DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

FLUID MACHINERY
MODULE 1

BY:

ENGR. EDARDO L. ALASCO

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. MODULE 1 – BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

1.1 GOSPEL READING

1.2 INTRODUCTION

1.3 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.4 BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

1.4.1 CASE I

1.4.2 CASE II

1.4.3 CASE III

1.4.4 CASE IV

1.4.5 ENERGY EQUATION OF A NOZZLE

1.4.6 VENTURI METER

1.4.7 VENTURI EFFECT

1.4.8 VENTURI TUBE

1.1 GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever

1.2 INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli’s energy theorem, in fluid dynamics, is a relation among the

pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility

and viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady,

or laminar. First derived (1738) by the Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the

theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical energy of the flowing

fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational potential

energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant.

Bernoulli’s theorem is the principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady,

or streamline, flow and is the basis for many engineering applications.

Bernoulli’s theorem implies, therefore, that if the fluid flows horizontally so that

no change in gravitational potential energy occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure

is associated with an increase in fluid velocity. If the fluid is flowing through a

 horizontal pipe of varying cross-sectional area, for example, the fluid speeds up in

constricted areas so that the pressure the fluid exerts is least where the cross

section is smallest. This phenomenon is sometimes called the Venturi effect, after

the Italian scientist G.B. Venturi (1746–1822), who first noted the effects of

constricted channels on fluid flow.

Reference:

https://www.britannica.com/science/transport-phenomenon

1.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, students are expected to:

TLO1. Recall the Principle of Bernoulli’s Theory

TLO2. Formulate Bernoulli’s equation on different fluid flow.

TLO3. Solve problems using Bernoulli’s equation in the fluid flow.

1.4 Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem:

1.4.1 CASE I : Neglecting friction, the total head or total amount of energy per

unit weight or mass is the same at every point in the path of flow.
 𝑃 𝑉2
Total head, H = E = + +z
ɤ 2𝑔

or E = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑣 +z
𝑃
where: static head, ℎ𝑠 = = utilized in overcoming
ɤ
frictional and other resistance to the flow of fluid.

𝑉2
velocity head, ℎ𝑣 = = utilized in creating and
2𝑔
maintaining the velocity of fluid.

elevation head, z = utilized in creating and maintaining

the height or depth of fluid.

where: P = pressure

ɤ = specific weight

V = fluid velocity

g = local acceleration due to gravity

z = elevation from the chosen datum

Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem , 𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

Note: 1. If the pressure is less than atmospheric pressure( vaccum

pressure) , then P is negative.

2. If the point considered is below the chosen datum, then z is

negative.
Example 1. A pipeline consists of successive lengths of 350 mm, 300 mm and 250 mm.

𝑚3
With continuous flow through the line of 0.25 of water, compute the mean velocity in
𝑠

each size of the pipe.

Solution: a) For 350 mm φ

Q= A V = 𝐴 350 mm φ 𝑉350 mm φ = 𝐴 300 mm φ 𝑉300 mm φ = 𝐴 250 mm φ 𝑉250 mm φ

where: Q = volume flow rate

A = cross sectional area of the pipe

V = velocity

𝛱 𝛱
so that, A = 𝑑2 = ( 0.350)2 = 0.096 𝑚2
4 4

𝑚3
𝑄 0.25 𝑠 𝒎
V = = = 2.6 Ans.
𝐴 0.096 𝑚2 𝒔

b) For 300 mm φ

𝛱 𝛱
A= 𝑑2 = ( 0.300)2 = 0.071 𝑚2
4 4

𝑚3
𝑄 0.25 𝒎
𝑠
V = = = 3.52 Ans.
𝐴 0.071 𝑚2 𝒔

c) For 250 mm φ

𝛱 𝛱
A= 𝑑2 = ( 0.250)2 = 0.05 𝑚2
4 4
 𝑚3
𝑄 0.25 𝒎
𝑠
V = = = 5 Ans.
𝐴 0.05 𝑚2 𝒔

𝒎
Example 2. A fluid is flowing in a pipe 200 mm in diameter with a mean velocity of 3 𝒔 .

