As students, we all know the struggle of completing homework.
It seems like no matter how hard we
try, there is always an endless list of assignments and deadlines to meet. It can be overwhelming and
stressful, especially when we have other responsibilities and commitments outside of school.
Homework is an essential part of our education, as it helps reinforce what we have learned in class
and prepares us for exams. However, it can also be a source of frustration and anxiety for many
students. The pressure to perform well and meet high expectations can take a toll on our mental and
emotional well-being.
Not to mention, the complexity of some assignments can make it even more challenging. We may
struggle to understand the material or find it difficult to apply what we have learned. This can lead to
hours of frustration and confusion, leaving us feeling overwhelmed and defeated.
With all these challenges, it's no wonder that many students turn to external help to complete their
homework. And that's where ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ comes in.
Why Order on ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔?
⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ is a reliable and trustworthy platform that offers professional homework writing
services. Our team of experienced writers is dedicated to helping students like you overcome the
struggles of completing homework.
When you order on ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, you can expect:
High-quality and plagiarism-free work
On-time delivery, even for urgent deadlines
Affordable prices to fit your budget
24/7 customer support for any inquiries or concerns
Our writers are experts in their respective fields, ensuring that your homework is completed with
accuracy and precision. They also have access to various resources and materials, making sure that
your assignment is well-researched and meets all the requirements.
Take the Stress Out of Homework
With ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, you can say goodbye to the stress and frustration of completing
homework. Our team is here to support you and help you achieve academic success without
sacrificing your mental and emotional well-being.
So why struggle with difficult assignments when you can get professional help? Place your order on
⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ today and experience the difference in your academic performance and overall
well-being.
Infer which stage of mitosistakes the longest period of time. Listand describe them in yourScience
Journal. Page 7. Although mistakes in plants, as shown in Figure 12, are common, mistakes are less
common in animals.These mistakes can produce sex cells with too many or too fewchromosomes, as
shown in Figure 13. The learning curve can be steep and it is hard to see its value straight out of the
box. A protein calledan enzyme helps unzip the DNA. 292 CHAPTER 10 Cell Reproduction Page
22. When do chromatids separate during mitosis?A) anaphase C) metaphaseB) prophase D)
telophase 16. Make a Plan1. Observe common traits in various animals, such as household pets or
animals you might see in a zoo. 2. Learn what genes carry these traits in each animal. 3. Research the
traits to discover which ones are results of muta-tions. Identify two examples of asexual
reproduction inmany-celled organisms. 3. Describe what happens to chromosomes before mitosis. 4.
Compare and contrast the two new cells formed aftermitosis and cell division. 5. Think Critically
Why is it important for the nuclearmembrane to disintegrate during mitosis. Infer how many
chromosomeseach sex cell usually has. 5. Make and use a table to compare mitosis and meiosisin
humans. In the same way, each cell in a fruit fly has eight chromo-somes and each new cell produced
by mitosis and cell divisionhas a copy of those eight chromosomes, as shown in Figure 6.Third, the
original cell no longer exists. On paper, usingthe letters A, T, C, and G,write a combination of
sixpairs, remembering that Aand T are always a pair andC and G are always a pair. 2. Duplicate your
segment ofDNA. The offspring would have twice as many chro-mosomes as its parent. Doctors who
diag-nose, study, and treat can-cer are called oncologists.Someone wanting tobecome an oncologist
mustfirst complete medicalschool before training inoncology. As a class, we will add the stars
together to get our class TEAM total to see if students have earned a reward. Every day, billions of
red bloodcells in your body wear out and are replaced. Compare the number of chromosomes present
in the different cells. Haploid means“single form.” Human sex cells have only 23
chromosomes—one from each of the 23 pairs of similar chromosomes. The more activities
completed, the more stars earned. If a diploid tomato cell has 24 chromo-somes, how many
chromosomes will thetomato’s sex cells have?A) 6 C) 24B) 12 D) 48 14. Cancer cells, how-ever, have
uncontrolled celldivision. Why is it important for a cell to copy its hereditary informa-tion before
dividing. Your brain,skin, bones, and other tissues and organs are formed from bodycells. What do
you, an octopus, and an oak tree have in common. Insome human cells, the cell cycle takes about 16
h. Discovering DNA Since the mid-1800s,scientists have known that the nuclei of cells contain large
molecules called nucleic acids. Each side thenbecomes a pattern on which a new side forms, as
shown inFigure 15. If the zygote lives, every cell in theorganism that grows from that zygote usually
will have thewrong number of chromosomes. The sugar-phosphatemolecules in RNA contain the
sugar ribose, not deoxyribose. Muscle cells produce proteins that help make muscles move. They
have onlyhalf the number of chromosomes as body cells.
