1.

Double Integration Method (Statically Determinate)

PROBLEM:
The beam shown carries a concentrated load of P=8kN and an applied
moment of 5kN-m. It is a simply supported beam that has a total span of
9m.
a. Determine the values of reactions at points A and D
b. Derive the global equation of the beam using DIM.
c. Determine the deflection at point B
ILLUSTRATION:
P

5kN-m

A B C D
3m 3m 3m

SOLUTION:

Solving for Reactions:

∑ ❑ M A =0 ↻ +
5+8(6)- RD (9)=0
5+8(6) 53
RD = = KN = 5.89KN
9 9
∑ FV =0↑+
R A + R D -8=0
R A +5.89-8=0
R A = 2.11KN
0
M = 2.11x+5<x-3 ⟩ -8 ⟨ x-6 ⟩
Ely '' =2.11x+5⟨ x-3 ⟩0 -8 ⟨ x-6 ⟩
2 1 2
' 2.11x 5<x-3 ⟩ 8<x-6 ⟩
Ely = + - + C1
2 1 2
2.11 x 3 5<x-3 ⟩2 8<x-6 ⟩3
Ely = + - +C1 x +C2
6 2 6

Simplifying the above equation:

' 2 2
Ely =1.055 x +5<x-3>-4<x-6 > + C1

3 5 2 4 3
Ely ¿ 0.352 x + <x-3 > - <x-6 > + C1 x+ C2
2 3

Solving for constants using boundary conditions:

 If x = 0:

Ely = 0

2 3
3 5 4
Ely =0.352(0 ) + <0-3> - <0-6> + C1 (0)+ C2
2 3

0=0+0-0+0+ C2

C2 = 0

If x=9
Ely =0
¿
3 5 2 4 3
Ely ¿ 0.352 x + < x−3 ¿ − < x−6 ¿ +34.512 x
2 3
Ely ¿ 0.352 ¿
Ely ¿ 9.504 +0−0−103.536
Ely ¿−94.032
3
−94.032 KN −m
y=
EI

2. Double Integration Method (Statically Indeterminate)

PROBLEM:
The following 300mm x 400mm beam shown has no applied loads other than
its own weight. The length of the beam is 5.75m and the reinforced
concrete used is 23.6 kN/m3 .
a. Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the beam.
b. Find the value of the reaction at roller support.
c. Find the slope of tangent at L/4.
d. Find the deflection in L/3.
3. Area Moment Method (Statically Determinate)
PROBLEM:
For the beam shown, where EI is constant. Determine the following
a. Slope at point A
b. Slope at point B
c. Slope at point C
d. Slope at point D
ILLUSTRATION:

5kN
3kN / m 5kN 3kN / m

A A 4m B 4m C 5m D
B C D
4m 4m 5m
6.346 kN 13.654 tD/A
kN 82.5 kN-m

13/3m
SOLUTION:

To solve for the slope at A

' −t D / A
y =θ A=
13
EIt D / A=∑ A A −D ⋅ x D
1
EIt D / A= (13)(82.5)
2 ( )
13 1
3
1
()
− (9)(45)(3)− (5)(37.5)
2 3
5
4
EIt A =1638.125
1638.125
t D / A=
EI
2
−1638.125 −126 KN −m
θA= =
13 EI EI

To solve for the slope at B

Δ EI A −B= A A −B
Δ EI A −B=EI θ B−EI A
EI B=EI A + A A−B

We are going to consider the area of moment between A and B

By ratio and proportion:

w 82.5
=
4 13
w=25.385 KN −m
1
A A −B = (4 )(25.385)=50.77
2
EI B =−126+50.77=−75.23
−75.23 KN −m2
θ B=
EI
 To solve for θC :

Δ EI A−C = A A−C
ΔEI θ A −C =EI C −EI θ A =A A −C
EI C =EI A + A A−C

By ratio and proportion

w1 82.5
=
8 13
w1=50.769 KN −m
w 2 45
=
4 9
w2=20 KN −m
1 1
A A −C = (8)(50.769)− (4)(20)=163.076
2 2
EI θ C =−126+163.076
EI θ C =37.076
2
37.076 KN −m
θC =
EI

To solve for θ D

Δ EI A −D = A A −D
Δ EI A− D=EI D−EI A= A A− D
EI D=EI A + A A −D

1 1 1
A A −D = (13)(82.5)− (9)(45)− (5)(37.5)=271.25
2 2 3
EI θ D=−126+271.25=145.25
145.25 KN −m2
θD=
EI

4. Area Moment Method (Statically Indeterminate)

PROBLEM:
For the beam shown,
a. Determine the force reaction at the fixed support
b. Determine the moment reaction at the fixed support
c. Determine the force reaction at the simple support
ILLUSTRATION: 4kN

A B C
2m 2m

RB
E
SOLUTION:

Take point A as the reference:

D = 4(4) = 16
E = RB (2) = 2RB
F = 4(2) = 8

tB/A ¿ 0=
1
2
( ( ) 2
() 2 1
( )
2
2 R B ) (2) (2) −8(2) − (16−8)(2) (2)
3 2 2 3
RB = 10kN
Using equations of equilibrium:

Take ∑ M A =0
4 (4)−10(2)+ M A =0
M A=4 kNm
Take ∑ F V =0
−4 +10+ R A =0
R A=6 kN

5. Conjugate Beam Method (Statically Determinate)

PROBLEM:
Analyze the following beam shown using conjugate beam method.
a. Slope at point A
b. Slope at point B
c. Slope at point C
d. Deflection at C
ILLUSTRATION:

1.5kN/m

B
A 6m B C A 2m 1m C
4m 6m 4m
2deg
-2kN/m 8kN/m
SOLUTION:

Determine the reaction at A by cutting the conjugate beam at B.