The pressure at the center of the pipe is 34.5 KPa and the total elevation of the pipe

above the chosen datum is 4.5 m. Compute the total head in meters if the fluid is:

a) water b) oil ( sp.gr.= 0.80) c) molasses ( sp.gr.= 1.5 ) and

𝑁
d) gas ( ɤ = 0.005 )
𝑚3

𝑃 𝑉2
Solution: a). E = + +z
ɤ 2𝑔

𝐾𝑁 𝑚2
34.5 ( 3) 2
𝑚2 𝑠2
for water: E = 𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 + 4.5 m
9.81 3 2(9.81) 2
𝑚 𝑠

E = 8.48 m Ans.

𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
b) for oil, ɤ 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟.𝑜𝑖𝑙 ɤ 𝐻2𝑂 = (0.80) 9.81 = 7.848 𝑚3
𝑚3

𝐾𝑁 𝑚2
34.5 ( 3) 2
𝑚2 𝑠2
E = 𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 + 4.5 m
7.848 3 2(9.81) 2
𝑚 𝑠

E = 9.36 m Ans.
 𝐾𝑁
c) for molasses, ɤ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟.𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 ɤ 𝐻2𝑂 = (1.5) 9.81 𝑚3

𝐾𝑁
ɤ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 14.715 𝑚3

𝐾𝑁 𝑚2
34.5 ( 3) 2
𝑚2 𝑠2
E = 𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 + 4.5 m
14.715 3 2(9.81) 2
𝑚 𝑠

E = 7.3 m Ans.

d) for gas,

𝑁 𝑚2
34,500 ( 3) 2
𝑚2 𝑠2
E = 𝑁 + 𝑚 + 4.5 m
0.005 3 2(9.81) 2
𝑚 𝑠

E = 6,900,004.96 m Ans.

Example 3. A liquid (sp.gr. = 2.0) is flowing in a 50 mm pipe. The total energy at a

given point is found to be 17.5 m. The total elevation of the pipe above the datum is 3 m

and the pressure in the pipe is 65.6 KPa. Compute the velocity of the flow and the

power in a stream at that point.

Solution: a) velocity

𝑃 𝑉2
E = + +z
ɤ 2𝑔
 𝑉2 𝑃
= E - - z
2𝑔 ɤ

𝐾𝑁
ɤ = ( 2 ) ( 9.81 ) = 19.62
𝑚3

𝐾𝑁
𝑉2 65.6
𝑚2
= 17.5 m - 𝐾𝑁 - 3m
2𝑔 19.62 3
𝑚

𝑉2
= 11.1565 m
2𝑔

and,

𝑚
V = √(2) ( 9.81 𝑠2 ) ( 11.1565 𝑚)

𝒎
V = 14.795 Ans.
𝒔

b) Power , P

P = QɤH → general equation for water power

where: Q = volume flow rate

ɤ = specific weight

H = total head

and H = E = 17.5 m → total head or total energy

𝛱 𝑚3
and Q = A V = ( 0.05)2 (14.795) = 0.029
4 𝑠

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁 𝑚 𝐾𝐽
hence, P = 0.029 ( 19.62 ) ( 17.5 m ) = 9.957 = 9.957
𝑠 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑠

P = 9.957 KW Ans.
 1.4.2 CASE II: With continuous flow, the total head at any point in a stream is

equal to the total head at any down stream point plus the lost head between two

points due to friction.

𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + ℎ𝑓

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

where: ℎ𝑓 = friction head loss

𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Example 4. In the figure shown, with 15 of water flowing from point 1 to point 2,
𝑠

the pressure at point 1 is 100 KPa and at point 2 is 70 KPa. Compute the loss of head

between point 1 and point 2.

Q= A V
 𝑚3
𝑄 0.015 𝑚
𝑠
𝑉1 = = 𝛱 = 0.2123
𝐴1 (0.3) 2 𝑚2 𝑠
4

𝑚3
𝑄 0.015 𝑚
𝑠
𝑉2 = = 𝛱 = 1.911
𝐴2 (0.1) 2 𝑚2 𝑠
4

assuming there is no change in the elevation, 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝐾𝑁 𝑚2 𝐾𝑁 𝑚2
100 (0.2123)2 70 (1.911)2
𝑚2 𝑠2 𝑚2 𝑠2
𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 = 𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 + ℎ𝑓
9.81 3 2(9.81) 2 9.81 3 2(9.81) 2
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠

ℎ𝑓 = 2.87 m Ans.

