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Week 3

This document discusses digital-to-digital conversion techniques for digital data transmission, including line coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding is used to represent digital data with digital signals and is always needed, while block coding and scrambling may or may not be needed. Various line coding schemes such as NRZ, RZ, and multilevel schemes are described and compared. Block coding maps groups of data bits to code words for transmission and scrambling substitutes bit patterns to prevent loss of synchronization. Examples of block coding and scrambling techniques like 4B/5B, 8B/10B, B8ZS, and HDB3 are provided.

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Syed Ali Akbar
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26 views32 pages

Week 3

This document discusses digital-to-digital conversion techniques for digital data transmission, including line coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding is used to represent digital data with digital signals and is always needed, while block coding and scrambling may or may not be needed. Various line coding schemes such as NRZ, RZ, and multilevel schemes are described and compared. Block coding maps groups of data bits to code words for transmission and scrambling substitutes bit patterns to prevent loss of synchronization. Examples of block coding and scrambling techniques like 4B/5B, 8B/10B, B8ZS, and HDB3 are provided.

Uploaded by

Syed Ali Akbar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Digital Transmission

4.1
4-1 DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

In this section, we see how we can represent digital


data by using digital signals. The conversion involves
three techniques: line coding, block coding, and
scrambling. Line coding is always needed; block
coding and scrambling may or may not be needed.

Topics discussed in this section:


Line Coding
Line Coding Schemes
Block Coding
Scrambling

4.2
Figure 4.1 Line coding and decoding

4.3
Figure 4.2 Signal element versus data element

4.4
Note

Although the actual bandwidth of a


digital signal is infinite, the effective
bandwidth is finite.

4.5
Figure 4.3 Effect of lack of synchronization

4.6
Example 4.3

In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent


faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per
second does the receiver receive if the data rate is
1 kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.

At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of


1,000,000 bps.

4.7
Figure 4.4 Line coding schemes

4.8
Figure 4.5 Unipolar NRZ scheme

4.9
Figure 4.6 Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes

4.10
Note

In NRZ-L the level of the voltage


determines the value of the bit.
In NRZ-I the inversion
or the lack of inversion
determines the value of the bit.

4.11
Figure 4.7 Polar RZ scheme

4.12
Figure 4.8 Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes

4.13
Figure 4.9 Bipolar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary

4.14
Note

In mBnL schemes, a pattern of m data


elements is encoded as a pattern of n
signal elements in which 2m ≤ Ln.

4.15
Figure 4.10 Multilevel: 2B1Q scheme

4.16
Figure 4.11 Multilevel: 8B6T scheme

4.17
Figure 4.12 Multilevel: 4D-PAM5 scheme

4.18
Figure 4.13 Multitransition: MLT-3 scheme

4.19
Table 4.1 Summary of line coding schemes

4.20
Note

Block coding is normally referred to as


mB/nB coding;
it replaces each m-bit group with an
n-bit group.

4.21
Figure 4.14 Block coding concept

4.22
Figure 4.15 Using block coding 4B/5B with NRZ-I line coding scheme

4.23
Table 4.2 4B/5B mapping codes

4.24
Figure 4.16 Substitution in 4B/5B block coding

4.25
Figure 4.17 8B/10B block encoding

4.26
Figure 4.18 AMI used with scrambling

4.27
Figure 4.19 Two cases of B8ZS scrambling technique

4.28
Note

B8ZS substitutes eight consecutive


zeros with 000VB0VB.

4.29
Figure 4.20 Different situations in HDB3 scrambling technique

4.30
Note

HDB3 substitutes four consecutive


zeros with 000V or B00V depending
on the number of nonzero pulses after
the last substitution.

4.31
Reading Assignment

Section 4.2 onwards Reading assignment.

4.32

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