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This section will show you how to:
understand and use the terms: function, domain, range {image set), one-onefunction, inverse
function and composition of functions
usethenotation f(x)= 2x3 +5, f :x > 5x —
understandthe relationship between y
solve z or algebraically equationsofthe type | and {ax +0
= explain inwordswhy agiven functions afunction or why itdoes not have an inverse
1 findthe inverseof a one-onefunction andform composite functions
use sketch graphs to show the elationship 2etween a function and ts inverse. eae ee eel aC tae neue}
1.1 Mappings
Input Output
i — @
2|—— | s
3 | ——* | 4 | iscatted a mapping diagram.
4}—>+\s
‘The rule connecting the input and output values can be written algebraically
ax xrextl
This is read as ‘x is mapped to x+ I’. nel
The mapping can be represented graphically by
plotting values of x+1 against values of x.
‘The diagram shows that for one input value
there is just one output value.
Itis called a one-one mapping.
‘The table below shows one-one, many-one and
any mappings.
For one input value For two input values For one input value
there is just one output | there is one output there are two output
value. value, values.
Exercise 1.1
Determine whether each of these mappings is one-one, many-one or
A oixrextl xeR 2 xrew+o KER
3S oxrx xeR 4 xe xeR
1
So xh xER,x>O0 6 xrexttl xe, x20
s
12
Tt = xER, x>0 6 xretx xeR, x20 Chapter 1: Functions
1.2 Definition of a function
A function isa rule that maps each xvalue to just one y value for a defined set
of input values.
, . one-one ,
This means that mappings that are either < °" are called functions.
\ many-one
The mapping +» x +1 where xe R, isa one-one function.
Itcan bewrittenas {f:2"7*+1 eR
can Dewritten as) fy) =y41 xe R
(f:.x-9 x41 isreadas ‘the function fis such that xis mapped to x+ I’)
(x) represents the output values for the function f.
So when f(x)
= xt 1, f(2)=2+1=
‘The set of input values for a function is called the domain of the function.
‘The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of
the function.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Ma=2x-1 KER -1 0.
Write down the range of g.
4 The function fis defined by f(x) =
=4 for xeR,
Find the range of f.
5. The function fis defined by f(x) = (x-1)' +5 for x>1
Find the range of f
6 The function fis defined by f(x) = (2x+ 1)" = 5 for x > —
Find the range of f.
7 The function is defined by f : x+» 10-(x-3)* for 2<.x <7.
Find the range of f,
e
2 Chapter 1: Functions
8 The function fis defined by f(x) =3+ Vx=2 for x > 2.
Find the range of f.
1.3 Composite functions
Most functions that you meet are combinations of two or more functions.
For example, the function x + 2x +5 is the function ‘multiply by 2 and then
add 5. Itis a combination of the wo functions g and f where:
Bix 2x (the function ‘multiply by 2’)
fixrexth (the function ‘add 5’)
So, x +9 2x +5 is the function ‘first do g then dof.
y
When one function is followed by another function, the resulting function is
fg (x) means the function g acts on x first, then facts on the result.
Note:
£2(x) means ff (x), so you apply the function f twice.
Ree
‘The function Fis defined by f(x) = (x-2)*-3 for x>-2.
‘The functiong is defined by g(x) = 2 wa for x>2
Find fg(7). =
Answers:
18(7) ggactson 7 firstand g(7) = 248 = 4
= £(4) Tis the function “take 2, square and then take 3°
=(4-2)°-3
=) eT ale Leen DG t ne Deeded
De eee)
f(x) = 2e-1 for eR g(x)=x°+5 for x eR
Find a fg) bef) er)
Answers
a g(x) acts on x firstand g(x) =32+5
=E(x?+5) fis the function ‘double and take I°
=2(x2+5)-1
= 2x49
b f(x) Facts on x firstand f(x) =2x—1
=(2x-1) g is the function ‘square and add 5°
=(2x- 1745 expand brackets
ax? axt 45
= 4x8 4x46
© FQ) (&) meanstiix)
=1) Facts on x first and f(x) = 2x—1
=t2x-1) fisthe function ‘double and take 1”
=2Qx-1)-1
a 4x73
Exercise 1.3
1 fixee2x+3 for xeR
gixex?-1 for xeR
Find fg(2)
2 f()=x-1 for xeR
gs) = 2x43 for xeR
Find the value of gt().
3 f(a)=(e+2)°-1 for xeR
Find 3).