Example 5. With 30 liters of water flowing as shown in the figure, what pressure must

be maintained at 1 if the pressure at 2 is to be 75 KPa and the lost of head between 1

and 2 is 5% of the difference in pressure head between 1 and 2.

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

assuming there is no change in the elevation, 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐

 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑃1 − 𝑃2
and ℎ𝑓 = 0.05 ( )
ɤ

Q = AV

𝑚3
𝑄 0.03 𝑚
𝑠
𝑉1 = = 𝛱 = 0.425
𝐴1 (0.3) 𝑚2
2 𝑠
4

𝑚3
𝑄 0.03 𝑚
𝑠
𝑉2 = = 𝛱 = 3.82
𝐴2 (0.1) 𝑚2
2 𝑠
4

𝑚2 𝐾𝑁 𝑚2 𝐾𝑁
𝑃1 (0.425)2 75 (3.82)2 𝑃1 −75
𝑠2 𝑚2 𝑠2 𝑚2
𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 = 𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 + 0.05 ( 𝐾𝑁 )
9.81 2(9.81) 2 9.81 3 2(9.81) 2 9.81 3
𝑚3 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠 𝑚

𝐾𝑁
𝑃1 = 82.54 𝑚2 = 82.54 KPa Ans.

Example 6. In the figure shown, a 50 mm pipeline leads downhill from a reservoir and

discharges into air. If the loss of head between A and B is 43.5 m, compute the

discharge.

Solution:
 𝑷𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝑷𝑩 𝑽𝟐𝑩
+ + 𝒁𝑨 = + + 𝒁𝑩 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

Note: 1. Velocity at the surface of the reservoir, dam, lake or any large bodies of

water is negligible, hence, 𝑉𝐴 = 0

2. Pressure at the water surface is atmospheric, 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵

hence,

𝑽𝟐𝑩
0 + 0 + 45 m = 0 + + 0 + 43.5 m
𝟐𝒈

𝑚
𝑉𝐵 = √(2) ( 9.81 ) ( 45 − 43.5)𝑚
𝑠2

𝑚
𝑉𝐵 = 5.425 𝑠

𝛱 𝑚
so that, Q = A V = (0.5)2 𝑚2 ( 5.425 )
4 𝑠

𝒎𝟑
Q = 0.0106 Ans.
𝒔

1.4.3. CASE III: Energy equation with energy added ( e.g. pump) between two

points in the path of flow.

Bernoulli’s equation:

𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 = 𝐸2 + ℎ𝑓
 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

where: 𝐻𝐴 = head or energy added

Example 7. A pump, as shown in the figure, takes water from a 200 mm suction pipe
𝑚
and delivers it to a 150 mm discharge pipe in which the velocity is 2.4 𝑠 . At A, in the

suction pipe, the pressure is -40 KPa. At B, in the discharge, which is 2.4 m above A,

the pressure is 400 KPa. What power would have to be applied by the pump if there

were no frictional losses?

Solution:

Q = 𝑉𝐴 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐴𝐵

𝑚 𝛱 𝒎𝟑
Q = 𝑉𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = ( 2.4 ) ( 4 ) (0.15)2 𝑚2 = 0.042
𝑠 𝒔

𝒎𝟑
0.042
𝒔 𝑚
and 𝑉𝐴 = 𝛱 = 1.35
( ) (0.2)2 𝑚2 𝑠
4

consider pt.A → pt.B

𝑷𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝑷𝑩 𝑽𝟐𝑩
+ + 𝒁𝑨 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝒁𝑩 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈
 𝑷𝑩 − 𝑷𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑩 − 𝑽𝟐𝑨
𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝒁𝑩
ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝐾𝑁 𝒎𝟐
[𝟒𝟎𝟎 −(−𝟒𝟎)] [(𝟐.𝟒) 𝟐 −(𝟏.𝟑𝟓)𝟐 ] 𝟐
𝑚2 𝒔
𝐻𝐴 = 𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 + 2.4 m
9.81 (𝟐)(9.81 2 )
𝑚3 𝑠

𝐻𝐴 = 47.45 m

and , P = Q ɤ 𝐻𝐴

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁 𝑚 𝐾𝐽
P = 0.042 ( 9.81 𝑚3 ) ( 47.45 m ) = 19.55 = 19.55
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

P = 19.55 KW Ans.

