The presentation layer has three primary functions:
Format of data
Compression & decompression of data
Encoding & decoding of data
negotiates data transfer syntax for application layer
2018
Session Layer
The session layer creates and maintains dialogs between
source and destination applications.
Set a logical connection ( session) between different
application
The session layer handles the exchange of information to
initiate dialogs, keep them active, and to restart sessions
that are disrupted or idle for a long period of time.
Establishes , manages and terminates session between
applications
Specifies communication mode
( simple - Half duplex – full duplex )
Transport layer
Session
multiplexing
Segmentation
Flow control
(when
required)
Connection-
oriented
(when
required)
Reliability
(when
required)
Flow control
Buffer
Fixed Windowing
Windowing
Sender Window size = 3
Send 1
Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet3 is
Window size = 2 dropped
Window size = 2
Send 3
Window size = 2
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2
Establishing a Connection
TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection
Host A Host B
Send SYN
1 (seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Send SYN, ACK 2
SYN received (seq=300 ack=101
ctl=syn,ack)
Established
3 (seq=101 ack=301
ctl=ack)
CTL = Which control bits in the TCP header are set to 1
TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Window size = 1 Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3
Receive ACK 4 Send ACK 4
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement …
Port Port # #
I just
sent #10.
.
1028 23 10 1
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #
I just
sent #10. I just got #10,
now I need #11
Source
1028 23 10 1
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23 1028 1 11
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #
I just
sent #11. I just got #10,
now I need #11
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028 23 10 1
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23 1028 1 11
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028 23 11 2
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #
I just
sent #11. I just got #11,
now I need #12
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028 23 10 1
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23 1028 1 11
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
1028 23 11 2
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.
23 1028 2 12
Transport Layer Overview
Transmission Control
Application Protocol (TCP)
Transport User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
Internet
Data Link
Physical
Type of protocol at transport layer
TCP (connection oriented protocol)
It must establish session before transmit the data ,
make recovery & control
UDP connectionless protocol
no session , no recovery & no control
TCP Characteristics
Transport layer of the TCP/IP stack
Access to the network layer for applications
Connection-oriented protocol
Full-duplex mode operation
Error checking
Sequencing of data packets
Acknowledgement of receipt
Data-recovery features
TCP Segment Format
Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
Source port (16) Destination port (16)
Sequence number (32)
Acknowledgement number (32) 20
Byte
Header
length (4) Reserved (6) Code bits (6) Window (16)
Checksum (16) Urgent (16)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies)
UDP Characteristics
Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models
Provides applications with access to the network layer
without the overhead of reliability mechanisms
Is a connectionless protocol
Provides limited error checking
Provides best-effort delivery
Has no data-recovery features
UDP Segment Format
Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
Source port (16) Destination port (16)
Length (16) Checksum (16)
8
Byte
Data (if any)
No sequence or acknowledgment fields
Port Numbers
F T S D T S R
Application T E M N F N I
Layer P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T
21 23 25 53 69 161 520 Port
Transport Numbers
Layer TCP UDP
TCP Port Numbers
Source Dest.
…
Port Port
Telnet Z
Host A Host Z
SP DP Dest. port = 23.
Send packet to my
1028 23 …
Telnet
application.
Describe the role of port numbers in establishing TCP
sessions and directing segments to server process
Trace the steps as the UDP protocol and port numbers
are utilized in client-server communication.
