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CHAPTER – 2

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

CONCEPT MAP
 Ordered Pair: An ordered pair consists of two objects or
elements in a given fixed order.
Remarks: An ordered pair is not a set consisting of two
elements. The ordering of two elements in on ordered pair is
important and the two elements need not be distinct.

 Equality of Ordered Pair: Two ordered pairs (x1, y1) & (x2, y2)
are equal if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2.
i.e. (x1, y1) = (x2, y2)  x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

 Cartesian product of two sets: Cartesian product of two non-

empty sets A and B is given by A × B and A × B = {(x, y) : x  A
and y  B}.

 Cartesian product of three sets: Let A, B and C be three sets,

then A × B × C is the set of all ordered triplet having first
element from set A, 2nd element from set B and 3rd element
from set C.
i.e., A × B × C = {(x, y, z) : x  A, y  B and z  c }.

 Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two sets: If

n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.

 Relation: Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a relation

from set A to set B is a subset of A × B.

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 No. of relations: If n(A) = p, n(B) = q then no. of relations from

set A to set B is given by 2pq.
 Domain of a relation: Domain of R = {a : (a, b)  R}
 Range of a relation: Range of R = { b : (a, b)  R}
 Co-domain of R from set A to set B = set B.
 Range  Co-domain
 Relation an a set: Let A be non-empty set. Then a relation from
A to B itself. i.e., a subset of A × A, is called a relation on a set.
 Inverse of a relation: Let A, B be two sets and Let R be a
relations from set A to set B.
Then the inverse of R denoted R–1 is a relation from set B to A
and is defined by R–1 = {(b, a) : (a, b)  R}
 Function: Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A relation from
set A to set B is called a function (or a mapping or a map). If
each element of set A has a unique image in set B.
Remark: If (a, b)  f then ‘b’ is called the image of ‘a’ under f and
‘a’ is called reimage of ‘b’.
 Domain of range of a function: If a function ‘f’ is expressed as
the set of ordered pairs, the domain of ‘f’ is the set of all the first
components of members of f and range of ‘f’ is the set of second
components of member of ‘f’.
i.e., Df = {a : (a, b)  f} and Rf = {b : (a, b)  Df}

 No. of functions: Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets such

that n(A) = p and n(B) = q then number of functions from A to B
= qp.
 Real valued function: A function f : A  B is called a real
valued function if B is a subset of R (real numbers).

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 Identity function: f : R  R given by f(x) = x  x  R (real

number)
Here, Df = R and Rf = R

 Constant function: f : R  R given by f(x) = c for all x  R

where c is any constant
Here, Df = R and Rf = {c}

 Modulus function: f : R  R given by f(x) = |x|  x  R

Here, Df = R and Rf = [0, )
Remarks :

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
 
 Signum function: f : R  R defined by 




or 



 Greatest Integer function: f : R  R defined by f(x) = [x], x  R

assumes the value of the greatest integer, less than or equal to x.
Here, Df = R and Rf = Z

 Graph for f : R  R, defined by f(x) = x2

Here, Df = R and Rf = [0, 

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 Graph for f : R  R, defined by f(x) = x3

 Exponential function: f : R  R, defined by f(x) = ax, a > 0, a  1

When 0 < a < 1 When a > 1

 
 
 
 
 

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 Natural exponential function, f(x) = e x

 Logarithmic functions, f : (0, )  R ; f(x) logax, a > 0, a  1

f(x) = logax, 0 < a < 1 f(x) = logax, for a > 1

Df = (0, ) Df = (0, )
Rf = R Rf = R
Case I When 0 < a < 1 Case II When a > 1

 Natural logarithm function: f(x) = logex or ln(x).

 Let f : X  R and g : X  R be any two real functions where x  R

then

(f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)  x  X

(fg) (x) = f(x) g(x)  x  X

   
      
   

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VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. If A = {1, 2, 4}, B = {2, 4, 5}, C = {2, 5} then (A – B) × (B – C)

(a) {(1, 2), (1, 5), (2, 5)} (b) {1, 4}
(c) {1, 4} (d) None of these.

2. If R is a relation on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

given by xRy  y = 3x, then R = ?
(a) {(3, 1), (6, 2), (8, 2), (9, 3)} (b) {(3, 1), (6, 2), (9, 3)}
(c) {(3, 1), (2, 6), (3, 9)} (d) None of these.

3. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 6, 9} if relation R from A to B defined by

x is greater then y. the range of R is -
(a) {1, 4, 6, 9} (b) {4, 6, 9}
(c) {1} (d) None of these.

4. If R be a relation from a set A to a set B then -

(a) R = A  B (b) R = A  B
(c) R  A × B (d) R  B × A.

 
5. If   (x ≠ 0), then f(2) is equal to -
 

(a) (b)

(c) –1 (d) None of these.

 
6. Range of the function f(x) = cos[x] for is -

(a) {–1, 1, 0} (b) {cos1, cos2, 1}

(c) {cos1, –cos1, 1} (d) {–1, 1}.

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 
7. If f(x) = log   and g(x) = then f{g(x)} is equal to -
 
(a) f(3x) (b) {f(x)}3
(c) 3f(x) (d) –(f(x).

   
8. If f(x) = cos(logx) then value of f(x).f(y) –     is -
   
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) ±1.

