Statistical Data

AE 9
Learning Objectives

•Determine the different types of data

•Identify the different and appropriate ways of presenting data
based on its nature
•Construct visual presentations such as tables, graphs and charts
What are data?

Data are the facts and figures

collected analyzed, and
summarized for presentation
and interpretation and thus
useful for further investigation.
What are Statistical data?

Data are Statistical Data if it is in

mass or in aggregate and
collected for predetermined
purpose.
 Types of Data
(According to Source)

Primary Secondary
Data Data
• Direct personal interview or • May use what has already
observation has been discovered
• Mailed Questionnaires • Can be obtained in
• Field observation, journals, reports,
experimentation, focus government publications,
group discussion publications of research
organization
 Types of Data
(According to Nature of Variables)

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
• Categorical Data that • Data that requires numeric
includes labels or names values that include how
used to identify an attribute much or how many.
of each element
 Types of Data
(According to Time Reference)

Cross –
Time Series
Sectional
• Data collected at the same • Data collected over several
or approximately the same time periods.
point in time.
 Types of Data
(According to Scale Measurement)

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

• Data collected • Data measured at • Data show the • Possesses all

consists of labels or this level can be properties of ordinal properties of
names used to placed into data and the interval data and
identify values of categories, and interval between the ratio of two
variable and there these categories values is expressed values is
is no ranking or can be ordered. in terms of a fixed meaningful
order unit of measure.
Organizing and Summarizing Data

Methods commonly used to

summarize categorical and
quantitative data are tabular
diagrammatic and graphical
methods.
Summarizing Categorical Data

•Frequency Distribution
•Pie Charts
•Bar Charts
 Frequency Distribution
•It is a tabular summary of data
showing the number of items in
each of several non – overlapping
classes or categories.
 Frequency Distribution
RELATIVE
WORK STATUS FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
Full Time 812 50.75%
Part Time 224 14.00%
Temporarily not Working 40 2.50%
Unemployed laid – off 104 6.50%
Retired 356 22.25%
Others 64 4.00%
Total 1 600 100.00%
 Pie Charts
•It is a circular method of data
presentation in which circle is
divided into sections or wedges
according to the percentage of
frequencies in each category of the
distribution.
 Sales of Five Corporations
Corporation A B C D E TOTAL
SALES (in thousands Php) 255 520 750 420 330 2275
Degree 40.35 82.29 118.68 66.46 52.22 360
11.2% 22.9% 33.0% 18.5% 14.5% 100%

Pie SALES (IN THOUSANDS PHP)

E A
11%

Charts
15%

B
D
23%
18%

C
33%
 Bar Graph
•It represents the data by using
vertical or horizontal bars whose
heights or lengths represent the
frequencies of the data.
 Monthly Sales of Corporation A
In Thousand Philippine Peso
January 350
Monthly Sales of Corporation A
February 258 In Thousand Philippine Peso
March 540 800
April 621 700
May 587 600
June 600
500
July 725
400
August 457
300
200
100
0
January February March April May June July August

Bar Graph
Summarizing Numerical Data

•Frequency Distribution Table

•Histogram
•Frequency Polygon
 Terms to remember for Frequency
Distribution Table of Grouped Data

•Class Limits – these are the

values that identifies the
classes of frequency
distribution.
Example

SCORES FREQUENCY
21 – 25 5
16 – 20 8
11 – 15 6
6 – 10 7
1–5 4
TOTAL 30
 Terms to remember for Frequency
Distribution Table of Grouped Data

•Class Boundaries – use to

separate the class so that
there is no gaps in the
frequency distribution table.
Example
SCORES FREQUENCY Lower Upper
Boundary Boundary
21 – 25 5
16 – 20 8
11 – 15 6
6 – 10 7
1–5 4
TOTAL 30
Example
SCORES FREQUENCY Lower Upper
Boundary Boundary
21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5
16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5
11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5
6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5
1–5 4 0.5 5.5
TOTAL 30
 Terms to remember for Frequency
Distribution Table of Grouped Data

