STEM 11 – ORAL
Message – most vital element in communication.
Information conveyed by words. (Ex.Oral
presentation, word document, advertisement)
COMMUNICATION Channel – route travelled by the message between
the sender to the receiver. (Anong ginamit?) (Ex.
Voice, TV, radio, verbalnon-verbal comm.)
NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF Medium – (Anong paraan?) (Speaking, Writing,
COMMUNICATION Gestures)
Oral Communication - the speaker & the listener Feedback – receiver’s response/reaction to a
exchange their roles in giving & receiving ideas, message.
feelings, and even attitudes. The movement is Noise – a disturbing factor that may to a
expected to be orderly & systematic. misunderstanding of the message.
Orderly communication = Effective Physical Noise – comes from loud sounds
communication that alter the transfer of message.
Speed/Volume – can be used to convey emotion Psychological Noise – occurs in the mind
of the sender and receiver.
Pitch – highness/lowness of the sound
Intonation – variation in the pitch of the voice
Stress – increased loudness of the syllable in a
word
Word Junctures – pauses between words &
punctuations
PROCESS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
1. Stimulus – activates senses/brain of the
speaker (memories/thoughts, senses, COMMUNICATION MODELS
environment, feeling/emotion)
2. Ideas are recognized by the brain/being
Communication Models – illustrations of how
formed (Tiny nerve fiber)
communication occurs that will aid us to have a
3. Ideas & thoughts are being encoded into
better idea of the process of communication.
language/symbols
4. Thoughts are being externalized Linear/Transmission Model – linear in its process.
5. Words are expressed The receiver is passive.
6. The message is received by the listener
through its senses Interaction Model – communication has an
exchange of messages & feedback.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Transactional Model – messages are continuously
sent without waiting for a feedback.
Setting – venue of the communication Aristotle Model of Communication – the
Sender – initiating conversation oldest communication model most people
are familiar with.
Receiver – whom the sender transmits the message
(could be a person, group, audience, or all of the
people)
3 CORE ELEMENTS
1. Ethos (Speaker) – credibility of the speaker &
their authority
2. Logos (Message) – connects the speaker to
the audience through different emotion.
3. Pathos (Audience) – signifies logic to ensure
the message is decoded correctly.
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
Communication – a mathematical theory of
communication that communication is a
linear/one-way process that involves 6
elements.
Wendel Johnson Model of
Communication – according to Romero &
Eugenio (1997). Physiologically based.
1. Event/Source Stimulation Dance’s Helical Model of Communication
– endless spiral increasing complexity.
2. Sensory Stimulation
3. Pre-verbal neurophysiological state
4. Transformation of pre-verbal into symbolic
forms
5. Verbal formulations in final draft for overt
expression
Berlo’s Model of Communication – he
used SMCR as the key to the components of
communication.
TYOES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Body Movements – body kinesics.
Emblems – body movements with direct
Schramm’s Model of Communication – translation into words. (Ex. Thumbs up = OK)
about sharing information or having a Illustrators – used to accent, emphasize or
common attitude towards signs. to reinforce words. (Ex. Pointing fingers to
left side means going to left side)
Regulators – signs showing control of the followed by the body built. Men notice first the body
back & forth natures of speaking & listening. built, then face then the dress.
(Head nods, hand gesture) that sognals the
6. Space & Distance (Proxemics) – It concerns the
beginning & the end of interaction. (Ex. An
way a person uses the space around him as well as
instructor may point the student giving him
the distance where he stands. (Proxemics)
the signal to recite)
Display of feelings – a person’s face & body Intimate Distance – no more than 18 inches
movements may convey how intense his apart as in a mother & child.
emotion is. (Ex. Tight hug = intimate Personal Distance – people may stay
relationship) anywhere from 18 inches to 4 feet from each
Adaptors – non-verbal ways used in other as in causal & personal conversations.
adapting to the communication situation. Social Distance – when talking to a person
2. Paralanguage – ways of saying something unknown to the speaker, he must keep a
distance of 4 to 12 feet. Mostly done in
Rate – speed of speaking impersonal business & social gatherings, or
Pitch – highness/lowness of tone interviews which is expected to be formal.
Volume – loudness Public Distance – more than 12 feet
Quality – pleasing/unpleasing sound typically used in public speaking.
(Ex. Loud voice= anger, stressed/tensed. Low 7. Touch (Haptics) – used in communication
voice = sad, grief, depression) reflects meaning about the relationship between the
sender and the receiver.
Functional-Professional Touch – medical
3. Body Types (Kinesics)– can also communicate examination, physical theraphy, etc.
a message. Social-Polite Touch - handshake
Friendship-Warmth Touch - hug
Love-Intimacy Touch – kiss between family
members/romantic partner
Sexual-Arousal Touch – sexual caressing
& intercourse
8. Time (Chronemics) – punctual and late. (Ex. Late
= not interested.)