Making Proteins Genes are found in the nucleus, but pro-teins are made on ribosomes in cytoplasm.
Eighth grade recognition ads are currently on sale. In plantcells, the appearance of a cell plate, as
shown in Figure 4, tellsyou that the cytoplasm is being divided. All the new stems, leaves, and roots
that growfrom the sweet potato have the same hereditary material. Cancer cells, how-ever, have
uncontrolled celldivision. STEP 3 STEP 2 STEP 1 Infer About Seed GrowthMost flower and
vegetable seeds sprout andgrow into entire plants in just a few weeks.Although all of the cells in a
seed have infor-mation and instructions to produce a newplant, only some of the cells in the seed use
the information. The code is a chemical calleddeoxyribonucleic (dee AHK sih ri boh noo klay ihk)
acid, orDNA. In1953, using the work of Franklin and others, scientists JamesWatson and Francis
Crick made a model of a DNA molecule. They do NOT need to turn in any papers used for practice
(spelling, math, etc). Each side thenbecomes a pattern on which a new side forms, as shown
inFigure 15. During the few sec-onds it takes you to read this sentence, your bone marrow produced
about six million red blood cells. Use the link below and follow the directions to create a
personalized ad to honor your Eighth grader. That cell divides and becomes two, twobecome four,
four become eight, and so on. Usingletters, show a matching DNA strand. 4. Determine how tRNA
is used when cells build proteins. 5. Think Critically You begin as one cell. Instead the director
makes a complete,separate copy of the script for each member of the cast so thateach one can learn
his or her part. What might occur if an important protein couldn’t bemade or if the wrong protein
was made in your cells. Compare theDNA in your brain cells to the DNA in your heart cells. Because
sea starseat oysters, oyster farmers dislike them. Right now, you are in a stage of yourlife cycle
called adolescence, which is a period of active growthand development. Do the following lab to find
out. 1. Carefully split open two bean seeds thathave soaked in water overnight. 2. Observe both
halves and record yourobservations. 3. Wrap all four halves in a moist papertowel. Thesedivisions are
called meiosis I and meiosis II. Mistakes in Meiosis Meiosis occurs many times in re-productive
organs. Why do some mutations result in more common traits while others do not.
Hypothesizewhich cells in seeds use information abouthow plants grow. The section of DNAon a
chromosome that directs the makingof a specific protein is a gene. 3. DNA can copy itself and is the
pattern fromwhich RNA is made. Wake up early and arrive atschool on time on test day. Barry L.
Runk from Grant Heilman Page 32. The neworganism will have hereditary material identical tothe
hereditary material of the parent organism. —from page 281 Page 4. Until that occurs, you can have
your student login to his or her school Google account and then into their Classlinks app to access
High Five. AnalysisCompare the order of bases ofthe original DNA to the newDNA molecules. Page
21. The new DNA has bases that are identical to those ofthe original DNA and are in the same order.
Then, intelophase I, the cytoplasm divides, and two new cells form. Because your script is different
from the others, youcannot perform your part correctly. How many organisms are needed for
asexualreproduction. Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Duplicatedchromosomes
Nuclear membrane Centrioles Spindle fibersPair of duplicatedchromosomes Figure 11 Meiosis has
two divi-sions of the nucleus—meiosis Iand meiosis II. Figure 14 shows how DNA is stored in cells
that havea nucleus. At the ribosome, the RNA’s messageis translated into a specific protein.
