___ Building TOEIC Test-taking Skills... qi) i a Third Edition Anne Taylor Casey MalarcherStarter TOEIC® third Edition - Building TOEIC” Test-taking Skills By Anne Taylor and Casey Malarcher Original Edition © 2006 Compass Publishing,Preface a _— Starter TOEIC, Third Edition is intended for beginning-level students of English who need to start preparation for the TOEIC. The book is designed to assist students through focused practice while developing familiarity with the format of the TOEIC. CER Grammar Practice Units within the Grammar Practice chapter outline fundamental grammar points frequently tested on the TOEIC. Each unit begins with a brief explanation of the grammar target, including, key points and particular structures of interest in the TOEIC. The units also provide short exercises based on the format of TOBIC grammar questions which allow students to practice their understanding of the grammar point. These exercises include incomplete sentence exercises and word form exercises. GETIIEM Listening & Reading Practice Units within the Listening & Reading Practice chapter are designed as mini practice tests to familiarize students with the kinds of tasks they will encounter on the TOEIC. Additionally, all of the sections of each individual mini practice test are based on unified themes to support student acquisition of eommon vocabulary and phrases within a controlled framework. Students will also find that the grammar points outlined in Chapter 1 are recycled in corresponding units of Chapter 2 to reinforce recognition of correct usage of the grammar in natural contexts. For example, in Unit 1 of Chapter 2, students will hear through the listening tasks and read through the reading tasks a wide variety of auxiliary verbs (practiced in Unit 1 of Chapter 1) used in correct, natural contexts all related to the theme of health. REISE Practice Test ‘The Practice Test chapter provides students with a full-length practice test, including 100 listening test questions and 100 reading test questions. ETIZE Support ‘The Support chapter includes reference materials related to the above chapters, including tape seripts for all listening tasks in each unit of Chapter 1 and in the practice test of Chapter 3, answer keys for each mini practice test in Chapter 2 and for the full-length test in Chapter 3, and a blank sample answer sheet for use whes taking the full-length practice test. The simplified grammar and thematically based texts of Starter TOEIC, Third Edition provide beginning-level students with access to TOEIC practice materials appropriate for building their test-taking skills without the frustration of encountering overly complicated vocabulary and grammar structures. Starter TOEIC, Third Edition provides an excellent foundation for students starting preparation for the TOEIC test.Introduction About TOEIC TOEIC stands for Test of English for International Communication. It is divided into two ‘main sections: Listening and Reading, The Listening section tests the ability to understand spoken English. The Reading section tests the knowledge of grammar and vocabulary usage and the ability to read and understand short passages. ‘There are a total of 260 questions on the TOEIC test, and the test lasts about 2 hours. All of the items are multiple-choice questions with three or four possible answers. The following chart outlines the organization of the test as of May 2006: 12LISTENING TEST In this section of the test, you will have the chance to show how well you understand spoken. English. There are four parts to this section, with special directions for each part. Picture Description ‘The directions for Part I of the TOEIC appear on the test as follows: Directions: For each question in this part, you will hear four statements about a picture in your textbook. When you hear the statements, you must select the one statement that best describes what you see in the picture. Then find the number of the question on your answer sheet and mark your answer. The statements will not be printed in your test book and will be spoken only one time. Look at the sample below. Now listen to the four statements. (A) The woman is using a musical instrument. (B) The woman is typing on a computer. (© The woman is playing a video game. (D) The woman is sitting behind the table. Sample Answer ®eoo Statement (B), “The woman is typing on a computer,” best describes what you see inthe | picture. Therefore, you should choose answer (B).. | + Preview the picture before the statements are read. Ask yourself, "Who?" “What?” “Where?” + Focus on the meaning of the statements asa whoie. 1 Answer the question as quickly as possible. if you don’t know the answer, guess and begin previewing the next picture. Ea ® Incorrect answers may contain similar sounding words. ‘The woman is tying at the table ™ Incorrect answers may give wrong pronouns, numbers, and locations. ‘og. Hes yping atthe table. / There are two typewriters. /‘The woman is sitting under the table, + Incorrect answers may include a correct word, . The typewriter is for sale. / The woman is siting with some friends. 814 HEE ouestions and Responses ‘The directions for Part If of the TORIC appear on the test as follows: Directions: You will hear a question or statement and three responses spoken in English. They will be spoken only one time and will not be printed in your test book. Select the best response to the question or statement and mark the letter (A), (B), oF (C) ‘on your answer sheet. Now listen to the four statements. You will hear: You will also hear: Good morning, John. (A) I'm fine, thank you. Sample Answer (© My name is John, eno ‘The best response to the question “How are you?” is choice (A), “I'm fine, thank you.” | | | | How are you? (B) I'm in the living room, | | Therefore, you should choose answer (A) The first word of the question will help you to know what kind of answer is required. What, where, who, why, how—ask for information, Do, does, did, are, is, will, can—usually need a “yes” or “no” answer. = Questions that contain “or” and require a choice never have yes/no answers. “Did you stay home or go out last night?” “I went to a movie.” = Sometimes you will hear a statement, not a question. However, it still requires an answer. “Thanks for dinner.” *You're welcome.” «= Pay attention to words that sound the same (homonyms) ©. two, too, to + Look out for tag questions that are added tothe end of statements “That movie was great, wasnt it? + Wateh out for indirect answers. Sometimes the answer toa yes/no question does not include the words" “1s there enough gas in the ca just filled it yesterday.”[EEN Short conversations ‘The directions for Part III of the TORIC appear on the test as follows: Directions: You will hear some conversations between two people. You will be asked to answer three questions about what the speakers say in each conversation. Select the best response to each question and mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet. The conversations will be spoken only one time and will not be printed in your test book. | = Look atthe question before the dilog begins. 