Applying the equations of conditions…

+↻ ∑ M B=0

R A (6.0)−
{
1 1
EI 2 [ 1
]}
(12)(6.0) (6.0) =0
3
12 2
R A = kN −m
EI

+↑ ∑ Fv

V B=R A ±
1 1
EI 2 [
(12)(6.0) ]
12 1 1
V B= ±
EI EI 2 [
(12)(6.0) ]
−24 2
V B= kN −m
EI

Shear just to the right of A in the conjugate beam is equal to the

slope at A on the real beam. The shear is positive, therefore, a
positive or counterclockwise slope of the real beam.

+12 2
+V A =+ R A =θ A = kN −m
EI
12 2
θA= kN −m
EI

For the slope at B:

 −24 2
V B =θ B= kN −m
EI
24 2
θ B= kN−m clockwise
EI

For free body of the conjugate beam to the right of B,

+↑ ∑ FV

V C =−R B−
1 1
EI 3 [
(12)(4.0) ]
V C=
−24 1 1
−
EI EI 3 [
(12)( 4.0) ]
−40 2
V C= kN −m
EI

The shear at C on the conjugate beam is equal to the slope at C on the

real beam, therefore,

−40 2
V C =θ C = kN −m
EI
40 2
θC = kN −m
EI

Deflection at the free end:

+ ↻∑ M C

M C =−R B (4.0)−
{
1 1
EI 3 [3
(12)(4.0) (4.0)
4 ]}
M C=
−24
EI
(4.0)−
1 1
EI 3 { 3
[
(12)( 4.0) (4.0)
4 ]}
−144 3
M C= kN −m
EI

The bending moment at C on the conjugate beam is equal to the

deflection at C on the real beam, therefore,

−144 3
M C =δ C = kN −m
EI

144 3
δ C= kN−m ↓
EI

6. Conjugate Beam Method (Statically Indeterminate)

 PROBLEM:
In the beam shown, the length of the first span is 14m while the second
span is 18m. It has a uniformly distributed load of 50kN/m in the
entire spans (self-weight included).
a. Find the reaction at the roller support.
b. Find the slope at L=20
c. Find the deflection at a point that is 5m from B
7. Virtual Work Methods for Beams (Statically Determinate)
8. Virtual Work Methods for Beams (Statically Indeterminate)
9. Virtual Work Method for Truss
PROBLEM:
For the truss shown in the figure, EA=constant, E=150GPa, A=3500mm 2,
LDA=4.5m, LAB=4.5m, and LCD=3.5m
a. Determine the force of bar CD due to real loads
b. Determine the force of bar BD due to real loads
c. Determine the force of bar CD due to virtual loads
d. Determine the horizontal deflection of joint D
ILLUSTRATIONS:

45kN
D

C
A B
50kN

SOLUTIONS:

∑ F H =0
A H =45 kN

∑ M C=0
− AV (8)−50(3.5)+ 45(4.5)=0

A V =3.44 kN

∑ F V =0
 AV + CV −50=0

C V =53.44 kN

Solve the value of θ :

4.5
tan ⁡θ=
4.5
∘
θ=45

Solve the value of α :

4.5
tan ⁡α =
3.5
∘
α=52.13

Consider Joint A:

∑ F V =0
∘
F AD sin ⁡45 −3.44=0

F AD=4.86 kN
∑ F H =0
F AB + F AD cos ⁡45−4.5=0
∘
F AB +4.86 cos ⁡45 −4.5=0
F AB=41.56 kN

Consider Joint B

∑ F H =0
FBC = 41.56 kN

∑ F H =5 0 kN
Consider Joint C:

∑ F H =0
-FCD cos52.13 – 41.56 = 0
 F CD =−67.70 kN

Bar forces in each member due to virtual load applied horizontally to

the right of D :

Solve for the reactions:

∑ F H =0
A H =1.0 kN
∑ MC =0
− AV (8)+1.0( 4.5)=0
A V =0.5625 kN
∑ ❑ Fv=0
❑
A V +C V −50=0
C V =−0.5625 kN

Consider Joint A:

∑ F H =0
F AD sin 45−0.5625=0

F AD=0.7955 kN

∑ F H =0
F AB + F AD cos ⁡45−1.0=0
F AB +0.7955 cos ⁡45−1.0=0
F AB=0.4375 kN

Consider Joint B:

∑ F H =0
F BC =0
F BC =0.4375 kN
¿

∑ F v =0
F BD =0
¿
Consider Joint C :
 ∑ F H =0
- F CD cos 52.13+ 0.4375=0
F CD =−0.7127 kN
¿

Tabulate the bar forces in each member in the Primary and Secondary
Structure.

L AD= √ 45002+ 45002=6363.96 m m

LCD =√ 45002 +35002=5700.88 mm

150 ×103 N
AE= 2
( 3500 mm2 )=525× 106 N
mm

S U
(Bar (Bar
Area x
Force Force
s s
Modulus
Lengt
due due
h of SuL
Member to to (mm)
AE
Real Virtu
(mm) Elastic
ity
al
loads
) load) (N )

(kN ) (kN )

6
AB 41.56 0.4375 4500.00 525 ×10 0.1559

AD 4.86 0.7955 6363.96 0.0467

BC 41.56 0.4375 3500.00

6
525 ×10
CD -67.70 -0.7127 5700.88 0.5239

BD 50.0 0.0 4500.00 0.0000

 SuL
∑ AE
=+0.848 mm

10. Method of Consistent Deformation (1 Redundant)

11. Method of Consistent Deformation (2 or More Redundants)