Affiliation No.
1720992
Session: 2023-2024
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
REPORT
ON
“To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the
angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with
different transparent fluids.”
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
MR. DEEPAK KR. SHARMA DUSYANT SINGH SHEKHAWAT
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS CLASS: XII-A
AIS, JAIPUR, ROLL NO.: 11665591
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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, AIS,
JAIPUR (RAJ.)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Dusyant Singh Shekhawat bearing Roll
Number 11665591 is a student of Class XII-A. He has
successfully completed his Physics Investigatory project
titled “To investigate the dependence of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism
filled one by one, with different transparent fluids” as per
the guidelines of Central Board of Secondary Education for
the academic year 2023-2024.
It is further certified that this project is the individual and
bonafide work of the candidate.
Signature of Physics Teacher : ______________
Signature of External Examiner: ______________
Signature of Principal : ______________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to present the Project on “To
investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle
of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with
different transparent fluids.”
” I would like to express my gratitude towards my I express my
special gratitude to my principal, Ms. Karuna Nagpal for allowing
me to do this project.
I give my special thanks to my Physics Teacher Mr. Deepak
Kumar Sharma for helping me in every regard. Under whose
guidance and constant Supervision the project has been completed.
The instruction and Suggestions given by him have been a major
contributor forwards the completion of the project.
At the same time, I am very thankful to my parents who provided
all necessary things and my friends helping me a lot. I am thankful
to CBSE for giving me this opportunity.
Overall, without the support of all these people this project could
not be successful.
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.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE ..................................................................... 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................... 5
2. Experimental setup ...................................................... 6
2.1 AIM: ............................................................................. 6
2.2APPARATUS: ............................................................... 6
2.3 THEORY: ..................................................................... 7
2.4 PROCEDURE: ...................................................... 11
2.5 OBSERVATIONS: ............................................ 13
2.6 RESULTS:.............................................................. 14
2.7 PRECAUTIONS: ................................................. 14
2.8 SOURCES OF ERRORS: ................................. 15
3. Bibliography .............................................................. 16
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1. INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with
flat, polished surfaces that refracts light. The exact angles
between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional
geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular
base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use “prism” usually
refers to this type.
Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of
geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed.
Typical materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism can be
used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the
colors of the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or
to split light into components with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was
colorless, and that the prism itself produced the color. Newton’s
experiments demonstrated that all the colors already existed in
the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that “corpuscles”
(particles) of light were fanned out because particles with
different colors traveled with different speeds through the prism.
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It was only later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s
particle theory with Huygens’ wave theory to show that color is
the visible manifestation of light’s wavelength. Newton arrived at
his conclusion by passing the red color from one prism through
second prism and found the color unchanged. From this, he
concluded that the colors must already be present in the incoming
light and white light consists of a collection of colors. As the
white light passes through the triangular prism, the light separates
into the collection of colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet.
This collection of colors formed by the prism is called the
spectrum. The separation of white light into its spectrum is known
as dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels through the
prism at different speeds. Violet travels the slowest through the
prism; hence we can see it refracting the most. On the other hand,
red passes through at a much fast rate which makes its angle of
refraction less, hence red is too scarce to be seen.
2. Experimental setup
2.1 AIM:
To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation
on the angle of incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one
by one, with different transparent fluids.
2.2APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different
liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc), drawing pins, pencil, half meter
scale, thump pins, graph papers and a protractor.
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2.3 THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism –
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical plane,
perpendicular to the edge. BC is the base of the prism and AB
and AC are its two refracting surfaces.
DIAGRAM: Refraction through a prism.
RQ is the incident ray. QS is the refracted ray. ST is the emergent
ray.
RQN1 = i = angle of incidence
SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism QSN3 =
r2 = angle of incidence inside prism TSN2 = e =
angle of emergence
BAC = A = angle of prism SFK
= D = angle of deviation
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In QFS, KFS = FQS + FSQ
D = (i – r1) + (e – r2)
D = i + e – (r1 + r2)… (1)
In QS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰
… (2)
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral, then A + QN3S
= 180
… (3)
From (2) and (3)
A = r1 + r2
… (4) Eq. (1) become
D=i+e-A D
+A=i+e
… (5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation -
➢ Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation is
called angle of minimum deviation. It is represented by the
symbol Dm.
➢ Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One value equals
‘i’ and other value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’
decreases from large value and angle of deviation
decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum (D m),
then, ‘i’ and ‘e’ becomes equal.
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The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.
sin e
Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. ( ∵ n= sin
i sin r 2 )
sin
r1
Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say).
We have A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r
⇒ r= A
2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i =
e
From relation, A+D=i+e
We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i
A+ Dm
⇒ i= 2
From Snell’s law,
n=
sin
i
sin
r
9
A+
We have n= sin
Dm
2
sin
A
2
This relation is useful for determination of n for Prism material.
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MODEL GRAPH:
2.4 PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with
the help of drawing pins.
2. A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the
paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the paper.
3. Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of about 6cm.
4. Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.
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5. Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn
making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰ respectively with
the normals.
6. One corner of the prism was marked as A and it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the middle of AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on the line R1Q1
and the distance between the pins were about 2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked
through face AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and
was brought in line with the two images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins P 4
and P3 as images of P2 and P1 in one straight line.
13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their
pricks on the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points
Q2,Q3 and Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
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16. T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the
boundary of the prism to meet produced incident rays R 1Q1,
R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1,F2,F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of deviation D 1,
D2,D3 and D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the
prism. This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.
2.5 OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰
S.No. Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of
incidenc e deviatio n deviatio n deviatio n
for water for for
kerosen turpenti
e oil ne oil
1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰
2 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
3 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰
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2.6 RESULTS:
➢ The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C Kerosene oil
Dm = 33⁰C Turpentine oil Dm =
32⁰C
➢ The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32 Kerosene
oil n = 1.46 Turpentine oil n
= 1.44
➢ Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s Kerosene oil v =
2.05x108 m/s Turpentine oil v =
2.08x108 m/s
2.7 PRECAUTIONS:
The angle of incidence should lie between 35⁰ – 60⁰.
The pins should be fixed vertical.
The distance between the two pins should not be less
than 10mm.
Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
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The same angle of prism should be used for all the
observations.
2.8 SOURCES OF ERRORS:
Pin pricks may be thick.
Measurement of angles may be wrong.
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3. Bibliography
NCERT physics class XII
Smith, J. A. (Year). Optics and Light Experiments.
Academic Press.
Johnson, M. R. (Year). Fundamentals of Optics.
Journal of Optical Sciences, 15(3), 123-145.
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