1fyou have time, look atthe answers as well = While you are listening to the dialog, try to imagine where the speakers ae. + Read all the answers before making your choice ‘= Watch out for answers that are true, but are not related to the question. Don't answer too quickly. Read all the options before you choose. = Watch out for distracting numbers. These may include dates, times, and numbers of things or people. Preview the question to help you listen for the right information, Short Talks ‘The directions for Part IV of the TOEIC appear on the test as follows: Directions: You will hear some short talks given by a single speaker. You will be asked to answer three questions about what the speaker says in each short talk. Select the best response to each question and mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet. The talks will be spoken only one time and will not be printed in your test book. « Listen closely to the introduction preceding the talk. It wil tll you the number of the questions related to the talk, It will also tell you what type of information you will hear (news report, ‘weather report, advertisement, recorded message, announcement, etc.) ' Try to preview the questions before the talk begins. This will help you listen forthe information required by the questions. ‘= Begin to answer the questions as soon as the talk is finished. Don't wait for the speaker. = Watch out for the same traps that are in Parts [Il16 READING TEST In this section of the test, you have a chance to show how well you understand written English. There are three parts to this section, with special directions for each part: Incomplete Sentences ‘The directions for Part V of the TOEIC appear on the test as follows: Directions: A word or phrase is missing in each of the sentences below. Four answer choices are given below each sentence. Select the best answer to complete the sentence, ‘Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet. Example: Because the equipment is very delicate, it must be handled with (A) caring (B) careful (© care (D) carefully Sample Answer aoeod The sentence should read, “Because the equipment is very delicate, it must be handled with care.” Therefore, you should choose answer (C), = Don’t worry about spelling. Incorrect spelling is never an option in TOEIC answers. ++ Look at the words on either side of the blank. They can give you clues about what the correct answer is, + Read the whole sentence and understand the meaning before you answer. ia = Watch out for answers with the wrong word form. 2. drove, drives, driving ‘= Watch out for words that use the same beginnings or endings. eg return, retire, reuse = Watch out for commonly misused words. c.g, affect/effeet, lend/borrowIncomplete Texts ‘The directions for Part VI of the TOEIC appear on the test as follows: | Directions: Read the texts on the following pages. A word or phrase is missing in some | _ ofthe sentences. Four answer choices are given below each of these sentences. Select the | best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet Example: As of June 15", employees will be ------- to wear full company waiform whenever 1. (A) requiring (B) requirement (© required (D) require they are on company premises. This to all employees who work in areas of the 2. (A) considers Sample Answer (B) applies i (©) works 1®@©@O0 (D) implements 28 @OO duilding accessible by members of the public. The full uniform consists of a white shirt, green pants, and the company tie for men, ‘The sentences should read “As of June 15", employees will be required to wear full company uniform when they are on company premises. This applies to all employees who work in areas of the building accessible by members of the public.” Therefore you should choose answers (C) and (B). = Remember that you are looking for the most appropriate word to fill in the blank. = Read the whole text, not just the words around the blank, Try to get the meaning of the text. is ‘= Watch out for repetition and redundancy keep on continuing, finally at last 1 Watch out for words that don’t belong, ‘The apples they are fresh. » Pay attention to word form and verb tenses e.g nice/nicely, had gone/has gone v7[EMAIN Reading Comprehension ‘The directions for Part VII of the TOEIC appear on the test as follows: | Directions: In this part you will read a selection of texts, such as magazine and | newspaper articles, letters, and advertisements. Each text is followed by several | questions. Select the best answer for each question and mark the letter (A), (B), (©), | or (D) on your answer sheet Read the following example. | The Grenville Museum Of Technology is a “hands-on” museum, designed for | people to experience science at work. Although tis kind of muscum may be | fairly common nowadays, Gremille was the first of its kind in the U.S. Visitors | are encouraged to use, test, and handle the various objects on display. Special | demonstrations are scheduled for the first and second Wednesday of each | month at 13:90. The museum is open Tuesday-Friday 12:00-16:30, Saturday 10:00-17:30 and Sunday 11:00-16:30. Admission is $2 fo: children and $3 for adults At what times during the month can visitors see special demonstrations? (A) Every weekend (B) The first two Wednesdays Sample Answer (©) One afternoon a week 2eood (D) Every other Wednesday “The reading selection says that the demonstrations are scheduled forthe first and second Wednesdays of the month, Therefore, you should choose answer (B). «+ As with Part IV, pay attention to the introduction. It will tell you the number of questions and a hint about the type of information in the passage. 1 As you read the passage, ask yourself, “Who is it for? Why was it written?” « First, glance quickly through the passage and read the questions. Then, go back to the passage and try to look for the answers to the questions. = Many answers use information that appears in the passage. However, they may not directly answer the question. As with all sections of the TOFIC, watch out for similar sounding words, confusing numbers, wrong word forms, and words with similar meanings. = Don’t be confused by questions that follow these formats: e.g. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the reading? ‘The text refers to all of the following EXCEPT. «= Simply read the answer choices and find the one that is unfamiliar or incorrect.“ Auxiliary Verbs What Follows Auxiliary Verbs? ot Airy Verbs A. Auxiliary verbs followed by a verb ending Y Aun presen or pst pa ‘ple ing ec) ¥ ‘ually + base frm of ver = The boy is flying a kite +* The book was listed as a best seller. ¥ Meanngs of mods avalay vers = The boy has closed the window. (2 ee — B. Auxiliary verbs followed by the basic form of the verb: BE items end con ‘Modal auxiliaries, do in question /negative sentences, or emphatic 0 Partcpes oe Forte Clases do + infinitive 05 Negation and Pala Ste = Paul may arrive tomorrow. _» Do you like fish? # Ido believe that he is right.» He does not like playing cards. 60 ie Couces Meaning of Key Auxiliary Verbs (OF Motietion and Word Ose A. Will: be willing to; intend to 28 moet rnowe = Iwill open the door for you.» I will be there at 8:00. 1 Yoice B. Shall: intend to (formal); have decided to 12 Conjnetons rd Prepostons » Where shall we sit? = We shall ask the committee. . May / Can: be possible to do = Can fish live in the river? = It may rain tomorrow. D. Can / Could / May: be allowed to do + May I have one? + You can take both of them. £, Must: be necessary; be logically certain [IEE negative = cannot/can't, must not + This step must be next. «= It must be her purse F Must / Have to: be required to do = Everyone must be ontime, They have to work late, G. Should / Ought to / Had better: be obliged to do = You should call her. = We ought to get there early. H. Should have / Could have + p.p.: was not true; did not happen = She should have read the book. * They could have won, but they didn't. I. Used to / Would: did in the past = We used to talk every day. « In the spring, I would plant flowers. 