1. Ectomorphs (Thin people) – ambitious,
younger, more suspicious of others, more
tensed and nervous, more inclined to be
more difficult, more pessimistic, and quieter. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
2. Endomorphs (Fat people) – more
fashionable, lazier, weaker, more talkative, Intrapersonal Communication – communication
older, more warm-hearted and sympathetic, with the self
more good-natured, agreeable, more
dependent on others and more trusting. Interpersonal Communication – communication
3. Mesomorphs (Athletic people) – stronger, with others.
more adventurous, more matured, more
1. Be an attentive listener – listening will and
reliant, younger and taller.
understanding the words & emotions of the
4. Attractiveness – get more positive response than speaker is trying to communicate.
those who are perceived not to be attractive. 1) Closely observe the speaker
2) Make sure that your ears are in good
5. Body Adornment – involves form of clothing,
condition
make-up, jewelry, & hairstyle. According to a survey,
women notice the clothes first, then the eyes
3) Minimize distraction & redirect the
conversation to all concern
4) Exhibit gestures to imply interest to
TO ATTAIN SELF-CONFIDENCE
what is heard
5) Do not be judgemental
6) Always consider feedbacks 1. Respect one’s opinion
2. Observe Nonverbal signals – the way you 2. Know your goals & ambitions
look, listen, move, & react to another person 3. Be a positive thinker
tells them more about how you’re feeling 4. Receive feedback positively
than words alone ever can. 5. Accept negative ideas
3. Delivery of Nonverbal Communication
1) Use Nonverbal signals that match up DEVELOPING CONFIDENT
with your words COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
2) Give contextual nonverbal signals
3) Use body language to convey
1. Empathy – conveys sensitivity to the other
positive feelings
person
4. Be stress-free during communication –
2. Escalating Assertion – you become
you need to be aware of & in control of your
increasingly firm as time progresses, which
emotions.
may include outlining consequences if your
GUIDES TO IMPROVE A PERSON’S need are not met.
3. Practice assertiveness
COMMUNICATON SKILLS
1. Compose one’s self before speaking – INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
give yourself time to think
2. Organize one’s thought – pushing can
Intercultural Communication – a form of
make you seem more in control than rushing
communication that aims to impart information,
your response
ideas, insights, and opinions across various cultures
3. Share ideas one by one – follow one point
and social communities.
with an example & then gauge the listener’s
reaction to tell if you should make a second CHALLENGES IN INTERCULTURAL
point
4. Speak clearly – maintain an even tone, & COMMUNICATION
make eye contact. Keep your body language Message Transmission – in communication
relaxed & open. between two people of the same culture, the person
5. Summarize ideas before stopping who receives the message interprets it based on
values, beliefs & expectations or behavior similar to
those of the person who sent the message.
Attribution – the process where people look for an
TO DEAL WITH STRESS DURING explanation of another person’s behavior.
COMMUNICATION Adaptation – management of intercultural
communication; an individual in the acceptance
1. Be sure to feel that you are stressed
stage
2. Pause to relax
3. Be sensible to your ideas
4. Insert humor if possible WAYS TO AVOID MISINTERPRETATIONS
5. Be willing to compromise
6. Agree to disagree – take a quick break & 1. Develop cultural sensitivity
move away from the situation 2. Anticipate the meaning of the receiver will get
3. Careful encoding
4. Use words, pictures and gestures
5. Avoid slang, idioms, regional sayings
6. Selective transmission
7. Build relationships
8. Careful decoding of feedback
9. Get feedback from multiple parties
10. Improve listening and observation skills
PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
Cultural Convergence – is the theory that two
cultures will be more and more like each other as
their interactions increase. The more the cultures
interact, the more that their values, ideologies,
behaviors, arts, and customs will start to reflect each
other.
Communication Accommodation Theory – this
theory focuses linguistic strategies to decrease or
increase communicative distances. (Ex. Putting
subtitle)
Intercultural Adaptation – is designed to explain
how communicators adapt to each other.
Co-cultural Theory – refers to interactions among
under represented and dominant group members.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Functions of communication – refers to how we
use language for different purposes.
Regulation/Control - Every institution follows
certain rules and regulation in which the main
objective is to take control of every situation.
Social Interaction - As a human beings we always
interact because we are social beings. We form
groups and associate ourselves with members of
these groups. Because we interact daily that is why
we have to communicate.
Motivation - Communication motivates. It may
either be internal or external.
Internal Motivation – personal
External Motivation – emanates from the
people surrounding a person.
Information – communication informs. We are
informed in different ways.
Emotional Expression – communication expresses
one’s emotion.
