DANIEL DEFOE - A British novelist who wrote an

essay entitled "An Effectual Scheme for the

CHARLES SAMSON FERE - A French scientist
Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies and
who discovered that electro- dermal response is
Suppressing all Other Disorders of the Night",
caused by an increase in the action of the heart
wherein he recommended that taking the pulse
and vital energy converted with human
of a suspicious fellow was a practical, effective
emotions. He asserted that human body has the
and humane method for distinguishing
ability to generate, store, discharged high
truthfulness from lying. It was an early and
voltage of static electricity.
insightful suggestion to employ medical science
in the fight against crime.

SIR JAMES MACKENZIE - An English heart

specialist who constructed the clinical
JACQUES D'ARSONVAL - A French scientist who
polygraph an instrument to be used for medical
declared that electricity is generated by the
examinations with the capability to
body. This was known as External Friction. He
simultaneously record undulated line tracings of
asserted that those sweat glands in the body at
the vascular pulses (radial, venous and arterial),
times store the electricity and at other times
by way of a stylus onto a revolving drum of
discharged them.
smoked paper.
His works helped in the development of the
galvanometer.
CESARE LOMBROSO - employed the first
scientific instrument to detect deception. He
CHRISTIAN HANS STOELTING - founded the modified an existing instrument called a
Stoelting Co. which became a leading product hydrosphygmograph and used this modified
supplier on physiological, psychological and device in his experiments to measure the
psycho- physiological measurement.
physiological changes that occurred in a crime
suspect's blood pressure and pulse rate during a
police interrogation. Although he did not invent
ANGELO MOSSO - used an instrument called a
the hydrosphygmograph, he was accorded the
plethysmograph in his research on emotion and
distinction of being the first person to have
fear in subjects undergoing questioning and he
used the instrument successfully as a means for
studied the effects of these variables on their
determining truthfulness from deception in
cardiovascular and respiratory activity. Mosso
crime suspects.
studied blood circulation and breathing
patterns and how these changed under certain
stimuli. The use of the plethysmograph revealed
GEORGE STICKER - first person to suggest the
periodic undulations or waves in a subject's
use of the galvanograph for detecting deception.
blood pressure caused by the respiratory cycle
He theorized that the galvanic skin
in response certain stimuli.
phenomenon was influenced by exciting mental
Angelo Mosso was the first scientist to report impressions.
on experiments in which he observed that a
person’s breathing patterns change under
certain stimuli, and that this change in turn,
caused variations in their blood pressure and
pulse rate.
SIR JAMES MACKENZIE - refined his clinical HAROLD BURTT- determined that respiratory
polygraph in his article entitled, "The Ink changes were indicative of deception. He found
Polygraph." This instrument used a clockwork out that changes in systolic blood pressure were
mechanism for the paper-rolling and of greater value in determining deception than
time-marker movements and it produced ink changes in respiration.
recordings of physiological functions that were
easier to acquire and to interpret.
JOHN A. LARSON - developed the "Larson
Interestingly, it has been written that the
Polygraph", an instrument capable of
modern polygraph is a modification of
continuously recording blood pressure,
Mackenzie's clinical ink polygraph.
pulse, and respiration. It was made on a
polygraphic apparatus in a portable form and
OTTO VERAGUTH - was the first to use the term became the first assemblage of apparatus used
«PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX", an idea that the by his co-workers in the Berkeley Police
electrical phenomenon was due to the activity Department.
of the sweat glands.
Under the Larson Polygraph, a strip of paper on
which the tracings are recorded is mounted on
two drums, which are turned by a spring
HUGO MUNSTERBURG - proposed and
mechanism known as a kymograph.
advocated that lie test based on lie detector
should be admissible as evidence in court. The paper is smoked to reduce the friction of
the styluses or recording levers which were
actuated by many Tambours. A manometer is
VITTORIO BENUSSI - successfully detected placed on the right shoulder of the subject, the
deception with a pneumograph, an instrument function of which was to indicate the pressure
that graphically measures an examinee's in the bag, the pressure bag, encased in a
inhalation and exhalation and demonstrated leather cuff, is strapped pneumograph is
that changes in breathing deception patterns strapped around the chest to record respiration.
accompany deception. This type of