20 chapter +Exercises ‘A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1, He ------ a better job. (A) may (B) mays get (C) maygets _(D) may get 2, Ifhe had had time, he —---— joined us. (A) canhave —(B) had (© could have (D) certainly had 3. He asked her: you like some more coffee?” (a) will (B) Shall (C) Would (D) Do 4, The baby ------- be hungry, because he just had milk, (A) cannot (B) must (©) isn't (D) wasn’t B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Important: Please keep this medicine refrigerated. Do not in 1. (A) remain (B) store (©) having (D) take temperatures above 15 degrees Celsius. Keep out of the reach of children and do not —-—- to children under 6 years of age. In the 2. (A) giving —_(B) give (©) have given (D) gave case of an overdose, take the patient to the emergency room immediately. Consult your doctor if you are already taking other medications, C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. The government wants to accelerate the of Internet commerce. (A) grow (B) grows: (©) growing (D) growth 2. Take the time to fully prepare yourself for interview ------. (A) succeed (B) succeeding (C) success __(D) succession --, America depends on Africa for 40% of its oil imports. (A) Interest (B) Interested (©) Interesting (D) Interestingly 4, Sustainable ~ economy. {A) produce (B) to produce (©) product —_(D) productivity is a key indicator of the long-term health of the MIMS © Pace 4 se Keg oun, fal Biemppe —=—UNIT Tenses MSR: Simple, Perfect, and Progressive OAs ets A. Use present simple for routines, habits, or things that are BD: always true. ¥ Ditterences between present | + He takes the subway. (every day) ¥ Ditterences between past tenses | B. Use present progressive (is/are -ing) for a temporary routine or gpeeiang | situation Pape cian | i rolsageeemes | + He is taking the subway. (now) C. Use present perfect (have/has -ed) for a situation where things | that happened in the past have a result in the present. 0k Forces nd Parl Clauses oe + Present perfect often goes with just, yet, for, since, ever, never, 0 Negation and Paral Structure first time, second time, this week, 06 Compansons, = He has just cut himself. (We can see the direct immediate result 07 Agreement of this action — the blood.) 0° Mostcatan and Wir Or Past: Simple, Perfect, and Progressive 10 inet Pronouns A. Use past simple for something that was finished in the past. ee + She traveled in Europe. (at some time in the past) 12 Conners nd Pepostons B. Use past progressive (was/were -ing) for a temporary routine or situation that happened in the past. + She was traveling in Europe. (last summer; for one month) C. Use past perfect (had -ed) for something that happened before a certain point in time in the past. = She had traveled in Europe before she decided to study there. Future: Use of Will and Other Words with Future Meaning A. Use will for instant decisions. » OK. I will accept your offe: B. Use be going to for established plans. | + They are going to buy drinks for the party. C. Use present simple instead of future tense in adverbial clauses led by if, the moment, when, ete. +» We will start the moment he arrives. 22 ChapterExercises ‘A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. We'll start when he -----—- ready. (A) will (B) willis ©) willbe @)is 2. We ------- at a party two months ago. (A) meet (B) met (© have met (D) meeting, 3. So far, there ~ (A) is (B) was (© has (D) has been 4, When I called on her, Mary —----- her room. (A) clean (B) cleans (C) cleaning —_(D) was cleaning B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. From: The Principal To: All teachers Ihave recently received several ----—- from parents about teachers 1. (A) complaints (B) complains (C) complain (D) complaining being late for class. As you know, school policy is for all teachers to be in their classroom five minutes before the ------- of a lesson. This 2. (A) end (B) start (©) finish (D) introduction sets a good example for our students. We cannot expect our students to be punctual if we are late ourselves. All teachers must observe school policy. . Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. All things , Professor Kim is the best instructor I've ever had. (A) considered (B) to consider (C) considering (D) considerable 2. I’m quite sure this business will ~ (A) paying (B) pay for (C) pay off. (D) paid 3. I'm sort of ----—— with his flattery. (A) disgust (B) to disgust (©) isgusting — (D) disgusted 4. These pills will surely ------ your pain. (A) ease (B) easy (©) easily (D) easiness TB © Page 44UNIT 01 iy Verte ¥ Common vets followed by a ¥ Common vets followed by an ‘nw ¥ Common vers followed by @ ‘SERN ¥ Remember forget stop, ‘regrets TOANFINTIVE or GERUND Tha form of pronouns es ethan INFINITIVE oF GERUND 1 Pariples and Pare Caves 15 Negaton and Paral tc 06 Comparisns 7 Aareenent 09 toacaton and Wed Orr 10 seins Prnauns 2 Conjunction ans Pesostons 24 chapter 1 Infinitives and Gerunds Infinitives A. Use a to-infinitive after the following verbs: agree, decide, expect, happen, pretend, promise, manage, tend (for example, decide to do) B. Use a to-infinitive after the following verbs plus their object: advise, allow, expect, forbid, want, force, tell (for example, allow him to do) C. Use an infinitive without "to” after the following verbs plus their object: have, let, make, feel, see, hear, smell, find (for example, let Tom do it) Gerunds Use an -ing form after the following verbs: avoid, can’t help, deny, feel like, give up, imagine, mind, postpone, enjoy (for example, deny giving up) Choosing Between Infinitives and Gerunds The following verbs allow both a to-int form: remember, forget, stop, regret, try. + The choice of a to-int meaning. ive form and an -ing ive or an -ing form depends on the = [forgot to turn the light off (I didn’t tur it off. I forgot to do it = L forgot turning the light off. (= actually turned it off. I forgot that I had done that.) Choosing Subjects ‘A. Use objective case pronouns with a to-i = expect him to help her « allow them to do it B. Use a possessive pronoun with a gerund, + enjoy their singing 1d my smokingExercises ‘A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. He expects soon. (A) arrive (B) arrival (©) toarrive —_(D) arriving 2. All want is ------- to return safe. (A) he (8) him (C) of him (D) for him 3. I'm sorry about -~ their feelings. (A) hurt (B) tohurt —(C) hurting (D) Thurt 4. Christine promised to meet ------ at the theater. (A) our (B) us (©) we (D) ours B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. A smoke detector is an easy way to protect your family. It is very easy to install one. Most people expect if there is a fire, but 1. (A) towake up (B) wokeup (C) wake up (D) waking up poisonous fumes from smoke kill hundreds of people every year. a smoke detector will give your family a chance to escape in 2. (A) Putting —(B) Fixing (C) Installing (D) Hanging the case of a fire. Ask at your local fire station for advice . Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. He is making every possible effort to his opponent. (A) best. (B) well (C) good (D) better 2. When to resign his position, the manager reacted badly. (A) ask (B) toask ——(C) asking (D) asked 3. When we arrived, the film was about (A) start (B) starting (C) tos art (D) started 4. The prince was married to the Duchess of Kent and ------- by his brother. (A) to succeed (B) succeeded (C) succeeding (D) successfully UMN = Pace «4 a &UNIT Participles and Participle Clauses Forms of Participles: -ing and -ed 21 Aoaion vers A. If the participle of a noun is the agent (doing the action of the 2 tres participle), choose an -ing form. (2 hints a Gerd = The game tired the players. PD = ve ono arte cme the tiring game (agent) (aaeeriek oe B. If the participle is NOT the agent, choose an -ed form. ~ aril aces nig in * The game tired the players. some the tired players (not agent) ‘The correc se of particle in pani dourer US Neen and all Sane Participle Clauses fe Comassons A. An--ing form can be used when two things occur at the same 0 beeen time. Oe Reve Cus + He suddenly went out shouting - B. An -ing form can be used when one action occurs during © indetinte Pronouns ‘another action. 