BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI
Hyderabad Campus
FIRST SEMESTER 2022 - 2023
MATHEMATICS - III
Tutorial Sheet - 7
1. Find the general solution of the differential equation x2 y00 + xy0 + (x2 − 1/4)y = 0 near the
singular point x = 0.
2. Show that the differential equation x2 y00 + xy0 + (x2 − 1)y = 0 has only one Frobenius series
solution. Then find it.
3. For what values of p0 and q0 , the roots of the indicial equation (for x = 1) of the following
differential equation
! !
1 1
(x − 1) y + (x − 1) p0 + x y + q0 + x y = 0,
2 00 0
2 4
is differ by 2 if the smaller root is −1. Are there two linearly independent Frobenius series
solutions at x = 1 exists ? Justify your answer.
4. Verify x
e x = lim F a, b, a, .
b→∞ b
5. Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations, near the indicated
singular point, in terms of Hypergeometric functions.
(i) (x2 − 1)y00 + (5x + 4)y0 + 4y = 0, x = −1,
(ii) (x − x2 )y00 + 5y0 + 2y = 0, x = 0.
ab
6. Show that F 0 (a, b, c, x) = F(a + 1, b + 1, c + 1, x).
c
*********
e honwe
(2) 1
n q n h e noO1 malized o we hove
11
nane
P,1)1
Pa2)=l -
SMce P) aad Pa) beth oil to beaualydic
Comelude- t
a=o
i siagulov1
a =0 we
peint.
d the
w Censida1-ue fniows deiue
porda 1a) 1 P,2)= -
Bon of hnese botoduut fnityp a1e aaslyi
aMd Ro 0 a neguda srgulaj
peitthe dloitaial eyuudion.
Snte =0 a negulcor siugeloo psind oftoe
Acek Ralro
difa1aial 29ualiou d
we
O R, , we aRome
Cu i whan Cot0
h=
we obla
DiHane nhatij u),
+-1
n+1-
ntu)n+M-1) C
hto dieneoia
D uhalukina i) a d ii),
puatou,we objefu
n+1-1
,
h+M-2
+7
tea-)
Chzo
+ (7-
+O +142
+2
A (M401-1) Cn2 +2h+) C
Rwwi-He the t d
Cat fhese 8Upow adran u hove tine ?ponect ha)
aU Considas tne hind Somwaio
h+1+2
To Suwde ne om mati tn 8o hadt ill haye
Htne desined e a t n+o1 we tondneplare
he +2 w Vatable m, Hti,we
aAd Siute
2 M .than = m-
80 Hhe
n - o hen m-
Sommatiou akes ne soct
mto
m-
m-
Now Sinte the vaijable ol Somahioun s
dumM eejccble Hepla te
Z Cn-2
N 91plare neuo So moui on wtnhind
8owvetitm we obfahn
Cn-
+
C O
ho
we may i d e i s
ap
1+01
+1
btt1)+t-4x+ 1 )+ +1) -7C
A)
lawest
do 7aoLd -Hhe Coeiciet dhe
g
of"),
pe 2 (Mal ip,dne toelficitud
w e asomed
81-1)+ - o
-1) 131-1) +1 - =
ip tue Rdicial elpuadi'on o the
we gct
-=0
1 h
hese core he ko-calltd mpontw h e
ro0dial eitiou aMd ae the ou
pessble auts gon rtuebo1euioA uuknewn
Cowstaut 1.
Nele hett Any ane eal cmd neul
to 70oe he toeicins o ne highe
brsRopo A), we oblaiu ne
1)1 + b41) = o
()
311
4
tue d1e Ciun areeo1mula
tu alRo oblafu
(und-1) (M+-
n) t t Cu-2 Oz
= V2 oe cbt«fu
n22
ha)
tn-a1) -
C u t Cu- 0
t Cn-20
+ t n -4
C n-
F o hi). we
nd uccesAively
Co
12
C
Cu 2
Co
126
C 3C
Ccvnes ponding o ne
e obtefue Aoluto
O1ga1 u t =12. Thi olu tiou
aohan e
00 n+
,)
C + C,x +C,+ ,1+ 2 .