pneumograph or respiration applicator is still

being used in some of the modern instruments.
WILLIAM M. MARSTON - contribution to the
science of the detection of deception is more
method than instrumentation. He believed that
LEONARDE KEELER - who had gained firsthand
verbal deception could be detected by changes
experience in polygraph interrogations as a
in the systolic blood pressure. He used a
result of working with John A. Larson at the
standard a blood pressure cuff, or
Berkeley Police Department, worked to devise a
sphygmomanometer to take measurements of
polygraph that used inked pens for recording
systolic blood pressure during interrogation.
the relative changes in a subject's blood
Later in his work with lie detection, he used a
pressure, pulse rate and respiratory patterns,
pneumograph to record respiration cycles. Both
thus eliminating the need for smoking the
the sphygmomanometer and the pneumograph
paper and then preserving it with shellac.
were separate instruments.
In 1426, the Keeler Polygraph came on the
market as the new and improved lie detector,
an enhanced version of John
A. Larsons polygraph. In 1938, he further Question Technique (CQT) replaced the
refined the polygraph when he added a third Relevant/ Irrelevant Question Technique (RIT)
physiological measuring component for the which used relevant or irrelevant questions
detection of deception - the during a polygraph examination. The Reid
psychogalvanometer - a component that Control Question Technique was considered a
measured changes in a subject's galvanic skin major breakthrough in polygraph methodology.
resistance during questioning, and in doing so,
thus signaling the birth of the polygraph as we
know it today. In 1939, Keeler patented what is LEONARDE KEELER - founded the world's first
now understood as the prototype of the polygraph school - the Keeler Polygraph
modern polygraph - the Institute in Chicago, Illinois.

“KEELER POLYGRAPH “. Today, Leonarde keeler

is known as the “Father of the Modern
PAUL WILHELM & DONALD BURNS were known
Polygraph.
as Lie Detector Specialist in Michigan City,
Indiana, USA, who invented the Electronic
Psychometric using Electrodermal Response as
CAPT. CLARENCE D. LEE - designed the Lee
a basis for lie detection. Both have proven that
Psychograph consists essentially of four units -
a result of lie detection test using their
Chart drive or recording unit, Pneumograph or
instruments was 95% accurate.
respiration unit, Cardiograph or pulse-blood
pressure unit, and the Stimulus signal unit.

CLEVE BACKSTER - developed the Backster Zone

Comparison Technique (ZCT), a polygraph
CHESTER W. DARROW - made a third
technique which primarily involved an
modification to the Larson Cardio-Pneumo
alteration of the Reid question sequencing. He
Psychograph, by adding a galvanometer. The
also introduced a quantification system of chart
new instrument included a
analysis, thus making it more objective and
psycho-galvanometric record, electrodes on the
scientific than before. This system for the
palm and back of the hand, as well as a
numerical evaluation of the physiological data
continuous blood pressure record, and a
collected from the polygraph charts has been
pneumographic record.
adopted as standard procedure in the polygraph
field today.

MAX WASTL- founded the Lafayette Instrument

Company which became a leading polygraph
JOSEPH F. KUBIS - was the first researcher to
machine distributor.
use potential computer applications for the
purpose of Polygraph chart analysis.

JOHN E. REID - a lawyer from Chicago, Illinois,

developed the Control Question Technique
JOHN KIRCHER & DAVID RASKIN - produced the
(CQT), a that technique polygraph incorporated
Computer Assisted Polygraph System
control questions (comparison) which were
integrating the first algorithm for measuring
designed to be emotionally arousing for
physiological data. Computerized polygraphs
non-deceptive subjects and less emotionally
entered the market in 1992.
arousing for deceptive subjects than the
relevant questions previously used. The Control
DALE OLSEN & JOHNS HARRIS - completed a
software program called PolyScore which used a
sophisticated mathematical algorithm to
analyze the polygraph data and to estimate a
probability or degree of deception or
truthfulness in a subject.