1 voice = She hurt herself cooking dinner. C. An -ing clause can be an explanation of the following main clause. + Feeling tired, he went to bed earlier. Choice Between -ing and -ed in Participle Clauses ‘A. Use an -ing form when the original verb is intransitive. = Walking along the street, Tom ran into one of his old friends. B. Use an -ing form when the original verb is transitive and when its object comes after it. = Facing a police officer, he chose to run away. C. Use an -ed form when the object of its original verb serves as the subject of the main clause + Located on a hill, the hotel commands a fine view. 26 chapter 1- There's . She was ~ Exercises . Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. news. (A) excite (B) excitement (C) exciting __(D) excited (A) surprise (B) to surprise (C) surprisingly (D) surprised - tired, he decided to leave early. (A) Feels (B) Tofeel —_(C) Feeling (D) Felt - from a distance, the painting appeared quite realistic. (A) Seen (B) Saw (©) Seeing (D) See it Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Located in the heart of the city, the Plaza Ville Hotel is the most - luxury hotel in town, Each of the 200 rooms has a wonderful 1. (A) center (B) located (C) central (D) best view of either the river or the mountains. As part of our weekend package we offer a free massage and use of the sauna to all guests. If you feel ------- after a busy week of work, why not check into the 2. (A) tiring (B) tired © tire (D) to tire Plaza Ville for some rest and relaxation? |. In the 1990s, there was a world-wide economic ~ . Fill the blank with the appropriate word. ‘The ------- for imports this year has already been filled. (A) quota (B) quote. (©) quarter_—(D) court . For a -——--— of reasons, he wouldn't accept our offer. (A) variation (B) variant (©) variety (© varying . Wholesale and -----—- sales registered negative growth last month, (A) part (B) retail (© division (D) gross and mass unemployment, (A) policy (B) prosperity (C) activity (D) depression —_—————_ MMM © Page us ‘aera adueg poe sade ANN aUNIT 18 ists and Gerunds 14 rans ad Farce Clauses ¥ Nova. NOT + Negation of an ausitiary verb ¥ Do-support Negation of noninite vers + Redundency in negation te Compasons ] 0 Aajeement 1 vee "2 Conjunctons ane Meportons 28 ctapter1 Negation and Parallel Structure No vs. Not A, Use no as an adjective, « no time «= no choice 8. Use not as an adverb. + not going « not busy + not likely Main and Auxiliary Verbs ‘A. Put not or never after an auxiliary verb. + He will not arrive today. = You should never eat there. B. If there is no auxiliary, do-support is necessary along with not. + She does not know him. = They do not live in Chicago. Non-finite Verbs: To-infinitives, Gerunds, and Participles Put a negative word before non-finite verbs. + He prefers not taking the bus to work. «+ In order not to fail again, you should work harder. + Not knowing what to do, he just stood stil Redundancy in Negation A. Avoid double negatives. « She does not have no money. (incorrect) + She does not have any money. (correct) 8. Do not use a negative word along with such words as hardly, seldom, scarcely, lest, unless. » We could not hardly understand the situation. (incorrect) + We could hardly understand the situation. (correct) Parallel Structure A. Parallelism between two or more words + He is handsome, honest, and has a lot of money. (~* rich) B. Parallelism between two or more phrases = You may answer the question either in English or Korean. (+ in Korean}Exercises ————— A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. The baby ------- at all. HEE © Page «5 (A) noteats —(B) eatsnot_ (©) donoteat_—_(D) does not eat 2. finished the task, he couldn't take a vacation. (A) Had not (B) Havenot (C) Not having (D) Having not 3. you are not ready, let's start later. () If ‘(B) Unless (C) Because of (D) But 4. Keeping early hours as well as regular physical exercise is essential for your health, (A) do (B) does © todo (D) doing B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. - all employees to The maintenance department would like to ~ 1. (A) suggest (B) nottoforget (C) reminder (D) remind turn off all electrical appliances before leaving the building. If you are the last person to leave, turn off all computers, photocopiers, printers and heaters. However, you -----~ leave the lights on. 2. (A) haveto —(B) would (C) mustnot_—(D) need ‘These are kept turned on at all times for security purposes. C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. The client agrees to pay all hotel ------ on due dates. (A) charges (B) fines. (© tuitions (D) fares 2. Our basic ----- is that the customer is always right. (A) expertise (B) policy (C) profession _(D) specialty 3. When does the ------- for your printer expire? (A) warranty (B) certificate (C) license (D) approval 4. The employee can seek compensation from the employer for ~ contract. (A) breach (B) fulfillment (C) failure (D) bleach | f i aaa | toate eo 2UNIT Comparisons Regular Comparison 1 Austin Ves __| ‘A. When comparing things, short adjectives (one or two syllables) end 02 eres | in -erl-est. 03 ines nc Gerunds | = dark - darker - darkest = hot - hotter - hottest | « happy-happier happiest» scary - sea B. For long adjectives (three or more syllables) used in comparisons, 1 Negnton an Fale Sto | place more, most, less, or least before the adjective. De + beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful ¥ conse orm a + expensive - less expensive - least expensiv ciao | ponte. een eterna conreet orm of regular ‘comparatives ¥ As as commparion + Mosifcaton of comparatives Irregular Comparison A few adjectives and adverbs have comparative and superlative bite uines forms that are different from their regular forms. ¥ Cheasing between comperaties Snsopeaates + good/well - better - best « bad/badly - worse - worst coe = much/many-more-most _« little - less - least - «= far - farther /further - farthest /furthest (8 alte Chuzes [EEE Further is used for both greater distance and more of something, while {Mediation and word Order farther is only used for greater distance. a As ~ As Comparison 1 Only the regular form of an adjective or adverb comes between as and as; for example, = He is as old as me. «= He speaks English as fluently as his brother does, Modification of Comparatives Comparatives can be modified by the following words: much, very much, far, a little, a bit, a lot, any, no, even, still » He is a bit taller than me. + This is even worse than that one. Choice Between Comparatives and Superlatives ‘A. Choose a comparative form if than appears in the sentence. + Heis taller than his brother. B. The presence of ever, (of) all, possible, in the world is a strong suggestion that a superlative is needed. = This is the highest building I have ever seen, BD chapter 1Exercises A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. x °° 1. This is much than expected. IMG = Page 45 (A) well (B) good (©) better (D) best 2. This jacket is superior to that one. (A) far (B) few © afew (©) any 3. Ofall the students, John is the ~ () tall (B) taller (© tallest (D) most tall 4. This is the class I have ever taken, (A) difficult (B) most difficult (©) more difficult (P) as difficult as e B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Sunland Travel Specialists Dear