?
(27i what is light emitting diode? Explain working Pct' 2021) (11
of a LED. {*ct zoer}
(2E! write tlre Boolean Expression of exclusive or (X op) gate. (Mo,rek
-
(29) what is a rectifier ? with the help of a neat
- za22) (1)
circuit diagrair, .rp"i., the working of a half wave rectilier.
(March 2o22) (41
(3o) The Photoelectric work function for a melal surlace
is 3.84 x l0'roJ. If the light of wavelength 5000 A"
is incident on the surface of the metal, will there be photoelectric
emission? (March 2o2p) l2l
x{(*