Example 8. A pump, as shown in the figure, draws water from a 200 mm suction pipe
𝑚
and discharges through a 150 mm pipe in which the velocity is 3.6 . The pressure is
𝑠

-35KPa at A in the suction pipe. The 150 mm pipe discharges horizontally into air at C.

To what height “h” above B can the water be raised if B is 1.8 m above A and 20 hp is

delivered to the pump? Assume that the pump operates at 70% efficiency and that the

frictional loss in the pipe between A and C is 3 m.

Solution:

Q = 𝑉𝐴 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐴𝐵

𝑚 𝛱 𝒎𝟑
Q = 𝑉𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = ( 3.6 ) ( 4 ) (0.15)2 𝑚2 = 0.064
𝑠 𝒔

0.746 𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 20 hp x = 14.92 KW
ℎ𝑝

𝑃
and Pump efficiency, 𝑛𝑝 = x 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = power delivered to the pump, pump input

hence, P = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑛𝑝 ) = (14.92 )( 0.70) = 10.444 KW

and P = Q ɤ 𝐻𝐴
𝐾𝑁 𝑚
𝑷 10.444
𝑠
𝐻𝐴 = = 𝒎𝟑
= 16.635 m
Q ɤ (0.064
𝒔
)( 9.81 𝐾𝑁3 )
𝑚

consider pt.A → pt.C

𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐶 𝑉𝐶2
+ + 𝑍𝐴 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐶 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔

and Q = 𝑉𝐴 𝐴𝐴

𝒎𝟑
Q 0.064 𝑚
𝒔
𝑉𝐴 =
𝐴𝐴
= 𝛱 2
= 2.04 𝑠
( ) (0.2) 𝑚2
4

and 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐶

𝑃𝐶 = 0 ( atmospheric pressure has zero head)

𝐾𝑁 𝑚2 𝑚2
−35 (2.04)2 (3.6)2
𝑚2 𝑠2 𝑠2
𝐾𝑁 + 𝑚 + 0 + 16.635m = 0 + 𝑚 + ( 1.8 𝑚 + ℎ ) + 3 m
9.81 3 2(9.81) 2 2(9.81) 2
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠

ℎ = 7.82 m Ans.
 1.4.4. CASE IV: Energy equation with turbine between two points in the path of

flow.

Bernoulli’s Equation:

𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + 𝐻𝐸 + ℎ𝑓

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓 + 𝐻𝐸
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

where: 𝐻𝐸 = head or energy output

Example 9. A 600 mm pipe, as shown in the figure, conducts water from the reservoir A

to a pressure turbine, which discharges through another 600 mm pipe into a tailrace B.

The loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times the velocity head in the pipe and loss of head

𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
from 2 to B is 0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe. If the discharge is 700 , what
𝑠

power is being given by the water to the turbine and what are the pressure at 1 and 2.
Solution:

Consider pt.a → pt.b

𝑷𝒂 𝑽𝟐𝒂 𝑷𝒃 𝑽𝟐𝒃
+ + 𝒁𝒂 = + + 𝒁𝒃 + ℎ𝑓𝑎→𝑏 + 𝐻𝐸
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝒂 𝑽𝟐𝒂 𝑷𝒃 𝑽𝟐𝒃
+ + 𝒁𝒂 = + + 𝒁𝒃 + ℎ𝑓𝑎→𝑏 + 𝐻𝐸
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑩
and ℎ𝑓𝑎→𝑏 = 5 ( ) + 0.2 ( )
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

solving for 𝑽𝑨 ,

Q = A V

𝑚3
0.7 𝑚
𝑠
𝑉𝐴 = 𝛱 = 2.477
( ) (0.6)2 𝑚2 𝑠
4
 𝑚2
𝑽𝟐𝑨 (2.477)2
𝑠2
= 𝑚 = 0.313 m
𝟐𝒈 2(9.81) 2
𝑠

𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑩
and = , since 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

and from Bernoulli’s equation,

𝐻𝐸 = 𝒁𝒂 - ℎ𝑓𝑎→𝑏

𝐻𝐸 = 60 m - [ 5 ( 0.313 ) + 0.2 ( 0.313 ) ] m

𝐻𝐸 = 58.498 m

so that, P = Q ɤ 𝐻𝐸

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁
P = ( 0.7 𝑠
) (9.81 𝑚3
) ( 58.498 m )

𝐾𝑁 𝑚 𝐾𝐽
P = 401.706 = 401.706 = 401.706 KW Ans.
𝑠 𝑠

Consider pt.a → pt.1

𝑷𝒂 𝑽𝟐𝒂 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏
+ + 𝒁𝒂 = + + 𝒁𝟏 + ℎ𝑓𝑎→1
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝒂 𝑽𝟐𝒂 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏
+ + 𝒁𝒂 = + + 𝒁𝟏 + ℎ𝑓𝑎→1
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟐𝟏
= 0.313 m , ℎ𝑓𝑎→1 = 5 ( 0.313 ) = 1.565 m
𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝟏 𝑽𝟐
= 𝒁𝒂 - 𝟐𝒈 - ℎ𝑓𝑎→1
ɤ

𝑷𝟏
= ( 60 – 4.5 ) m – 0.313 m – 1.565m = 53.622 m
ɤ

𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑃1 = 53.622 m ( 9.81 ) = 526.03 = 526.03 KPa Ans.
𝑚3 𝑚2
 Consider pt.2 → pt.b

𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝒃 𝑽𝟐𝒃
+ + 𝒁𝟐 = + + 𝒁𝒃 + ℎ𝑓2→𝑏
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝒃 𝑽𝟐𝒃
+ + 𝒁𝟐 = + + 𝒁𝒃 + ℎ𝑓2→𝑏
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟐𝟐
= 0.313 m , ℎ𝑓2→𝑏 = 0.2 ( 0.313 ) = 0.0626 m
𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
= ℎ𝑓2→𝑏 - - 𝒁𝟐
ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟐
= 0.0626 m - 0.313 m - 4.5 m
ɤ

𝑷𝟐
= - 4.75 m
ɤ

𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑷𝟐 = (- 4.75 m ) ( 9.81 ) = - 46.6 = - 46.6 KPa Ans.
𝑚3 𝑚2

1.4.5 Energy Equation of a Nozzle.

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈
Example 10. A 60 mm fire hose discharges water through a nozzle having a jet

diameter of 25 mm. The lost head in the nozzle is 4% of the velocity head in the jet. If

the gage pressure of the base of the nozzle is 400 KPa, compute the discharge.

Solution:

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

assuming 𝒁 𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐

and pt.2 is atmospheric

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

and 𝑄1 = 𝑄2

𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝛱 𝛱
( 4 ) 𝐷1 2 𝑉1 = ( 4 ) 𝐷2 2 𝑉2

( 0.060)2 𝑉1 = ( 0.025)2 𝑉2

( 0.025)2
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
( 0.060)2

𝑉1 = 0.174 𝑉2
 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ = + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

𝐾𝑁
400 ( 𝟎.𝟏𝟕𝟒)𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑉22
𝑚2
𝐾𝑁 + 𝒎 = 𝒎 + 0.04 [ 𝑚 ]
9.81 3 𝟐( 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝟐 ) 𝟐( 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝟐 ) 2( 9.81 )
𝑚 𝒔 𝒔 𝑠2

𝑠2
40.77 m = ( 0.0515 ) 𝑉22
𝑚

40.77 m 𝑚
𝑉2 = √ 𝑠2
= 28.136
0.0515 𝑠
𝑚

𝛱 𝑚 𝒎𝟑
Q = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = ( 4 ) (0.025)2𝑚2 (28.136 𝑠 ) = 0.0138 𝒔
Ans.

1.4.6 Venturi meter – flow measurement instrument which use a converging section of

pipe to give an increase in the flow velocity and a corresponding pressured drop from

which a flow rate can be deduced.

1.4.7 Venturi effect – is the reduction in a fluid pressure that result when a fluid flow

through a constricted section of pipe. The venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista

Venturi, an Italian physicist.