Ms. Miles, | about travel insurance. You asked about Let me answer your — 4. (A) asking (B) asked ——(C) question (D) questioning | | travel insurance Plan A, Plan B, and Plan B+, We have discontinued Plan A. Plan B does not cover dangerous sports, while Plan B+ covers sports such as hang gliding, Plan B+ is more expensive than plan B, | | but is the -----— choice for an adventurous traveler. | 2, (A) most (B) goodest (C) more _(D) best Sincerely, Marigold Green C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. Other documents are available upon ------. | (A) need (B) want (©) request (D) necessity 2. The new law takes ------- next week (A) outcome —(B) result (©) effect (D) consequence (A) Looking (B) Attention (C) Presence (D) Attendance 4. Prior to leaving, check your bank ~ (A) change (B) balance (©) remains (D) rest must be paid to what's going on here. |UNIT Agreement M5501 Vorb Agreement —— A. Modifiers do not affect the number of the verb. 1 Rerses « The teacher, along with his students, wants to play soccer. {© ints ad Ges (The phrase “along with his students” is a modifier.) i Pancoes ind Fn Cases | — B. Expressions of time, distance, price, and weight need a singular 5 Negation and Paral Stee verb. (08 Comparisons | = Ten dollars is too much for a lunch. | | ea C. In case of fractions or their equivalents, the noun in the of-phrase ¥ ‘Subjgctverd agreement after Sotcee tine Sean determines the number of the verb. len andes Y Subiecn agreement wen + Two-thirds of the land has been sold seetemeereaion eretontens cmabeemannea D. The number of the verb is determined by what is next to it in Se sentences with either A or B, or neither A nor B. + Acne + Either he or his pupils are going to help us. [IEE] When the subject begins with not only A but (also) B or B as well as A, the number of the verb is determined by 8. ¥ Pronoun agreement in number inte henna Adjective/Determiner-Noun Agreement cry Modifiers and nouns modified by them agree in number. 12 Conjunetens an epestins + this/that book + these /those books “ | = every girl » all girls = another boy * several boys = each car = most cars | [IED Every and another may be followed by either a singular or a plural noun in expressions regarding time or distance, © every day/mile every two days/miles © another week/mile another two weeks/miles Noun-Pronoun Agreement Pronouns including reflexives must agree with their antecedent in number. «= Jobn's family are all early risers; they (NOT it) rise at 6 a.m. = They advised her to take care of herself (NOT themselves). 32. chapter 1Exercises ‘A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. Physies one of my favorite subjects. (a) be (B) tobe is (D) are 2. There are some books on the table, which ------- about fish. (A) does (B) do (©) is (D) are 3. A third of the students ---——- passed the test. (A) are (B) have (© has (D) is 4. The bus comes here 30 minutes. (A) each (B) another (C) every (D) all B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. - with the Smallville World famous folk singer, Daniel Matthews, - 1. (A) next (B) along © by (D) who Choir, will give a small concert on August 27°. Mr. Matthews will perform songs from his new CD Voices of Heaven. Tickets are limited 0 ------- fans who missed his last concert should hurry! Tickets go on 2. (A) every (B) another (©) all (D) each, sale on June 30”. Call the Smallville Arts Hall on 021-333-0999 for more information. C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. His wedding has been in the newspapers. (A) said (B) told (© pronounced (D) announced 2. Iwas ------- for speeding. (A) fined (B) find (© found (D) founded 3. asked them to ------- the cost of repairing my car. (A) estimate (B) cost (© evaluate (D) predict 4. [wonder if you could ------- a room for me at the hotel. (A) make (B) do (©) preserve (D) reserve HI = Paces owen 20uNN a | (ope] ve) viz] ol (lath (oheieleralelo ie BUNIT 1 Auery vets 10 ttn nd Gerunds 1 Paruples and Pare Clauses 0; Negalon aed Peal Sucte oF Apeement ¥ Choosing WHO, WHICH, or THAT ¥ Ling WHOSE to show pesesion ¥ Using WHAT 2 relative pronoun Relative adverb and their ‘tecedente (F Neaiieaton and word ser 10 reine Pronouns 12 Conjunction and Prepoators A chapter 1 Relat Relative Clauses Relative Pronouns A. Who, which, that Who is used when the antecedent is a person, while which is used when the antecedent is not a person. However, that as a relative pronoun can replace either who or which, and it is preferred especially after all, everything, nothing, the only..., and superlatives. « The woman is a singer. + She lives next door, = The woman who/that lives next door is a singer. B. Notice that which can refer to the entire preceding clause = John didn't pass the test, which (NOT that or what) disappointed his father. C. Possessive of the relative pronouns Possession can be expressed by whose, whether or not the antecedent is a person. When the antecedent is not a person, of which ... may also be used. ‘The man is my uncle. + His car broke down. = The man whose car broke down is my uncle. D. What (= the thing which) ‘The relative pronoun what is different from the other relative pronouns in that it is not preceded by a noun. + He believes what he hears. (= He believes the thing that/which he hears.) ive Adverbs ‘When, Where, How, Why ‘the day / month / year / time etc. + when: = Iremember the day (when) we met. the hotel / park / place etc. + in which OR where: « Is this the park in which you two met? « Is this the park where you two met? the way + how: = This is the way he did it. = This is how he did it. [EET The way and how cannot be used together. the reason + why: +» This is the reason (why) he got upset.Exercises A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. he says deserves recording. (A) Which (B) Who (C) That (D) What 2. Yesterday, I met a woman ----- grandfather was Swedi (A) who (B) who's (C) whose (D) which 3. Tom, ------- has three sisters, has no interest in getting married, (A) who (8) whom (©) that (D) which 4, She put her prize in a place ------ everyone would notice it. (A) where (B) which (©) inwhat—_(D) to that B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Monet Art Supplies June 28" Dear Mr. Lynch, ‘The set of paint brushes 1. (A) which (B) what (©) whose (D) who you ordered on June 20* has arrived in our store. Please come by the store before July 15* to collect and pay for your order. Unfortunately, the paint that you required is no longer available. Our supplier no longer stocks that brand, I for the inconvenience. 2. (A) sorry (B) apologize (C) regret (D) regretful Regards, Alvin Westwood C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. Let’s not from the point at issue. (A) avoid (B) digress (C) refuse (D) subtract 2. He is determined to ------ from the government. (A) stop (B) quit (© free (D) resign 3. me when I study. (©) focuses (D) pulls 4 (A) told (B) asked ——(C) talked (D) inquired ‘ase tageuso una a %Modification and Word Order UNIT RR citation 1 Aen es A. Adverbs modify adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. one « He is an extremely rapid thinker. (NOT extreme rapid) 03 Inftves and Gennes « She walks elegantly. (NOT walks elegant) 2 + It grows extremely slowly. (NOT extreme slowly) cf That sounds interesting. (NOT sounds interestingly) 1 Sates and Pati Clauses negavon ad Foro Sie 9 comoaraors B. Adjectives modify nouns. 