•Class Mark – the point that

divides the class into two equal
parts. This can be determined
by dividing the sum of the upper
limit and lower limit by 2.
Example
Lower Upper Class
SCORES Frequency
Boundary Boundary Mark
21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5
16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5
11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5
6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5
1–5 4 0.5 5.5
TOTAL 30
Example
Lower Upper Class
SCORES Frequency
Boundary Boundary Mark
21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5 23
16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5 18
11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5 13
6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5 8
1–5 4 0.5 5.5 3
TOTAL 30
 Terms to remember for Frequency
Distribution Table of Grouped Data

•Class Width – the difference

of between the upper and
lower class boundaries of any
class.
Example
Lower Upper Class
SCORES Frequency
Boundary Boundary Mark
21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5 23
16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5 18
11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5 13
6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5 8
1–5 4 0.5 5.5 3
TOTAL 30
 Terms to remember for Frequency
Distribution Table of Grouped Data

•Cumulative Frequency – is
the number of observations
less than/ greater than or
equal to a specific value.
Example
Lower Upper Cumulative
SCORES Frequency Class Mark
Boundary Boundary Frequency
21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5 23

16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5 18

11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5 13

6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5 8

1–5 4 0.5 5.5 3

TOTAL 30
Example
Lower Upper Cumulative
SCORES Frequency Class Mark
Boundary Boundary Frequency
21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5 23 30

16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5 18 25

11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5 13 16

6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5 8 11

1–5 4 0.5 5.5 3 4

TOTAL 30
 Terms to remember for Frequency
Distribution Table of Grouped Data

•Relative Frequency – it is the

frequency divided by the total
frequency.
Example
Lower Upper Cumulative Relative
SCORES Frequency Class Mark
Boundary Boundary Frequency Frequency

21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5 23 30 16.67%

16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5 18 25 26.67%

11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5 13 16 20.00%

6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5 8 11 23.33%

1–5 4 0.5 5.5 3 4 13.33%

TOTAL 30 100.00%
 Terms to remember for Frequency
Distribution Table of Grouped Data

•Relative Cumulative Frequency –

is the cumulative frequency
divided by the total frequency
Example
Relative
Lower Upper Cumulative Relative
SCORES Frequency Class Mark Cumulative
Boundary Boundary Frequency Frequency
Frequency

21 – 25 5 20.5 25.5 23 30 16.67% 100.00%

16 – 20 8 15.5 20.5 18 25 26.67% 83.33%

11 – 15 6 10.5 15.5 13 16 20.00% 53.33%

6 – 10 7 5.5 10.5 8 11 23.33% 36.67%

1–5 4 0.5 5.5 3 4 13.33% 13.33%

TOTAL 30 100.00%
 Steps in Constructing Frequency
Distribution Table in Excel

1. Find the largest and smallest

value.
2. Compute the range by
subtracting the largest value
and the smallest value.
 Steps in Constructing Frequency
Distribution Table in Excel
3. Decide the number of classes. Use
the Sturges’ Rule
k = 1 + 3.32log n,
where n is the number of observation.
4. Find the class width by dividing the
range by the number of classes and
round up.
 Steps in Constructing Frequency
Distribution Table in Excel
5. Select a starting point for the lowest
limit. This can be the lowest data
value or an value less than it.
6. Find the class width by dividing the
range by the number of classes and
round up.
 Steps in Constructing Frequency
Distribution Table in Excel

7. Highlight the given data, then

click Insert tab and click ‘Pivot
Table’.
 Activity
1. Conduct a survey that involves 6 variables. (3 categorical
and 3 numerical)
2. For categorical data, construct the appropriate graph/
chart to present the data. Provide some interpretation.
3. For numerical data, construct a frequency distribution
table by using the Excel Function ‘Pivot Table’.
4. Deadline of outputs will be next meeting. Prepare a simple
presentation to present your output to the class.