4 The function fis defined by f(x) = 1+ Je=3 for x > 2.
The function g is defined by g(x) = 22-1 for x >0.
Find gt(18). .
5 The function Cis defined by f(x) = («-1)' +8 for x>—1.
The function g is defined by g(x) = Bet for x>5.
=
Find {g(7). es ened)
6 hix xt? forx>0
kixee v¥ for x>0
Express each of the following in terms of hand k.
a xoye+2 b xo Vetd
7 The function is defined by f : x» 3x-+1 for ve R.
The function gis defined by g:x >< for x #2.
Solve the equation gt(x) =5.
8 gQ)=x%+2 for xeR
h(x) = 3x-9 for xeR
Solve the equation gh (x) =
9 f@)=x*-3 for x>0
g0)=3 for x>0
Solve the equation fg(x) = 13,
ax +5
x-2
10 The function t is defined, for xe Wt, by fs x aE Q
-1
The function g is defined, for xe k, by g: x4 —.
Solve the equation gf(x) = 12. °
1 f(x) = (x +4)" +3 forx>0
g)=12 for x>0
Solve the equation fg(x) = 39.
12 The function gis defined by g(%) 1 for x0.
The function h is defined by h(x) = 2x-7 for x > 0.
Solve the equation gh(x) = 0.
13 The function fis defined by € : x ++ x* for xe R,
The function g is defined by g:x+9 x-1 for eR,
Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f and/or g:
axe(x-I? bo xeex’-1 ¢ Keex-2 d xx?
1.4 Modulus functions
Themodulus of a number is the magnitude of the number without a sign
attached.
The modulus of 4 is written [4
(4|=4and |-4|=4
Itis important to note that the modulus of any number (positive or negative) is
always a positive number.
The modulus of a number is also called theabsolute value. Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Additional Mathematics
The modulus of x, written as (x(, is defined as:
x ifx>0
(x 0 ifx=0
x ifx<0
Geer
Ali says that these are all rules for absolute values
lel e-gl-lel-lyl
oe
xyle lx lalyl =4
2 vy p 7\
statements with your classmates and decide if they are:
Always true Sometimes ue Never true
‘You must justify your decisions.
ix + yl
(alta
Discuss each of thes
ie The statement |x| = &,where & > 0, means that x = kor =A,
This property is used to solve equations that involve modulus functions.
So, if you are solving equations of the form |ax +6] = &, you solve
the equations
uxtb=k and = axt+0=-k
Ifyou are solving harder equations of the form | ax + b| = ex + d, yousolve
the equations
ax+
oxt+d and at
-(ex+ d).
‘When solving these more complicated equations you must always check your
answers to make sure that they satisty the original equation. Chapter 1: Functions
Solve.
algtl)=5 — b[ax-Sl=x
Answers
a [24]
or Qet1=—5
de=-6
x=3
CHECK: (2 x 241) = 5 Vand
|2x-34l)=5v
Solutionis: x = -$ oF 2.
2
-10)=6
-10=6 or x*-10=-6
e216 a4
x=td xed?
CHECK: |(-4¥ -10| = 6 7,
|(-2F - 10] = 6, |(2)*-10] =6 7
and |(4)* -10]= 67
Solutionis: x= —4,-2, 2 or 4.
CHECK: |4 x 0.6-3| = 0.67 and
[4xi-3)e1¥
CHECK: |-3~ 3] = 2x-8 x
and|1~3|=2x17
Solutions: x = 1.
Exercise 1.4
1 Solve
a |8x-2)=10 b [2x+9)=5
Qet7
x
4 Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations
by=x
y=|[8x- 2x7]
© y=38x
y= |x? - 5, ere oes eI en ne ue}
1.5 Graphs of y =|f(x)| where f(x) is linear
Consider drawing the graph of y=[x|. yy
First draw the graph of y = x. yex
‘You then reflect in the x-axis the part of the line y
thatis below the x-axis. \
Des et)
Sketch the graph of |, showing the coordinates of the points where the
graph meets the axes,
Answers,
Firstsketch the graph of
The line has gradient 4 anda
yinterceptof-1, 2
You then reflect in the waxis the part
of the line that s below the waxis, Chapter 1: Functions
In Worked example 5 you saw that there were ovo
answers, x =-3 or x = 2, to the equation [2x + i/ = 5. y
‘These can also be found graphically by finding che &
s-coordinates of the points of intersection of the
graphs of y =[2x-+1[ and y =5 as shown.
In the same worked example you also saw that
there was only one answer, x = I, to the
equation [x~3|= 2x.