07 Aeyeement | = No more Canadian products are available here. va monte anes {NOT Canada products) DED on it oe ¥ conectomotmoaten | ¥ Word order between enous | Word Order sea Abiecrves/ ovens, Word order betueen words A. Enough comes after adjectives/adverbs and before nouns. Srding THING a aoc c Word order in Indirect questions = He is old enough to see that movie. (NOT enough old) —_—___ = We have enough books on this topic. (NOT books enough) Voce B. Words ending in -thing, -body, -one, -where come before their 12 Conjunctrons and Prepositions adjectival modifiers. «= Ihave something nice. (NOT nice something) = Thave gone somewhere new. (NOT new somewhere) C. Subject-verb inversion Questions involve inversion between subject and verb, but indirect questions involve no such inversion. = Lasked him how long he had been in America. (NOT how long had he been) When the sentence begins with a negative word, the subject comes after an auxiliary verb. = Rarely does he work at night. (NOT Rarely he works) = Not until yesterday aid he change his mind. 36 Chapter 1Exercises A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. Heisavery person. TIM & Page ao (A) society (B) sociable (© sociably (D) socially 2. It's cold. (A) terror (B) terrify (©) terrible (D) terribly 3. They have certainly studied to pass the test. (A) hard enough (B) hardly enough (C) enough hard (D) enough hardly 4, Isthere about the project? (A) new anything (B) newly anything (C) anythingnewly (D) anything new B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. To: All parents From: Thamesview High School P.E. Department in PE. | We wish to remind parents that all students must 1. (A) be (B) havea role (C) take part (D) study lessons. Ifa student cannot participate in sports due to illness, they must bring a doctor's note. The note must explain how long they should be excused from class. Students who do not bring a note will not be excused by the teacher. Thank you for your ~ 2. (A) cooperation (B) cooperating (C) considering (D) doing this . Fill the blank with the appropriate word. three copies of this letter, please. (A) Be (B) Do (©) Make (D) Build 2. Ifyou violate any conditions specified therein, the contract will automatically ~ (A) complete (B) annul (C) abolish (D) terminate 3. T'dlike to my check. (A) cash (B) charge (© bill (D) exchange 4. Can om money online to Brazil? [spyyTerapeys (A) refund (B) reimburse (C) transfer. (D) repay ee a7Indefinite Pronouns UNIT ETT <2mples of Indefinite Pronouns and Their Usage 9 antigen A. Examples of Indefinite Pronouns 2 te all, both, every, everything, eack, some, somebody, someone, CO ntntves and Gennds something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, none, either, neither, one, other, another, nothing, most of (4 Paricpes nd Paniope Clases 25 Negeton andra Stu B. Both, Either, Neither St Conpetanes Both: Means “two (things/ people)” and is often followed by OT Agreement of + plural noun or and. 02 Rave cases | Either: Means “one or the other of the two (things/people)” and is, a followed by of + plural noun or or. _—— Neither: Means “not either one of the two (things/ people)” and is BD vest rome | followed by of + plural noun or nor. + pifterencs and corec usage of 50TH, ETHER, ana NEITHER “Choosing between SOME or ANY C. Some, Any ~ Diicion of ANOTHER rom Some: Used in affirmative sentences. ¥ Distinction of MOST OF from = Some can be used in questions when an affirmative answer is = expected. Wee Any: Used in questions or in negative sentences. D. One, Another, One / The other: Used when there are two things/people, ete. = Of the two pens, one is red and the other is white. One / Another / The other: Used when there are three things/ people, ete. + He has three brothers: one is a doctor, anothe! the other is a singer. a professor, and One / Another / The others: Used when there are more than three things/people, ete. = We have five dogs: one is from Scotland, another is from Germany, and the others are from Spain. | E, Most of vs. Most Use most of to talk about particular things or people, and use most to talk about things or people in general. + Most of the students in this class are freshmen. = Most people love music. 38 chapter 1Exercises ‘A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. he nor she is right. er (B) Both (©) Each (D) Neither (A) Ei 2. Idon't like that one ~ (4) either (B) too (C) neither (D) alike (A) anything (B) some (©) little (D) few 4, He has two dogs: one is from England and (A) another (B) another (C) other is from Germany. (D) the other B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Most people think bread is expensive and difficult to make. However, it is —----- easy and cheap. All you need to make a basic dough is 1. (A) either (B) neither (C) both () also flour, milk, a little salt and sugar, and yeast. The sugar is very important to activate the yeast. If you do not add the sugar, the bread will not rise. You need to set it aside for at least two hours, so it is true that it takes a ------- time to make, but the results are worth the wait, 2. (A) quick (B) long (©) short (D) fast C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. Hemingway was a —----- of Fitzgerald. (A) temporal (B) temporary (C) temperature (D) contemporary 2A amount of money has been spent on books. (A) considering (B) considered (C) considerate _(D) considerable 3. The United States is waging a ~-—-— war overseas. (A) cost-free (B) costless —_(C) costly (D) money 4. There is no -- (A) final (B) conclusive (C) last - evidence that power lines are a health risk. (D) finishing HB < ase xs i Z iUNIT 0 Parts ana Pa fe Claes A Negation and Paral! Stuctve 08 Reaive Causes o 10 seine Prous Appropriate form of verb in pusie sertencer + Verbs which may not be used 3s passe forms Cousative/Perceptuel verbs in| | Prepesitionsinpasive sentences 2 Conpnctens and epcstoms 40 chapter 1 Voice Active vs. Passive Sentences A. Formula Active: Subject_- Verb - Object Passive: Subject” - Be p.p. - Preposition - “Object 8. Use of by + noun With passive, we can use by + noun if we need to say who does the action. = The police caught him. + He was caught by the police. General Key Points A. Only transitive verbs may be changed to passive forms. = The ship has been disappeared. (incorrect) jglish is spoken here. (correct) B. Verbs like make, tell, and ask are followed by a to: passive sentences. ‘The boys were made to work very hard. = The girls were asked to stop laughing. . Perceptual verbs like see, observe, and hear are followed by either a to-infinitive (for repeated or habitual actions) or an -ing form (for an action in progress) in passive sentences. = The geese were observed to fly south every autumn. (habitual) = The geese were seen swimming in the pond. (action in progress) D. Complex verbs that consist of verb + preposition are treated as, fone unit when changed to passive = They laughed at him. + He was laughed at (by them). Nobody has slept in this room. - This room has not been slept in (by anybody). E. Besides by, the prepositions at and with may also be used in passive sentences. At: be alarmed at, be surprised at With: be pleased with, be satisfied with, be covered with, be (preoccupied with At or With: be delighted at/with, be disgusted at/withExercises A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1, The mistake has already been by him. GHEE = Page «6 (A) correct (B) correcting (C) correction (D) corrected 2. The family has from their vacation already. (A) return (B) returned (C) been return (D) been returned - kites in the park last weekend. (A) fly (B) flown (©) flying (D) to be flown 4, ‘The manager was preoccupied ------- checking the reports. (A) in (B) at © with (D) from B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. | A survey of mobile phone use was conducted the National 1. (A) to (B) of © by (D) from Telecommunications Institute. They discovered that only five percent of people have downloaded