FUNDAMENTALS OF C++ HISTORY OF C+4 There are two ways in approach like © or Begin language: the Spjectoriented approach OOP in Gat, Ce or Jove, mee oriented programming (OOP) is a programmin, prada ed uses "objects" and their interactions to design a sllcatore a computer programs. While procedures, also known 23 routines subroutines, methods, or functions simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out. Any given rocedt a might be called at any point during a program's execution, ‘including other procedures. Procedural programming is often better choice than simple sequential or unstructured programming in many situations which involve moderate complexity or which require significant ease of maintainability. C++ is an object-oriented version of C that has been widely used to develop enterprise and commercial applications. C++ has become a popular programming language because it combines traditional C programming with object-oriented programming (OOP) features. : C++ Is an extension of C language. C Language was developed in 1974 by Dennis Ritchie and Kernighan of Bell Laboratories. It was designed to run on PDP-11 running on UNIX operating system. The language was the successor of a programming language named BCPL, which in turn succeeded an even earlier language, B. C++ was written by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Lab In the early 80’s. It was first known as “C with Classes”. Later, Stroustrup added more features, and the resulting language became known as C++. It was named C++ only in ean Stroustrup also points out that the language is not calleProgramming (20ST SE othe ther It Is features of C, but rat remove any h C and C++ languages, rabilty of BOMr te (ANSI) developed o maintain potablty Of te tne american National Or end C++ programming In 1990. of cons a several versions of the C++ language. These ‘There ae severe Get, and Code Warrior for Mac are visual Ci to c+. Al of these software, packages ines and Tore computer programs with C++, but they all enable Yor gne crt guage In 2 sight afferent manner, ine CH Is also case sensitive; ret tt Gy wows sich 5c, cout and the other therefor, reser sno be wren in ower case letters, re This module would be dealing primarily with Microsoft Visual CH. MECHANICS OF A C++ PROGRAM ‘The figure below shows the steps Involved in using the computer to run C++ programs. EDITOR ‘source FILE |[ HEADER FILE tL PREPROCESSOR COMPILER, JE OBJECT FILE ig Liane cope [|e DEaITARLE CODE rovedures before executing a C++ code ar Programming eaere 9° Catortay Meas + Accepts the Eattor (ernest YONG of te source cde The le that onan the Srepere In the editor. ‘after you aa ourceta ; Re epurtette errant Textual language that a ‘pony 8,2 more Casi read as oppocey St = Machine language,“ °PP05€d to eader file eader fl ostrea K Performs remeare preprocessor fles before they are °oea . compiler,” * he Translates the source compiler language, nme + The fle containing the Object file ‘source code. Gobi) ‘ansated ae + Unks the object le wih action! Code, such as the library codes, 4 The file containing the final product Executablecode * (1S) Lite cH Fig. .6 Environment of Visual The Parts of the Screenfe programing language (Laboratory Mochlg) esriton Pine oat ‘eo (Standard Too! 8?) me Moietestre Coe fence eg Woden Sut wan Soca geevennunnk overview ofthe Menu bar z ea vw art Bott QA Tooke Wreow tela Fig. 7. Menu Bar Mena Description Fie related commands that operate on your rogram fe, sh as loading 8 program from Fle Gk saving program-you entered to disk, and breing the progam, Incudes options that sid In adding, changing, eae Sercing for, and deleting text from the current rogram: ations for moving around the edltor and lew contoting the dsp. Tie gt des the Bung command, wher uns the compiler and inker, andthe Exec role command, whch enables "You to. test yout ‘rogram without leaving the workbench. Used for examining C++ clases, ‘TRS ul-down menu inudes the command that Debug Faun YouD amine the code as If runs to REP YoU get erors out of your program. cores Poem ae ay may Special features that can Tools vertbench S'S "ME Be ated to he Option for seta up he Options suit the way a progam woe toe beer Standard. Windows men arronging the wingers, Visual C++ proves a heb. insted‘ having Help Cet reference manny you cn sagnfal Various heprelte tps to ts rae need about he wobec ot go Window (or selecting ang 1 assorted of ntne 10 lookin 2 bay Va Creating your frst Visual C++ Program 41. On your Task Bar dick START, then chose Program, lick Mierosot Visual Stodo 66, Mereson Wisco Coy (Figure 3.