Newstrawberry plants can be reproduced asexually from horizontalstems called runners. Mutations
occur every day but we only see a few of them. Certain cellsonly used that part of the heredity
material with informationneeded to become a specific cell type. Infer What do you think the XXpair
in fruit flies helps determine. SECTION 2 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Main Idea Sexual
repro- duction and meiosis ensure the preservation of species and diversity of life. RNA carries the
code for aprotein from the nucleus to the ribosome. Sex cells,like those in Figure 9, are formed from
cells in reproductiveorgans. Every day, billions of red bloodcells in your body wear out and are
replaced. In prophase II, the duplicatedchromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell.
Your brain,skin, bones, and other tissues and organs are formed from bodycells. In animal cells,
thecell membrane pinches in the middle, like a balloon with astring tightened around it, and the
cytoplasm divides. A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus that con-tains hereditary material.
How many amino acids willmake up the protein molecule that is coded forby the mRNA molecule
above. Plant cells also form spindle fibers during mito-sis but do not have centrioles. Sexual
reproduction results when an egg andsperm join. Meiosis and Sex CellsA process called meiosis (mi
OH sus) produces haploid sex cells. Some mutations include cellsthat receive an entire extra
chromosome or are missing a chro-mosome. Predict how your data would be affected if you had
performed this lab when one of these common mutations first appeared. Right now, you are in a
stage of yourlife cycle called adolescence, which is a period of active growthand development. What
is mutation? Give examples wheremutations could be harmful, beneficial orneutral. Messenger
RNA,ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA are usedto make proteins. 4. Permanent changes in DNA
are calledmutations. Inthis chapter, you will find answers to these questions as you learn about cell
reproduction. The code carried on the mRNA directs the order in whichthe amino acids bond. A life
cycle begins with the organism’s formation, is followed by growth and development,and finally ends
in death.
Inthis chapter, you will find answers to these questions as you learn about cell reproduction. In the
final step, telophase,spindle fibers start to disappear, the chromosomes start touncoil, and two new
nuclei form. We depend on some ofthese plants for food. 288 Page 18. A life cycle begins with the
organism’s formation, is followed by growth and development,and finally ends in death. New cell
membranesform from the cell plate, and new cell walls develop from mole-cules released by the cell
membranes. Hydra, a freshwater animal,can reproduce asexually by bud-ding. However, if a
mutationoccurs in a sex cell, then all the cells that are formed from thatsex cell will have that
mutation. Newstrawberry plants can be reproduced asexually from horizontalstems called runners.
Use the diagram below to answer question 22. 22. Discuss in detail what is taking place at eachstep
of protein synthesis diagrammed above. 23. If a skin cell and a stomach cell have thesame DNA then
why are they so different? 24. Bud Figure 8 Some organisms usecell division for budding
andregeneration. So water movedfrom the solution into the cell andthe cell swelled until it
finallyexploded. Interphase Most of the life of any eukaryotic cell—a cell witha nucleus—is spent in
a period of growth and developmentcalled interphase. The nucleus divides,and then the cytoplasm
separates to form two new cells. Adenine ThymineCytosineGuanine Phosphate Sugar (deoxyribose)
Modeling DNA ReplicationProcedure1. Donkey62 chromosomes Grevy’s Zebra 46 chromosomes
Zonkey (l)John D. Although plants with twice the numberof chromosomes as the parent plants are
often produced, mostanimals do not survive with a double number of chromosomes.Meiosis ensures
that the offspring will have the same diploidnumber as its parent, as shown in Figure 10. The
neworganism will have hereditary material identical tothe hereditary material of the parent organism.