a mobile phone game. The study found that many were confused about whether their handset could play games or how to download them. 2,500 phone users were 2. (A) interviewed (B) interview (C) interviews (D) interviewing across the U.S. and several ropean countries. C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1. He works in the -----— division of our company. (A) personal (B) individual (C) personnel (D) impersonal 2. This is not —---- business; it ean wait. (A) urgent (B) tiring (©) taxing (D) demanding 3. Our tea -- to win this time. (A) like (B) alike (©) likely (D) probably 4, They've arranged a reception for us. (A) warm (B) heating (C) hospital (D) hospitablyConjunctions and Prepositions UNIT MEE 20:cinating conjunctions Oa wes FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) For (= because): I'm not going to join the club, for I'm not sure of its 02 nes ae Genes purpose. Yet/But (= however): He has a good job, yet he never seems satisfied. and not): Dick didn’t pass the test, nor did his friend, John. So (= therefore): My foot still hurt yesterday, so I went to see a doctor. Prrteiples and Particle Causes 5 Negition ad Paral Strate 0% Compareons ce Subordinating Conjunctions mec Simultaneous actions: while, as, the moment/instant Sequential action: when, before, after, until 10 Indefinite Pronouns. Reason: since, because, now that, seeing that Condition: if, unless, provided, as long as, once ates Concession: even if, even though, although, though FE <0 ana rponons Purpose: (so) that, in order that © Choa of eordnate conjunctions | Contrast: whereas, while Qe aordnate Unreal comparison: as if, as though Distinction between onjncbone and prepositions ¥ Cote of preostions Distinction Between Conjunctions and Prepositions ced Conjunctions are followed by subject + verb, while prepositions are fol- 19 form. | lowed by noun or an - # while vs. during = (although vs. despite = because vs. because of Key Prepositions A. for (How long . ..) vs. during (When...) «= for two weeks; during the winter 8. by (completion) vs. until (continuation) » Have it done by tomorrow. Use the car until this evening. C. between (two) vs. among (more than two) + between the eyes; among the crowd D. Prepositions at the end of questions = Who did you come with? What is this for? What is it like? 42 chapter 1Exercises ‘A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. He left home early —---- failed to catch the train. IM © Page as (a) and (B) therefore (C) but (D) or hhe was cooking, his wife was working in the yard. (A) But 8) And © Yet (D) While 3. He works to support his family, he is in his seventies. | (A) during (B) despite (©) although (D) because 4, [haven't seen him ages. (a) with (B) for (© during (D) until B. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Experts say it is very important for children over the age of six to develop a hobby or take part in a club. Children can learn important social skills ------ doing something they enjoy. Even though your 1. (A) during (B) despite (C) while (D) provided child is playing, she will learn skills like turn taking, losing well, and following rules. Hobbies and clubs are vital for the ------- of your child. 2. (A) bedeveloped (B) develop (C) developed (D) development C. Fill the blank with the appropriate word. 1, He didn't fai) the test: he got the highest score. (A) likewise (B) else (©) otherwise (D) on the contrary | after his arrival in Paris, Tom called me at the office. (A) Briefly (B) Nearly (C) Shortly (D) Simply | 3. Last year, the shoe company -—---- went bankrupt (A) all (B) mostly (C) nearly (D) next to 4. Meetings will be broadcast a week after they take place. (A) substantially (B) potentially (C) comparatively (D) approximatelyENED Auvitiary verbs oA 1. () Auxiliary verbs are followed by an infinitive without to, 2. (C) The sentence is about an unreal past situation 3. {© The question is intended to make an offer. 4. (A) Its logically certain that the baby is not hungry. -8 (8) store — The word "store” is both a verb as well as 2 noun. In this case, the text needs 2 verb which indicates how the medicine Should be kept. 2. (8) give — "Do not” is always followed by the infinitive form of the verb. ec |. (0) growth — Usually, “the” or “ain)” is followed by a noun. (©) success — When two nouns come next to each other, the preceding one acts like an adjective. Remember that succession refers to "the act oF process of inheriting the Fights of duties of another.” 2. (0) Interestingly — Typically, what modifies an entire clause is an adverb, (0) productivity ~ Noun + Preposition + Noun Ean often be simplified into Noun + Noun asin film about war» war film. [MM Tenses A 41. (O) Use PRESENT SIMPLE in temporal or conditional adverbial clauses, 2, (B) The time expression "two months ago” indicates that the event occurred in the past, (0) The phrase “so far" means “until now. (0) The sentence indicates what Mary was doing at a certain moment in the pas. 1. (A) complaints — This sentence requires a plural ‘noun to match the modifying count adjective "Several." 2. (8) start — In this case, “start” is a noun meaning “beginning.” It is not used as a verb meaning “to begin.” “¢ 1. (A) considered — Since the second clause shows the result of the verb in the first clause, that first clause verb must be in past tense. 2. (©) pay off — Pay off = to yield profit or returns. 4h Chapter 1 3. (0) disgusted — The phrase “sort of” (= kind of) isan adverb meaning somewhat, 4, (A) ease — Notice that there is no verb except an auxiliary verb will Infinitives and Gerunds (© The verb “expect is followed by anon finite 2. (0) The logical subject of a to-infinitive needs to be an objective form 3. (©) Most phrases related to emotions are followed by a gerund. 4, (8) The logical subject of a to-infinitive needs to be an objective form 8 1. (A) to wake up — Expect is followed by the to: infinitive form of a verb. 2. {C) Installing — “Install” means to set something in position and connect for use. 2c (A) best — The blank needs a verb that can take “his opponent” as its object 2. (D) asked — The verb of the second clause is past tense, so the verb of the first clause must also be a past form. (Q to start ~ Be about to = on the verge of. (@) succeeded — The preposition "by” is usually preceded by a past participle. Participles and Participle Clauses A 1. (© An adjective is needed to modity “news the agent. 2. (0) Something surprised her. She is not the agent. 3. (©) Notice that the verb “feel” is an intransitive verb and that its logical subject is not provided before. 4. (A) The painting is the object of the verb "see," so the past participles needed. 1. (© central — The adjective central describes the fact the hotel is located in the center of the town 2. (B) tired ~ The “ed” form of “tire” describes a feeling asthe result of an event or activity. 1. (A) quota ~ Quota is @ proportional share to be filled 2. (©) variety — A variety of = varioushe sale of goods In large quantities 4. (D) depression — Notice that the blank is foliowed by mass unemployment. Negation and Parallel Structure A 1. (0) Negation of a matin verb involves more than inserting a negative word, “not.” 2. (C) ina participle clause, the negative word is placed before the participle in question. 13 (A) Notice that there is @ negative word, “not.” 4. (0) Because of parallelism, the word for the blank should also be in an -ing form. 41. (0) remind — The verb remind is followed by ‘an object plus the tovinfinitive. 2. (A) have ~ Here “have + to” has the meaning ‘of something being obligatory. 2c 1. (A) charges ~ cf. Fees, tuitions, and fares are used for professional services, schools, and ‘transportation services respectively. 