The PolyScore is a computerized polygraph

chart scoring algorithm that uses statistical
probability to arrive at truthfulness or
deception. It has been shown that validated
algorithms have exceeded 98 per cent in their
accuracy to quantify, analyze and evaluate the
physiological data collected from polygraph
examinations administered in real criminal
cases.
OBSERVATION METHOD G. Use of words - As a general rule, truthful
subjects have no trouble denying the allegation
1. Verbal Clues Verbal clues - to deception
in precise terms, while untruthful ones will have
includes the words that are spoken, speed of
problems with the used of words. Untruthful
delivery of the words, choice of words, tone of
suspects also tend to deny specific instances.
voice and the tense of the language.
Example: " I did not take P 5,000.00 in
A. Methods of responding to the question- The kickbacks". That may be a truthful answer;
way the respondent answers questions is clue perhaps the amount was P 100,000.00.
to deception. In general, truthful people tend to
H. Inconsistencies - Contradicting testimonies
be direct; untruthful people tend to be cautious
made by the witness are one of the best
about their answers.
indicators of dishonesty; liars get caught up in
B. length of time before giving response - In their own web of deceit. In the interview or
general, truthful persons answers questions interrogation, if Pedro says that he meets Juan
immediately after the question is asked; for drinks, and then later denies the same
untruthful persons take their time in giving statement, there can be two explanations; he
response. An awkward silence or a delaying was mistaken, or he was lying.
tactic, such as "who me" or "why would I do
that?" May be used by the respondent.
2. Non-Verbal Clues - these encompass
C. Repetition of question - The act of repeating
patterns in the body movements, gestures,
the question is another means for the deceiver
facial expression, body postures, positioning
to gain time to frame his or her answer. The
and movements used to explain chosen words.
question may be repeated word per word, or
the respondent may frame the answer with a
request to repeat the question. Example:
A. Emblems- emblems are often performed
"Are you asking me if I took the bribe?" deliberately, these are expressions made with
the body, whose meanings are clearly
D. Fragmented or Incomplete sentences -
understood. Here are examples of emblems:
Untruthful persons often speaks in disjointed or
shaking or nodding of head, shrugging the
curtailed sentences. This is usually because he
shoulders, the universal "thump up sign", etc.
has started the answer, then thought bet er of it.
Statements such as "I........ can't think.... It B. Manipulators - These are usual behavior or
seems to me... can be a clue of lying. touching one's self like grooming the hair, and
picking imaginary fur from a coat. Props, like
Many liars will speak half-truth as well, and add
cigarettes, pencils and others can be used in the
qualifiers, such as ....to the best of my
manipulation. Social scientists have
memory..." or ".... If I recall correctly".
documented that body movements, fidgeting,
E. Being overly polite - Anger is a common and other behavior arise with stress.
response to an unjust accusation, as well as
C. Breathing - although breathing is an
answering the statement with abrupt "no"
involuntary movement, breathing is very much
F. Oaths - lying persons will frequently utter affected by stress. This stress may have nothing
oaths, such as "I swear to God, I didn't do it" or I to do with lie. But an increase in breathing rate
swear on my Father's grave". Most truthful or volume may be a sign of deception.
people do not need to swear or affirm: they are
ardent in their denials.
D. Sweating- this is another uncontrollable
body function. Perspiration occurs with heat as
well as with emotion. The rate of perspiration is
not the same for all emotions, such as fear and
anger. Too much sweating could very well
indicate an involuntary reflex with deception.

E. Frequent Swallowing - A dry mouth

frequently accompanies deep emotion. Often
subject is not aware of increased efforts at
swallowing. During the time of critical question,
increased swallowing might indicate deception.

F. facial Muscles - other muscles are not easy to

control but people can control certain facial
muscles with spirit. Example, to force a smile is
easy, but even beginners will notice something
is wrong about it.

G. Eyes- the eyes most likely express as much

emotion as any other part of the anatomy.
Blinking, pupil dilation, and tears are some of
the sign’s indicative of emotion in the eye.

H. Face - people believe that lies will commonly

show up in the face and eyes. The face can have
two messages: what the liar is trying to show as
well as what he or she trying to hide. Reddening
or blushing of the face is supposed to be a sign
of embarrassment and cannot be controlled.
Such indicators may indicate strong emotion
but is not reliable sign of deception.