—from page 281 Page 4. Make models of cell division using materialssupplied by your teacher. 2.
Use four chromosomes inyour model. 3. When finished, arrange the models in the order inwhich
mitosis occurs. Analysis1. In which steps is the nucleus visible?2. Arrange the following terms in the
correctorder: fertilization, sex cells, meiosis,zygote, mitosis. 12. What are the three types of RNA
usedduring protein synthesis. Other times,chemicals bind to the DNA so that itcannot be used.
Doctors who diag-nose, study, and treat can-cer are called oncologists.Someone wanting tobecome
an oncologist mustfirst complete medicalschool before training inoncology. What happened? You
check your copyof the script against the original and find that three of the pagesare missing. If DNA
is not copied exactly, the proteins made from theinstructions might not be made correctly. Steps of
Mitosis When any nucleus divides, thechromosomes (KROH muh sohmz) play the impor- tant part.
Asweet potato growing in a jar of water is an example of asexualreproduction. Sexual reproduction
results when an egg andsperm join. The time it takes to complete a cell cycle is not the same inall
cells. Regeneration is the process that uses mito-sis and cell division to regrow body parts. There may
be additional activities listed for those students who need, or like, an extra challenge. RNA carries
the code for aprotein from the nucleus to the ribosome.
The code is a chemical calleddeoxyribonucleic (dee AHK sih ri boh noo klay ihk) acid, orDNA.
Inthis chapter, you will find answers to these questions as you learn about cell reproduction. Each
pair of chromatids separates, and chromatidsbegin to move to opposite ends of the cell. According to
theWatson and Crick DNA model, each side of the ladder is madeup of sugar-phosphate molecules.
The two pairs of chromatids of each sim-ilar pair move away from each other to opposite ends of the
cell.Each duplicated chromosome still has two chromatids. What were some of the traits your
classmates found that you didnot. Why is this important?How can this be potentially harmful? 11.
Steps of Mitosis When any nucleus divides, thechromosomes (KROH muh sohmz) play the impor-
tant part. This event is called fertilization,and the cell that forms is called the zygote. 2. Meiosis
occurs in the reproductive organs,producing four haploid sex cells. 3. During meiosis, two divisions
of thenucleus occur. 4. Meiosis ensures that offspring produced byfertilization have the same number
ofchromosomes as their parents. DNA 1. DNA is a large molecule made up of twotwisted strands of
sugar-phosphate mole-cules and nitrogen bases. 2. All cells contain DNA. TelophaseIn the final step,
the cytoplasmis beginning to separate. From a human cell with 46 paired chromosomes, meio-sis
produces four sex cells each with 23 unpaired chromosomes. If the incorrect pro-teins are produced,
the organismcannot function properly. Following division of thecytoplasm, most new cells begin the
period of growth, or inter-phase. For example, a mutation to a plantmight cause it to produce a
chemical that certain insects avoid.If these insects normally eat the plant, the mutation will help
theplant survive. Page 25. During a cell’s life cycle, when do chromo-somes duplicate?A) anaphase
C) interphaseB) metaphase D) telophase 15. The offspring would have twice as many chro-mosomes
as its parent. Use a pencil to draw a cell on thefront of your Foldable as shown. When the nucleus is
ready to divide, each duplicatedchromosome coils tightly into two thickened, identical strandscalled
chromatids, as shown in Figure 3. Each activity completed will earn your child one star. Eighth
grade recognition ads are currently on sale. Another waysome organisms use cell division is to
produce new organisms. Figure 6 Pairs of chromosomesare found in the nucleus of most cells. In
nature, however, many plants are polyploid—they have three (3n), four (4n), ormore sets of
chromosomes. Usingletters, show a matching DNA strand. 4. Determine how tRNA is used when
cells build proteins. 5. Think Critically You begin as one cell. Haploid means“single form.” Human
sex cells have only 23 chromosomes—one from each of the 23 pairs of similar chromosomes.