3. (A) warranty — The word “warranty” refers to a written guarantee provided by a company ‘to specify the maker's responsibility for the repair or replacement of the defective parts. (A) breach ~ Pay attention to the phrase "seek compensation from the employer.” WMT Comparisons A 1. (©) The presence of “than” can be a key to the answer. 2. (A) The word “superior implies a big difference in quality. 3. (©) The presence of “of all” isa key to the answer. 4 (B) The use of “ever” in this sentence suggests the correct choice, 8 41. (C) question — We answer a “question” so (C) is the best choice here. ‘2. {0} best — The superlative form of good is “best. -c 1. (© request — Upon request = When asked for. 2. (C) effect — Take effect = be effective; begin 3. (8) attention — Pay attention to = to look at carefully 4. (8) balance — Bank balance = money left over in one’s bank account. Agreement a 1. (©) Physics is a field of science 2, (0) The relative pronoun “which* refers to some books. 3. (B) When fractions are involved, the number of the verb is determined by a noun in the prepositional phrase 4. (Q) The sentence is intended to mean that the bus comes at 30-minute intervals. <8 1. (®) along — The word “along” is followed by ith” to give the meaning of “together” 2, (© all = “All* matches with the plural noun fans" because a modifier and the noun modified by it must agree in number. “ce 1. (0) announced ~ To announce = to make known publi. 2. (A) fined — To fine = to charge money as punishment for an offense. 3. (A) estimate ~ To estimate = to calculate Spproximately 4, (0) reserve ~ cf Make @ hotel reservation. LEHMED kelative clauses -8 1, (0) There is no noun before the blank. 2. (©) This sentence comes from Yesterday | met a woman + Her grandfather was Swedish. 3. (A) The relative pronoun required for the clause should be the subject and refer to a person. 4. (A) What is needed is 2 relative adver’, 28 1. (A) which = This word is needed when the antecedent js not a person. 2. (8) apologize ~ The verb used to say sorry directly to someone is “apologize.” *c 1. (8) digress — To digress from = to tum aside, ‘especially from the main subject. 2. (0) resign — To resign = to give up one's job or position. 3. (B) distracts ~ To distract = to cause to turn away from the original focus of attention, 4. (B) asked — To ask = to request an action.Modification and Word Order A 1. (8) The missing word modifies a person and at the same time is modified by "very." 2. (©) Think of what part of speech the word “cold” belongs to. 3. (A) Hard = with great energy; hardly = almost not 4. (0) Words ending in -thing come before their adjectival modifier. 38 1. (C) take part ~ Take part has the meaning of, “to participate” in something. 2. (A) “Thank you for your cooperation” isa set ‘expression used to express thanks in advance. ec - (©) make ~ To make = to cause to exist or happen. 2. (0) terminate — All the other choices require ‘an object. (A) cash — To cash a check = to convert into ready money. (©) transfer — To transfer = to convey from ‘one place to another. WEED Indetinite Pronouns aA 1. (D) The conjunction “nor” is 2 key to the answer. 2. (A) Not either = neither 3. (B) When we offer something to someone, we usually expect they will accept it. 4. (0) The sentence talks about two dogs. 1. (© both — "Both..and..” is used to link 2 words or expressions of the same kind: “easy” and “cheap” are two words that are positive in meaning, and therefore of the fame kind. 2 (8) long — "2 hours” and "worth the wait” suggest that making bread isa time- consuming activity, $0 “long” is correct. ac 1. (©) contemporary ~ To be contemporary = to belong to the same period of time. 2, (D) considerable — Considerable = large in amount, extent, or degree. cf considerate = thoughtful. 2. (© costly ~ Costly = involving loss or sacrifice. 4 (B) conclusive — Conclusive = serving to put an end to doubt, question, or uncertainty. WEEE Voice oA 1. (0) In passive structures, the verb should be @ past participle 2. (8) The verb “return” Is an intransitive verb. 3. (© The action was in progress, so an ing form is needed after the percepiual verb “see.” 4 (€) Preoccupied uses “with.” 28 1. (©) by — With the passive we use “by + noun" 10 say who did the action. 2. (A) interviewed — In a passive sentence, the "be" verb is followed by the past participle. ad 41. (© personnel ~ Personnel = regarding persons Employed in an organization, 2. (A) urgent — Urgent = compelling immediate ‘action; presing 3. (C ikely — Tobe likely to = to be very probable. 1. (A) warm — Warm = showing friendliness ac kindness. [EEE conjunctions and Prepositions aA 1, (©) The two clauses show a conflict between action and result. 2. (0) Think of the different position of coordinate conjunctions from subordinate conjunctions. 2.) Asubject + verb follows the blank, soa ‘conjunction is needed, 4 (B) Choose the one that can indicate duration. 1. (© while — While is used as a subordinate ‘conjunction with two simuttaneous actions: in this case “learn” and "do something ‘they enjoy” are two actions that take place at the same time. 2, (D) development — After “the” in this sentence ‘2 noun is needed, or 1. (O) on the contrary — On the contrary = in ‘Opposition to what has been stated or expected. ch otherwise = under other ‘crcumstances, 2. (© shortly ~ Shortly = soon; nearly = almost. 2. (© nearly ~ Nearly = almost but not quite; “next to” also means almost (asin "next 10 impossible"), Butt cannot precede a verb, 4, (0) approximately ~ Approximately = roughly.>> Reading PracticePD SCSCPicture Description Choose the statement that best describes what you see in the picture woxina @ owinaasiy @a @ © 49ann G onimaisia 5. « pat ee ee — wy Questions and Responses Listen to the questions and choose the best answer. 1 A (B) © « (B) © cy) (B) © 4 (A) (B) © 5. (A) (B) © 50 chapter 2Short Conversations Choose the best answer to each question. 1. What is wrong with Mary? (A) Her teeth hurt. (B) Her tooth hurts, (©) Her mouth hurts. (D) Her gums hurt 2, How long has Mary had the problem? (A) Two weeks (B) Since Thursday (C) One week (D) Since Tuesday 3. What day is it? (A) Thursday (B) Tuesday — (©) Friday (D) Saturday 4. What kind of test is Mr. Thomas taking? (A) Aheart test (B) Amemory test (©) Aneye test 7 (A) A spelling test 5. At the beginning of the conversation, which line does the doctor ask Thomas to read? (A) The first line (B) The second line ~ (©) The last line 7 (D) The second last line 6. What is the last letter in the second line? (A) Zz (B) KZ (QM (©) T 51 oun eo"ounn, Bone ww Short Talks Choose the best answer to each question. What job is the talk about? (A) Animal trainer (B) Animal doctor (©) Sports doctor (D) Professor 2. According to the talk, what is the most important quality a person in this job should have? (A) A sense of humor (B) ‘Lots of money (© Basie medical information (D) 4 good understanding of animals 3. What is different about being an animal doctor? (A) The training is easier. (B) You need to know where all the different animals’ organs are. (©) You need to spend more time in university. (D) You earn more money. 4, Which part of the body did the person injure? (A) Her elbow (B) Her wrist ~ (© Her foot (D) Her ankle What treatment did the doctor suggest? (A) Take two tablets of medicine a day and go to bed (B) Take two tablets of medicine a day and wrap the ankle (©) Wrap the ankle for one week and then have an operation (D) Play more basketball 6. How did she injure herself? (A) She kicked the ball too hard. (B) She was hit in the leg with a basketball. (©) She fell down, (D) A little dog bit her. 52 chapter 2