L
ot x + 0+ z+
Ct 6 20
C71-Lt
120
wMauw Consid ay ue Amallan t 1, = -)a
Sfnte 2-1 apesive fMegny
thad tno
heoo1tm 6.3) S.L. RrasdoeR nett astbo1e ys
iveallyndependot zoloBion
difaeuial egjalion ho a
n e aSsumed tonm C Ceenonespou dun
to tip Small u t . Cam clusion 2 ef thoct-
Hneesnem manel flls p Hhact thane is a Jineeu
Fadepondet olotion a Hhe seem
M+
whne C mauy Cu may hol be Z ANO
C = o hen we will have -ne asuvmed eum
2Cn
h=o
= f ) ,we obtaln
a ) +,+1)-=
-ut'h4)°
we C9n teke oy chafce oCthp C C
i mdepondot oHhe aobitay Coupta
C o t p a Becod aobitaay Couatant
i n ) o e obtain
2 2
-)n- Cn+Cy-20
-+/y- Cy+ Cy-20
C n-
M2
(10
em , we md Autreiuy
C
C -C C
Co C
Cu 2 20
. C
C Cs
62
CT 20 9 2
30
tue tmd
we obtain ne &olion Coueptmding do s1
1
9a), whao
C2
6
CtC,r+Ca+ C+2
t t a+ - 2e2
L
tM
toe , we obdoin
we na Ant Co=|
Hne batitlan oluiom-J,12) , whase
y,10)="-12, 20
ad
Cenon@cponding to he tcgR S1at
f y, l2).we
o e AntCol cud Co
obdafn he botiulo Roludian = y2,12)
who1e
8a)= 1- 2
Ccno12Spondig to hemallan 1 Unt-y,
hes e tuo po icadlan Aalutio , which COe
beath the con
o agsovntd y =
2 Aje
nty Ridependet. Ahep e gonayual
Roluien 4 he ditehial euoteiou
o h e twoHen
n ) + K.V»,-
qd k, ao0 abitpayy
Cup-oas
Now a t op amine meene tcaoneu t 0 Slu tfow , ()
+ (aL-1
20
202
Fn yl) moy
which C, i> tne Cotgiciet
bo weito u
6
6 +L,. L+
"- 20 20
|2 2042
ad p poeciseiy Y,1a)Thp we me weite
3,1)=c h )+ C, )-(E)
wheote Co ad C do1e dbiHaau Conp-te nts
Now Compa1eE) md F) ,we Aee ratthe
oluion -91) by idsu p aefually tne
g0neoal Aolution od the dilfatwhal eyuadio
evan thou y,) w cbtoined usfug the
he Smallan l tot ly
we h obsovethotithe di|frone 1,- 12
bowean the
bwetn 91004ps o -he fuditial euahoy
iaC hoci iv e fmtegeu, 14 ip Aowmt times
obtafin the Aengnalo utiou
besgible to
he
USinthe nalay S1oat alme , wihaut
bothastig to d aplidt y -tne Reludie
1 vot
Coonoespondng do the la1gA
Show that the differe ntiq
equ ation
eqyation
ha s on one Frob eniuS
Ser'ieS Sblution. Then find It.
Solution iven differential quat ion is
"+ +(-1) }:0 (0)
divide quation (t) we 9et
Compafre t h i s
differential quaion th
w 9e
(r) = - 1
P(x)
Sin(e p(1) and xq) = x2-1
Sindar P0 i n t foT given
o is a YeudaT
differe ntial t9ugtion
iven ditferential quatio
Let Series Solution for
is of the form
ktm
- (a)
thatis. 2 m
0
ktm-
(tm) Cm gnd
m:o
ktm-2
-(3)
Ktm) (ktm-1) Cm
mo
in tquation (i)
h valsof , 3 and "
putting th
Putting
we get
k t m -1
kt m-
t m) Cm
5 (tm) (**m-i) Cm t
m-o
Ktm
Cm
+(1) mco
tm
+ (+m Cm
(**m) (*tm -1) Cm m:o
SCm
m
we
we 9 et
9et
m n
by Ym
M0
then Change
m by
powers of *
to yate ktm
Put mm-2
Ktm 5 (Ktm) (m
(ktm) (ktm -1) Cm m- 0
Cm .0
m-2
m-2
t
k (k-1) (o**+ (kAu) kC, t +k(. 4(*+1) C
t
Co - + ( t ) (ktm-i) C 5(ktm)°m
+S(ktm)Cm
M:2 m: 2
+5 m-2 Cm
m:L m: 2
kt
(k3)+x-i) Cox' +[(k+1) k +(r41)
-1
tm
o
Cmtm-2
Skm) (tim-1) + (tim) -] -(4)
m: 2
ot-fficitnt of SnallesE poweY of
the
on equating
k= 1.
unequal and difftr a n 1mtge
These qY
kt m
aa d Coftfit ient to zero we get
NO q uahn
-()
Cm Cm-2
1 ) (ktm+1)
NOw on om
pairing Geffitient of a 2eYo
et k (kt) C, 0
C 0
Puttin m= 3,S n equqt ion ) w Can
nott that
No Puttinng m 2,4 6 'in (s) we 9et
Co
(k+) (k+3) C2
( (+3) (k+ 5)
Co from (t)
(k+1) (k43) (k+ss)
and S on
puthnnq these Val 4es n qahon (2) we get
2 4
1 -)
(kt)(K+3) (k+1D (k4 3)" (k+5)
Now i wetake k= -I in the above ser ie S, the
Coe fficients beco me infinite be caule of the fattor
Kt) in the denom inatoY.
To 9et Yid of this iffitulty we put Co= dok+1)
n
(8) and get the mod tfitd Solution aS
4 a) - kt3t
k+3)(K+5) ()
Pqrtia l
Differentiating 1quation (4) w.. to k we get
4
eg(+1)(rt1)-2 k+3 (k+3)K+s) T
2 +
(k+3)2 (eta) (k5) (k+3) (k+s5)
-(10)
uttin
Putting K= -i in equation (1) nd Teplcing do bya
et
- 4 2426
qu (sa
Putting k= i and replating do b in equation (1)
wR9et
(24 +
1 2.46
+b
Now b using q uat i on () t
2
bu logxt bx -
k1
{12)
Putting k n quation (9) we get
do 1 - + 426t + - 13)
From 4uat ion ) and (1) the Ytquirtq
neval Sotution isS
"
2.4
bulegt b" 92
hat is = qutbv.
and
+
2426
4
Vulo t * + 4
)*"