This can also be found graphically by finding the
x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the
graphs of y =|x-3| and y=2xas shown.
Exercise 1.5
1. Sketch the graphs of each of the following tunctions showing the
coordinates of the points where the graph meets the axes.
a y=lxel] b y=[2x-3) ey =15-al
(10-2 y=|e-3 |
2 a Complete the table of values tor y—[#~2[+3.
Lafeffiletls|¢
Ly | 6 4 [|
b Draw the graph of y=(x- 2|48 for -22 84
1
dys | e
, [7
3 Draw the graphs of each of the following functions.
a y=(x|+1 b y=|x|-3 © y=2-[x]
d ys[x-3/+1 & y=[2x+6/-3
4 Given thateach of these functions is defined for the domain -3 < x = 4,
find the range of
a fix 5-2x 9b gixrs[5-2x] © fixes 5—[2x], eT case Uren TC CeCe ete
5 f:xes3-% for -l y =5e-2
Step 2: Interchange the xand y variables, —> x = 5y-2
Step & Rearrange to make y the subject. ——> y == . .
x+2
5
PQ) = fee cig ear ray
1:
Een
Discuss thefunetion f(x) =x" for xe R.
Does the function fhavean inwerse?
Explain your answer.
How could you change the domain of €so that f(x) = 12
does have an inverse?
Cel aeeg
f(x) = Ve4T-8 for x >=1
@ Find an expression forf™"(a),
Solve the equation F(x) =£(35).
Angwers
@ f(x)=veeT-5 for x= -1
Step |: Write the function as y =
Step 2 Interchange the xand y variables. >
‘Step &: Rearrange to make y the subject. ——_—»
(x)= (x45) -1
b £95) = 35 +1-
(x+5)*-1=1
(x45) =2
x45 = ty
x= 542
x=-5+V2 or x=-5- V2
‘The range af fis f(x) = —5 so the domain of (is x= —-5.
Hence the onlysolution of f1(x) = (85) is x=~34 2.
Exercise 1.6
1 f(x) = (x +5) -7 for x 2-5. Find an expression for f(x),
6
a ip=S5 :
3 f(x)=(@x-3)' +1 for «> GB . Find an expression for (x),
for x > 0. Find an expression for f(x).
4 £(x)=8-Jx=3 for x > 8. Find an expression for f(x). ee ee ete RC eu ound
5 f:xH5x-3 for x>0 ‘ ress for x22
rs
Express f(x) and g(x) in terms of x.
6 f:x(e+2)'-5 for x>-2
a Find an expression for f(x). b Solve the equation f(x) = 3.
~
f(x) =(x-4)° +5 for x>4
a Find an expression for f(x). b_ Solve the equation F(x) = £(0)
at = 2223
x-l
a Find an expression for g(x). b Solve the equation g(x) =5.
for x>1
9 f(x)= 242 for veR g(x) =x2- 2x for xe R
a Find f(x). b Solve fg(x) =f".
10 f() =x? +2 for xe R gO) =2x+3 for xeR
Solve the equation gf(s) = g71(17)
tr tix 228 for xe2 gist tor x>-5
Solve the equation f(x) = g"(%).
12 f(x) =3x— 24 for x > 0. Write down the range of f*
13 f:xeex+6 for x>0 gixee vx for x>0
Express x +>.x?—6 in terms of fand g.
14 f:x+93-2x for 05x55
gixr|3-2Qx| for 03-[2x| for 00 g(x) = 5x-4 for x= 0
@ Write down the domain off. b Write down the range of g™)
16 The functions fand g are defined, for x R, by
fs x +s 8x —k, where Ais a positive constant
Sx 14
xtl
a Find expressions for f! and g“
gx swhere x # =I.
b Find the value of ¢ for which f"(5) = 6.
¢ Simplify g"g(x) eT cp ear Tey
AT f: xox) for veR gixiex-8 for reR
Express each of the following asa composite function, using only f, g,
and/or g":
1 1
a xa(x-8)s bb oxeex3+8 € xHxS-8
d x (x48):
1.7 The graph of a function and its inverse
In Worked example 1 you considered the function f(x) = 2
-1S553.
‘The domain of f was -1 < x <3 and the range of Fwas—3 < fx) <5.
x-1xeR,
‘The inverse function is f(x) = st
‘The domain of f is -8 < x <5 and the range of ™
Drawing fand f on the same graph gives:
s -1 0, together with its inverse
function y = f"(x).
Is Sundeep correct?