| ‘ programing Lang02ge 1 (Laboratory Hodis 1 Meno Bar cick Fle | New 2 dlalog Box similar ure below will apPedT. 2, On you tothe f Figure 9. Dialog Box for Visual C++ Source File 3. Click on the TAB BAR File, and then choose C++ Source Fie. 4. On your work area type the following commands Tinea 11 rrints “Welcore to Visual C++ Programming” on ‘ couteerWeteoge to Visual Co4™ 5. Preparing to save your program, * Te save your rogram, on your Menu Bar Click File | » ida Programming ty PIT (abrery Madey {THE STRUCTURE OF A C++ PROGRAM This is your rst C++ tnguage display the message “Welcome a” 7esoouan will CH Programming”. 7 Finelide ostream a> 2 //erints "Welcome to Visual civ pr 3 ine main) on ‘ cout< ‘The #include directive is a spectal type of instruction called @ preprocessor directive. This \s an instruction to the } compiler to take the entire fle lostream.h and pace It Inthe program. The preprocessor Isa program that modifies your source file prior to compilation. Common preprocessor directives art ‘include which Is used to include additonal code ito your Source Mle; #define, which Is used to define a constant; and 4) endif, which can be used to conditionally determine which parts of your code will be compiled. i 2. // Prints "Welcome to Visual C++ Programming” on ‘Screen The nex nen our program is 3 comment, Canmens are explanations or anottion tat ate ncused i a ore | for documentation and oteation pose. ‘The "compler does not generate machin, cde fr comments. any ine of text laced ate te smb between Slash AstershAsterisiash/**/ 1 ard by comple. cv ‘are are two nays to spect aconment ta Cr, Te mstanded cory we an surround conmenseye Programming \AnDwene aberetery Hoey, pera eee see ttt Sno cme in unm or povottis ——— Fc seccomicone to Visual €¥¥ Programing 11 te main, tunetson, 3 tatamalo() unaertns wregured n every -* ProAraM, USL, when ree peo a ce er pea Seam ea. Tat met hee nk man 2 a Fa the program labeled int main () and “0 ‘tis endoses the Body ofthe program. Usually the cury races enoe more program tins, such 95 this [ire ii to vise e+ tronanming™ on int) // Te main function. te a statement terminator. Each action in C44 iS 8 Satenet, and» semisian must end each one. emTT nH ae tay pay a op ne CS EO emt noe wasn sens eee arenas cae eae ur th sean pero ce hae Ue ene ns al SE SS ae ne eis eS aa Beers, ent Se Sele Meese Se arge TRIRTRTIR Weriote © © C8 Programing. Seay oe roremen ) 6 return 0; ‘This causes main to retum 2 zero value Indeating to the operating system thatthe program terminated normaty Indentation Indentation Is another feature tat makes your rogram cexsy tread. Indentation Is 9 technique of groupe es ot fence by category. For example, we sow Ut the tay of 2 fndion starts with an opening cry bracket "(and eds with 2 closing curly bracket =)". To dei the ems hat ar de ‘of function, you should indent them by tee emp soaces oF fone tb. By default, Mlcroso Visual Stuso sts 2 TaD pes 2 A eharacters. Using indentation, the program could be wrten: nt maint) > coutcctwetcone to iss Progeanming\a"t aeae ‘programming Language 3 (Laboratory My should be incremental. That Is, wher rndentatlon na ltd ofthe previous line, the neg It toppers t2 DE ee Sse einer ESCAPE SEQUENCES onprinung characters are 21S0 called es choracers. Tese oi erocters are fot printed but are use et format text cSPaY- cot Craracter | —__Meantng Form feed New Line ~ Unefeed [yf een et _— ee 7 | iE 1 Horizontal Tab Vertical Tab Backspace Meaning — To Single quote [== fount quate z ‘Question Mark ‘Backslash How to complle and execute your program. “These are the following steps In compiling and executing your program: 1. On your Menu Bar cick Bulld | comple. P 10. Screen Layout after compiling your program. Wot: Vs und ne yy Ut you fa