9. Doman of f(x) = is -
(a) R – [0, 4] (b) R – (0, 4)
(c) (0, 4) (d) [0, 4].

10. If [x]2 – 5[x] + 6 = 0, where [ . ] denote the greater integer

function then -
(a) x  [3, 4] (b) x  (2, 3]
(c) x  [2, 3] (d) x  [2, 4).

11. Find a and b if (a – 1, b + 5) = (2, 3)

If A = {1,3,5}, B = {2,3}, find : (Question - 12, 13)

12. A×B

13. B×A
Let A = {1,2}, B = {2,3,4}, C = {4,5}, find (Question - 14, 15)

14. A × (B  C)

15. A × (B  C)

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16. If P = {1,3}, Q = {2,3,5}, find the number of relations from P to Q

17. If R = {(x,y): x,y  Z, x² + y² = 64}, then,

Write R in roster form
Which of the following relations are functions? Give reason.
(Questions 18 to 20)

18. R = { (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (4,5)}

19. R = { (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4)}

20. R = { (1,2), (2,5), (3,8), (4,10), (5,12), (6,12)}

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

21. If A and B are finite sets such that n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 7, then
find the number of functions from A to B.

22. If f(x) = x2 – 3x + 1 find x  R such that f (2x) = f (x)

Let f and g be two real valued functions, defined by, f(x) = x,
g(x) = |x|.

Find: (Question 23 to 26)

23. f+g

24. f–g

25. fg

26.

  
27. If f(x) = x3, find the value of,

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28. Find the domain of the real function,  

29. Find the domain of the function,  

Find the range of the following functions. (Question- 30, 31)

30.

31. f(x) = x2 + 2

32. Find the domain of the relation,

R = {(x, y): x, y  Z, xy = 4}

Find the range of the following relations: (Question-33, 34)

33. R = {(a,b) : a, b  N and 2a + b = 10}

  
34.    
  

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

35. Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {1,4,9,16,25} and R be a relation defined
from A to B as,
R = {(x, y): x  A, y B and y = x2}

(a) Depict this relation using arrow diagram.

(b) Find domain of R.
(c) Find range of R.
(d) Write co-domain of R.
36. If A = {2,4,6,9} B = {4,6,18,27,54} and a relation R from A to B is
defined by R = {(a,b): a A, b B, a is a factor of b and a < b},
then find in Roster form. Also find its domain and range.

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  
37. Let 
  

  

  

Show that f is a function while g is not a function.

38. Find the domain and range of,
f(x) = |2x – 3| – 3
39. Draw the graph of the Greatest Integer function
40. Draw the graph of the Constant function f : R  R; f(x) = 2  x
 R. Also find its domain and range.
41. Draw the graph of the function |x – 2|

Find the domain and range of the following real functions

(Question 42 to 47)

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

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48. Determine a quadratic function (f) is defined by f(x) = ax² +

bx + c. If f(0) = 6; f(2) = 11, f(–3) = 6

49. Draw the graph of the function  also find its
 
range.
50. Draw the graph of following function

 



Also find its range.

Find the domain of the following function.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56. Find the domain for which the followings:

f(x) = 2x2 – 1 and g(x) = 1 – 3x are equal.
 
57. If prove that    .
 
58. If [x] denotes the greatest integer function. Find the solution set
of equation.

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59. If

Find the value of f(y)

60. Draw the graph of following function and find range of
  

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. a = 3, b = –2
12. A × B = {(1,2), (1,3), (3,2), (3,3), (5,2), (5,3)}
13. B × A = { (2,1), (2,3), (2,5), (3,1), (3,3), (3,5)}
14. {(1,4), (2,4)}
15. {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5)}
16. 26 = 64
17. R = { (0,8), (0,–8), (8,0), (–8,0)}
18. Not a function because 4 has two images.
19. Not a function because 2 does not have a unique image.
20. Function because every element in the domain has its unique
image.
21. 75 22. 0,1

   
23.  24. 
 

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 
25. 


 f
26.  and Note:- is not defined at x = 0
 g

27. 31 28. (–, –2]  [2, )

29. R – {2,3} 30. (–, 0)  [1/4, )

31. [2,) 32. {–4, –2, –1,1, 2, 4}

 
33. {2, 4, 6, 8} 34.  
 
A B
1 1
2 4
9
35. ( a) 3
16
4 25

(b) {1, 2, 3, 4}
(c) {1, 4, 9, 16}
(d) {1, 4, 9,16, 25}

36. R = { (2,4) (2,6) (2,18) (2,54) (6,18) (6,54) (9,18) (9,27) (9,54) }
Domain is R = {2,6,9}
Range of R = { 4, 6, 18, 27, 54}

38. Domain is R
Range is [–3, )

40. Domain = R, Range = {2}

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41.

42. Domain = R,

Range = [2, )
43. Domain = R – {2}
Range = R – {1}
44. Domain = R – {–1}
Range = {1, –1}
45. Domain = R – {3}
Range = R – {6}
46. Domain = R – {4}
Range = {–1}
47. Domain = R
Range =(–, 1]

48.

49. (–, 1)  [3, )

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50. Range of f = {–1,0,1}

51. (0, )

52.  (given function is not defined)

53. (–, –2)  (4, ) 54. (–3, 3)

 
55. (–, –1)  (1, 4] 56.  
 

58. [–3, –1) 59. x

60. Rf = [4, 6] and graph is

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