Explain your answer,
“ay irre entra
Exercise 1.7
1 Ona copy of the grid, draw the graph
of the inverse of the function f.
2 Ona copy of the grid, draw the graph
of the inverse of the function g-
3 f(x)=x° +3, 20.
On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y=f(x) and y=f'(x), showing
the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes.
4 g(x)=2" for xeR
On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y= g(x) and y= g(a), showing:
the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes.
5 g(x)=x°-1 for x20.
Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y=g(x) and y= g(a), showing
the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes,
6 f(%)=4x-2 for -1 =I.
a. Explain why fhasan inverse.
b Find an expression for fin terms of x.
© Onthe same axes, sketch the graphs of y=f(x) and y ={"(a), showing
the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes. eT tees eC ean eur
CHALLENGE Q
Bers eet
eS
a Find! in terms of x.
for x22
b Explain what this implies about the symmetry of the graph
of y =f).
Summary
Functions
A function isa rule that maps each s-value to just one y-value fora defined set of input walues.
Mappingsthatare either { °P°"° are called functions.
many-one
‘The set of
iput values for a function is called the domain of the function.
‘The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of the function.
Modulus function
The modulus of x, written as |x|, is defined as:
x ifx>0
0 ifx=0
ox ifx<0
Composite functions
f(x) means the function g acts on x first, then facts on the result.
£(x) means f(x),
Inverse functions
The inverse of a function f(a) is the function that undoes what f(x) has done,
‘The inverse of the function f(x) is written as f""(x).
‘The domain of £"(x) is the range of f(x).
The range of f(x) is the domain of f(x).
An inverse function f "(x) can existif, and only if, the function f(x) is a one-one mapping.
‘The graphs of fand €" are reflections ofeach other in the line y = x. Chapter 1: Functions
Examination questions
Worked example
‘The functions f and g are defined by
2x
f= 5 for x>0,
g(x) = Vx+1 for x>-1
Find fg(s). (2)
b Find an expression for f(x), giving your answer in the form = where a, 6 and care
integers to be found. oe 8)
¢ Find an expression for g(a), stating its domain and range. (ay
(Camiridge (GCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q12% iit fun 2014
Answers
a g(8)= ve+T =3
fg(8) = 1) substitute 5 for xin =
20) _
“S41
=15
b f(x) = f(x)
2x
=f (3) substitute — for.xin a
(25
x
=7oy)~ simplify
( 2x Ja
x41
4:
multiply numerator and denominator by x+ 1
x+1
_ dx
3x41
u=4,=3andc= eet cesta i Creare)
© (x)= Vx+T for x>-1
e+
Step I: Write the function as y ———»
Step 2: Interchange the xand yvariables. ———> x = /y+T
Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject.) ———> x* = y+1
yex
gaat
The range of gis g(x) > 0 so the domain of g~ is x > 0.
‘The domain of g is x > —1 so the range of g*'is x > -1.
Exercise 1.8
Exam Exercise
1 Solve the equation [4x —
3)
Cambridge 1GCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 (I Now 2011
2 a Sketch the graph of y
meets the coordinate
showing the coordinates of the points where your graph
wl
(2)
Cambridge (GCSE Additonal Mathematis 0606 Paper 11 Qi. Sow 2012
b Solve the equation (3 +5x|=
3 a Sketch the graph of y= [2x ~5|, showing the coordinates of the points where the graph
meets the coordinate axes. (2)
b Solve [2x-
(2)
Cambridge 1GCSE Additonal Mathematies 0606 Paper 11 QUi.it fun 2012
4 A function fis such that f(x) = 1 for-10 1,
(x)= 22 tor woe.
BO Fe 5 on
a Find gf(37), (2)
b Find an expression for f(a). 2]
¢ Find an expression for g™'(x). (2)
Cambridge IGESE Additonal Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q4 Now 2014
5 A function g is such that g(x) = = for 0, by
hixes xte
kixe Vx.
Express each of the following in terms of h and k.
Gowns Vere a)
ii x xt8 a
il xu 4 (2
Cambridge 1GCSEAdditional Mathematics 9606 Paper 21 05a. ii Now 2011
8 The function fis defined by f(x) =2- yx+5 for -5
oO x
ili Find the value of x for which gh(x) = 85.
)
Cambridge 1GCMt Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 QU aii. ii um 2011
10 1 On the axes below, sketch the graphs of y=2~x and y
3 +2x|, 4)
ii Solve (3 + 2x|=2-
(3)
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 12 Q4 Mar 2016