he tor eno" ey I When fds a eros ght Bebe found the error. To view where the crt, 8S Where Gn the actual ear eemreeset ne Fa z to highlight the following ting ress Indeator pointing where ash fe He tes the er Is an care Figure 12, Compiled Mle with enor message You ‘fix the rer m 5 can fx the ee By moving he evs end of the line where the statement beginni be COUT does not have semicon ten te he mee Ser eyping the smile repeat step Iga i aed aro oneetee renner UNE Haag, ane that thee BO WHC), O Warn mene anae ea asta innate atthe ry & Ms OLTNT |, , ial Figure 13, Output of the Program DAANPLE 21-1: Using coute< amd \ ‘rhe peigram disslays the stn Inside the eoutce command and escape character \Al as shown In the ‘sample ‘extout Below: LOWCHART PROGRAM (-] FF} erctatecsotrean n> p / | Treeee mesons ung cok hamaal ng =, remang, Ht 7 |< xt Tectrlageal Universty Parmsnny / | ver y / | execs Aree, Maaeng Cty ‘coxt<<"Coblege of Engineering / Tore 7) Sigh ae eae weve / |? [+] Te ne ny Using 0 1t<< and \q The program ales the stig nade cayman ahd encape craters, Ye eye ee seit blow se FLOWCHART PRoGKAM ncaa n> ran ac HOMER 25 Wt ' enteel Suh Wed ha Eon wwe . t Catec WWE 1N2¥I VAS Yt, i GoRceUENTVAVOVIDET: lavisyisyary 1 | BRD we, i coaced 350 eccd UBER LW: 7Programming Language 1 (Laboratory Moxduje, 8 Pz 6 Prograr {ea ne re tent ay co “mn ‘Te Keywords of @ programming i ' puit-n. vocabulary for the programmer Raz, consthute buteal, Ad2, most Notably, COBOL, these words mumes, 35 In rasgned’ THe, MONS Cat. hey we ae ace programmer, who May Not use them to denote present roped words. A Keyword cannot be used acs apes lable name, ‘tere are 32 words defined as ke nave presetined uses and cannot be eed ees CA: Thee nave c++ program. They are used by the complies ne eet ‘mmaling the program. They are always writen in execs Pempete st follows; ae auto double int break else tong struct case enum ree each char extem a ed const joat sare va continue for signed vastned default goto Seeot vd ° " stat wile IDENTIFIERS. ‘An Identifier is a name given to an entity within 2 program. Tt can be used as variables and constant names, procedures and function names and names of user-defined data types. ‘Also, Identifiers are words that provide access to program and data entities. An example of a program-level Identifier Is @ procedure name. An example of @ data-level Identifier is a Varlable name. A programmer supplies some identifiers, and some are keywords that have been bult into the language. The maximum length of an Identifer i up to 255 characters. VARIABLE NAMES: Variable names identity the locaton n which data wd by te executing program stored. arabes 2 Ike hntsners In your computers memory you can tore vv them and retrieve or modiy them when necessaryprograming L89V098 Laborato 7 Met le means to store a v fo INTIALZE 2 variad alu in ve rages emch fs ane wna the ASST tre Ie TOR, hike tis: = 2+ 9 variable names ‘rules In givins 1 wget SM I et mo een vata COTS ATE OE Slomg tr ate ay vara neat ptable. However, student ane"? » ere 2 a ee as Soca ne ence, cannot be used in the migale weasenth aot ans ames ° aaa names are case-sensitive; ence count ang art are two diferent variables. 5, feo short and eypHe Mames Such 25 X OF WE Use Ayo Shiy. descriptive names Such 8S average, ‘gross_pay, net_amount. eerie cra re green sitferent. ‘Examples of valid Identifiers/variable names sum resistori umd student_name Examples of invalid identifiers variable names student age distance*time Anum itemsi |\eare Powe nas ay rey cet STATEMENTS so Se ws ee lac gt, Meo sod pes Expression Statements Selection Statements Repetition Statements Jump Statements Labeled Statements Compound Statements [ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS fan assignment statement instructs saluate the expression on the rightshand deat Sdlue of the variable equal to that value of the eee ssignment statement consists of a vanabe om he ee, ‘ide of the assignment operator and an expression oe tee na hand side. The assignment operator is representa oy ‘equality sign (=) used to assign a value to a variable, = ‘the computer to Examples: The value 5 is assigned tx “The value of xis stored