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Computer Architecture

This document summarizes the key components of computer architecture, including the input/output units, central processing unit (CPU), memory unit, and their functions. It describes how the CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers to execute instructions from memory and process data. The CPU fetches and decodes instructions, executes operations, and stores results back in memory during an instruction cycle. Performance depends on factors like register size, RAM, clock speed, bus width, and cache memory. The motherboard contains the processor, memory, and interfaces and connects the internal and external components via different types of buses.

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52 views10 pages

Computer Architecture

This document summarizes the key components of computer architecture, including the input/output units, central processing unit (CPU), memory unit, and their functions. It describes how the CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers to execute instructions from memory and process data. The CPU fetches and decodes instructions, executes operations, and stores results back in memory during an instruction cycle. Performance depends on factors like register size, RAM, clock speed, bus width, and cache memory. The motherboard contains the processor, memory, and interfaces and connects the internal and external components via different types of buses.

Uploaded by

urhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Jkssb special

Topic -
Computer
Architecture
Computer Architecture refers to the structure
and behaviour of the computer.

A computer consists of three main


components
• Input/Output unit
• CPU
• Memory unit

Input unit-
• Accept instructions
• Convert instructions
• Supplies the instructions to the computer
system.

Output unit-
• Accepts the results
• Convert these results to human
readable form.
• Supplies the converted results to the
user.

Central processing Unit(CPU) –


• Brain of computer
• Consist of ALU, CU and Registers.
• CPU executes the stored program
instructions.
▪ CPU gets instructions from the memory.
▪ It interprets the program instructions and
perform the required ALU operations for
the processing of data.
▪ Then it sends the processed data or result
into the memory.
▪ The CPU is fabricated as a single integrated
Circuit and is also known as
microprocessor.
▪ CPU performance is measured in MIPS or
in BIPS.

Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)


• Consist of two units – Arithmetic unit
and Logic Unit.
• AU performs arithmetic operations on
the data.
• Logic unit performs logic operations like
comparison operations, greater than and
less than operations.
• Uses register to hold data that is being
processed.

REGISTERS-
• High speed storage areas within the CPU.
• It stores data, instructions, addresses
and intermediate results of processing.
• Often referred as CPU working memory.
• The number of registers and the size of
each register helps to determine the
power and speed of CPU.
• The size of Register also called word size.

Types of Register. –
• Accumulator- Stores the result of ALU.
• Instruction Register- contains the
current instruction most recently
fetched.
• Program counter-contains the address
of the next instruction to be processed.
• Memory buffer register-temporarily
stores data from memory or the data
to be sent to memory.
• Data Register- stores the operands and
any other data.

Control Unit (CU) –


• Organises the processing of data and
instructions.
• It acts as a supervisor and control and
coordinates the activity of the other units
of computer.
• CU tells when to fetch the data and
instructions, what to do and where to
store the results.

Memory unit.
Consist of cache memory and primary
memory.

Instruction Cycle:-

Consist of four steps:-


• Fetching:- fetch instruction from memory.
• Decoding:- fetched instruction is broken
down into parts or decoded. The
instruction is translated into commands.
• Executing:-Decoded instruction or
command is executed.
• Storing:- results are stored in computer
memory.

Performance of computer:-

• Registers size. (Word size).


• RAM
• Clock speed : the frequency with which a
processor executes instructions.
• Bus. Depends upon width of bus.
• Cache memory.

Motherboard:-
• Most important component on a PC.
• It is a large Printed circuit board(PCB),
having many chips, connectors and other
electronics mounted upon it.
• The motherboard contains the processor,
memory chips, interfaces and sockets.
• The Basic input output system(BIOS) and
Complementary Metal – oxide
semiconductor(CMOS) are present on
the motherboard.
• Known as Main board, Logic board,
planar board and system board.

Interconnection of Units

Bus:- set of wires used for


interconnection of components of
computer.

Address bus:-
• Carries address only
• Unidirectional
• Connects CPU and RAM.
Data bus
• Carries data only
• Bidirectional
• Tranfer data between CPU and memory.

Control bus:- used to generate control


signals.

Internal Bus:- connects internal componsnts of


computer. It is quick
Memory bus/ Local bus/ system bus.

External Bus:- connects external devices of the


computer.
Slower than internal bus.
Thanks for watching
By Gourav sarswat.

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