Fission, budding, and regeneration canbe used for asexual reproduction. Osmosis is the movement of
water mole-cules through cell membranes. Cell division isn’t as sim-ple as just cutting the cell in half,
so how do cells divide. Cancer cells, how-ever, have uncontrolled celldivision. As it turnedout, the
structure of DNA is similar to a twisted ladder. If DNA is not copied exactly, the proteins made from
theinstructions might not be made correctly.
Amongliving organisms, there are two types of reproduc-tion—sexual and asexual. What were some
of the traits your classmates found that you didnot. Shuffle your cardsand then put them in the
correct order.Give them to another student in the classto try. There may be additional activities listed
for those students who need, or like, an extra challenge. Identify two examples of asexual
reproduction inmany-celled organisms. 3. Describe what happens to chromosomes before mitosis. 4.
Compare and contrast the two new cells formed aftermitosis and cell division. 5. Think Critically
Why is it important for the nuclearmembrane to disintegrate during mitosis. Compareand contrast the
steps of meiosis I to thesteps of meiosis II. 27. Describe what occurs in mitosis that givesthe new
cells identical DNA. 28. Form a hypothesis about the effect of anincorrect mitotic division on the
new cellsproduced. 29. Determine how many chromosomes are in the original cell compared to those
inthe new cells formed by cell division.Explain. 30. Flash Cards Make a set of 11 flash cardswith
drawings of a cell that show the dif-ferent stages of meiosis. Mutations occur every day but we only
see a few of them. Use the table below to answer question 14. 14. Fill in the blanks in the table with
theappropriate term or definition. 15. What types of cells would constantly be ininterphase? 16.
RNAhas the nitrogen bases A, G, and C like DNA but has the nitrogenbase uracil (U) instead of
thymine (T). This event is called fertilization,and the cell that forms is called the zygote. 2. Meiosis
occurs in the reproductive organs,producing four haploid sex cells. 3. During meiosis, two divisions
of thenucleus occur. 4. Meiosis ensures that offspring produced byfertilization have the same number
ofchromosomes as their parents. DNA 1. DNA is a large molecule made up of twotwisted strands of
sugar-phosphate mole-cules and nitrogen bases. 2. All cells contain DNA. If the mutation occurs in a
body cell, it might or might notbe life threatening to the organism. MetaphaseChromatid pairs are
lined up in the center of the cell. The new organism will have hereditary material iden-tical to the
hereditary material of the parent organism. The steps of eachdivision have names like those in mitosis
and are numbered forthe division in which they occur. The gene determines the order of amino acids
in a pro-tein. Outside factors such as X rays, sunlight, and somechemicals have been known to cause
mutations. Mosthuman cells have 23 pairs of chro-mosomes including one pair ofchromosomes that
help determine a person’s gender such as the XYpair above. He demonstrated how an open source
platform like OpenNMS could be used to integrate with and tie together these different interfaces to
build a reference implementation for part of the framework. Compare theDNA in your brain cells to
the DNA in your heart cells. Some muta-tions do not appear to have any effect on the organism,
andsome can even be beneficial. Your growth, like that of many organisms, depends on cell division.
Write three things that you know about how and why cells reproduce. If DNA is like a ladder, RNA
islike a ladder that has all its rungs cut in half. Compare the number of chromosomes present in the
different cells. Cells inhumans that are needed for repair, growth, or replacement, likeskin and bone
cells, constantly repeat the cycle. In this lab,you will study mitosis in plant cells by examin-ing
prepared slides of onion root-tip cells. Plantsgrown from seeds can vary from the parent plants
inmany ways. New tRNA molecules with amino acids match up andadd amino acids to the protein
molecule. Form a hypothesis about how a mutation can become a common trait. What types of
organisms are polyploidy?Why are they important? 18.