1.4.8 Venturi tube – a device used in measuring the flow of fluid consisting of a tube

with short narrow center section and widened tapered ends, so that a fluid flowing

through the center section at a higher velocity than through the end section creates a

pressure differential that is a measure of the flow of fluid.

Example 11. A venturi meter having a diameter of 150 mm at the throat is installed in a

horizontal 450 mm water main. In a differential gage partly filled with mercury( the

remainder of the tube being filled with water) and connected with the meter at the inlet

and throat, the mercury column stands 375 mm higher in one leg than in the other.

𝑚3
A. What is the discharge through the meter in ?
𝑠

B. Same as A, if the loss of head between inlet and throat is 300 mm, and what is the

meter coefficient?
Solution:

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
A. + + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ = +
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏
- = - → equation 1
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 ɤ ɤ

Consider pressure head from pt.1 to pt. 2, in meter of water:

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
+ y + 0.375 m - (13.6) (0.375 m) – y =
ɤ ɤ

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
+ y + 0.375 m - (13.6) (0.375 m) – y =
ɤ ɤ

𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏
- = 0.375 m − (13.6) (0.375 m)
ɤ ɤ

𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏
- = - 4.725 m → equation 2
ɤ ɤ

substitute equation 2 to equation 1:

𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏
- = -
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 ɤ ɤ

𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐
- = - 4.725 m → equation 3
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

and 𝑄1 = 𝑄2

𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
 𝛱 𝛱
( 4 ) 𝐷1 2 𝑉1 = ( 4 ) 𝐷2 2 𝑉2

( 0.450)2 𝑉1 = ( 0.150)2 𝑉2

( 0.150)2
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
( 0.450)2

𝑉1 = 0.111 𝑉2

substitute the value of 𝑉1 to equation 3

𝑉12 𝑉22
- = - 4.725 m
2𝑔 2𝑔

(0.111𝑉2 )2 − 𝑉2 2
= - 4.725 m
2𝑔

− 0.9877 𝑉22
= - 4.725 m
2𝑔

0.9877 𝑉22 = - 4.725 m ( 2) ( g)

𝑚
(4.725 𝑚)(2)9.81 𝑚
𝑉2 = √ 𝑠2
= 9.69
0.9879 𝑠

𝑚 𝒎𝟑
Q = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = (𝛱4) (0.150)2𝑚2 (9.69 ) = 0.171 Ans.
𝑠 𝒔

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
B. + + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + ℎ𝑓
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ = + + 0.30 m
ɤ 𝟐𝒈 ɤ 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟏
- = - + 0.30 m
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 ɤ ɤ
 and 𝑉1 = 0.111 𝑉2

(0.111𝑉2 )2− 𝑉2 2
= - 4.725 m + 0.30 m
2𝑔

𝑚
𝑉2 = 9.376 𝑠

hence,

𝑚 𝒎𝟑
Q = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = (𝛱4) (0.150)2𝑚2 (9.376 𝑠 ) = 0.166 Ans.
𝒔

𝑄𝑤/𝑓 0.166
Water coefficient, c = = = 0.97 Ans.
𝑄𝑤/𝑜 0.171

REFERENCES

Online References
Call Reference Material
number or
e-provider
You tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pfk-6fgx-vM
Channel
You tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Okl1GDAuWgs
Channel
You tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGnGBo-FrlA
Channel
You tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clVwKynHpB0
Channel

On-Site References
Call Reference Material
number or
e-provider
Call # TA
357.F673 Fluid Mechanics And Hydraulic Machines, Authored and edited by 3G E-learning LLC, USA,
2017 [Place of publication not indicated] : 3G E-learning LLC, c2017.
Call # TA Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines,
357.So51 S. K. Som, Gautam Biswas, Suman Chakraborty, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, India 2012
2012

Call # Fluid Power Dynamics,R. Keith Mobley.Boston : Newnes, ©2000

620.1/06

Call # Fluid mechanics and machineries, Samuel R. Limonera, Archie B. Maglaya. De La Salle
TA 357 L629 University Press, c1985
1985

Call # Pumps: Principles and Practice, Jaico Pub. House, 2004.

TJ 900.P969
2003

Call # Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. Ranald V. Giles
TA 357.
G393 1994 New York: McGraw-Hill, c1994.