In “The sum of x and y is stored Introduction to Namespaces ‘A namespace is a technique of grouping some functions and/or classes to create an entity. Ths has the main goal of eliminating the probabilty of having two functions or two classes with the same name. For example, i diferent people work on the same project, each one can create his of her own classes but put them In only his or her namespace. Ths way, even if they happen to have a class each with the same name, there is no risk of having a name confi. (One of the ways you can use a namespace Is with the using keyword. To do this, before accessing the namespace, on‘ roemmnng LANUA08 Laboratory type using flowed bY U8 FAME OF ING MBH, Hee 1s exer ‘ou can aso postion the using namespace expression on the top section ofthe fie orn header le. ‘he C#+ Stanford provides @ namespace called at sme atd Namespace Includes 8 sees of lbvaries that you wi Mosely and. regulary use I yOUr programs. Therefor, Taser You need to use a Nbrary that Is part of the etd caeccrace insted of typing a brary with fle extension, as PRgetenm.h, you con lus ype the name ofthe Hbrary 36 In Tostream: Then, on the secone ine, type using namespace 1g; Aeon example, Instead of typing [Gee Pome ne. ete hy iia Toa nee Tiigg nanepace atc) nt aun? cout < "Welcome to Visual C44 Programming qe) DATA TYPES AND TYPE DECLARATIONS ve ins Sa ea ohne sr a area et abc Ie roe oh nent eeen tena Su ces Savas a ad we Data type Is the type of value or category ot dat» wit be entered Inthe program, “ Below Is 8 Ist ofthe exiting fundomertal data yes in cs os wel os the range of vals that con be epee op Sone of them: c++ Data types: Name [Description [Sha Tange. ied “a8 7 exam: Tecra aT aa be ine — [ger fod — fis stontreun> Hort THE lsortinener ew ine UE IT mensch sh ‘ome : re. 214 a8 aint Lingieaee fone tensity ins, etn header, sacause te regent, 0067 scone ecg conms tothe C+ standard, we wl se I pian va ner we fad on ts aes. oot esntaie testo fone frcerase is ro Jales:truwo alse pe Ines ranesace ovis the mens of dling 9 ak — sing pt sanser fogs — an aL save we sean inetd ramespace hess tho es aie” aible recon Je 0 5 8) relia ent use cuk oheed ye ee eee cd loned tthe abe até et i semaan Ree 28 Tong ano se pease papas fresno (ene) duit fate pasar [Wide character bytes fi wide carat‘programming Lang.298 1taboratry Medi ‘The int Data Type -1234, -25, 0, 4567, 89, +910 ne tot oat T¢ aes ere ax Sd ea elope nese ecu osta T° 9 fry key on your Keyboard. When using chev ere oe to ene a Fe er taus we Sen Ho oe PON ~, Note that a blank space Is a character and is written as + +, with 9 space between the single quotation marks. Thus, the Trae "ode Is not of a type char. Furthermore, even though the symbol “e=' greater than or equal and similar special Symbols are considered to be one symbol, they are not egarded a5 possible values of the data type char. All the Indwidsal syrnbols located on the keyboard that are printable may be considered as possible values of the char data types, Different character data sets are currently in use. The most common are American Standard Code for Information Interctange (ASCH) and Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCIDE|IC). The ASCII set has 128 values; each character sets a different character. For Example the value 65 represents ‘A’, and the value 64 represents *=". See ‘Appendix A 405 PTT L808 Hite, “pe oating Point Data Types ‘To represent real tumbers, C++ uses yn called floating point notation, 7yo™ of Sdentiic 1th gus the example of Real Numb erzanying ‘able point Notation. inte Co ‘me String Data Types pelea fas eee ys bao oe ‘yan DelaCruz™ ssohnny” «This Is an empty space Every character in a string has a relative position with the string. The position of the first character is 0, the postion of the second IS 1, and so on, The length of a’ string is the fnumber of characters init, [7 String] Position of Character in | Length of the —] a String String. jan Dec Sin the 0 postion | “13 fneudng sos] ‘is nthe 3 positon = (pace) i in the 5 postion ‘is in the 1 postion This inthe 2 postion Poa Jis in the O postion — iis in the 3 position ‘nisin the 4 position yyisin the 5 postion 106