Sub: Engineering Chemistry

Tutorial Sheet-1

(Unit of hardness, Degree of hardness)

Q.1 A sample of hard water has hardness 500 ppm. Calculate the hardness in degree French and \
degree clark units.

(Solution 50 0Fr, 35 0Cl )

Q.2 A water sample contains: Mg (HCO3)2=80 mg/L, Ca(HCO3)2=135 mg/L, CaSO4=124 mg/L,
MgCl2=80 mg/L, CaCl2=90 mg/L, NaCl=50 mg/L. Calculate the temporary and permanent
hardness in ppm and 0Cl.

(Solution: Temp Hardness 138.12 ppm, 9.66 0Cl; Perm Hardness 256.46 ppm, 17.95 0Cl)

Q.3 A water sample on analysis was found to contain the following analytical data: Mg
(HCO3)2=16.8 mg/L, CaCO3=20 mg/L, MgSO4=24.0 mg/L, MgCl2=19 mg/L,
Mg(NO3)2=29.6 mg/L, KOH=1.9 mg/L. Calculate the temporary, permanent and total
hardness in ppm.

(Solution: Temp Hardness 31.50 ppm; Perm Hardness 60 ppm, Total hardness 91.50 ppm )

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 Sub: Engineering Chemistry
Tutorial Sheet-2

(Numericals based on EDTA method)

Q.1 One gram of CaCO3 was dissolved in dilute HCl and the solution diluted to one litre. 100 ml
of the solution required 90 ml of EDTA solution, while 100 ml of the sample water required
40 ml of EDTA. On the other hand, 100 ml of the boiled water when titrated against EDTA
consumed 20 ml of solution. Calculate each type of hardness in ppm.

(Solution: Temp Hardness 222.2 ppm; Perm Hardness 222.2 ppm, Total hardness 444.4
ppm )

Q.2 0.28 gm of CaCO3 was dissolved in dilute HCl and the solution was made to 1 litre with
distill water. 100 ml of the above solution required 28 ml of EDTA solution on titration. 100
ml of the hard water sample required 35 ml of the same EDTA solution on titration. After
boiling 100 ml of this water, cooling, filtering and then titration required 10 ml of EDTA
solution. Calculate total, temporary and permanent hardness of water.

(Solution: Temp Hardness 250 ppm; Perm Hardness 100 ppm, Total hardness 350 ppm )

Q.3 500 ml of a sample of water on EDTA titration with eriochrome black-T as indicator
consumed 18 ml of 0.045 M EDTA till end point is reached. Calculate the hardness of
water.

(Solution: Hardness 162 ppm)

 Sub: Engineering Chemistry
Tutorial Sheet-3

(Numericals based on Soap Titration Method)

Q.1 Calculate the degree of permanent and temporary hardness in ppm of a water sample with
the following data.

(i) 50 ml of the distilled water = 0.5 ml of the soap solution.

(ii) 50 ml of CaCl2 solution = 40.5 ml of soap solution
(iii) 50 ml of the given water = 15.5 ml of soap solution
(iv) 50 ml of the boiled water = 12.5 ml of soap solution
(Solution: Temp Hardness 75 ppm; Perm Hardness 300 ppm, Total hardness 375 ppm )

Q.2 Titration of 50 ml of water at each time with standard soap solution gave the following
results:

(i) Lather factor = 0.4 ml

(ii) Total hardness = 8.2 ml
(iii) Permanent hardness = 2.5 ml
(iv) Standard hard water containing 0.2 gm CaCO3/litre = 8.2
Calculate each type of hardness present in water.
(Solution: Temp Hardness 58.5 ppm; Perm Hardness 21.5 ppm, Total hardness 80 ppm )

Q.3 A standard hard water solution was prepared by dissolving 200 mg of dry CaCO3 in 1000 ml
of distilled water. It is observed that 15 ml of soap solution was consumed, when titrated
with 50 ml of standard hard water. Lather factor for 50 ml of distilled water was observed
0.5 ml. The 50 ml of given sample of hard water consumed 5.5 ml of soap solution and 5 ml
of soap solution was consumed when titrated with 50 ml of boiled filtered hard water
sample. Calculate total, temporary and permanent hardness of given hard water sample.

(Solution: Temp Hardness 6.74 ppm; Perm Hardness 62.06 ppm, Total hardness 68.8 ppm )
 Sub: Engineering Chemistry
Tutorial Sheet-4

(Numerical based on Lime Soda Process)

Q.1 Calculate the amount of lime (92% pure) and soda (98% pure) required for treatment of
30,000 litres of water whose analysis is as follows: Ca(HCO 3)2 = 40.5 ppm, Mg(HCO3)2 =
36.5 ppm, MgSO4 = 30.0 ppm, CaSO4 = 34.0 ppm, CaCl2 = 27.75 ppm, NaCl = 10 ppm.

(Solution: lime 2.413 kg, soda 2.433 kg)

Q.2 Calculate the quantities of lime and soda required for softening 300,000 litres of water, using
20 ppm of sodium aluminate as a coagulant. Impurities in water are as follows: Ca 2+ = 160
ppm, Mg2+= 96ppm, HCO3-= 403ppm, dissolved CO2= 34ppm.

(Solution: lime 176.6 kg, soda 149.4 kg)

Q.3. Explain with chemical equations and calculate the amount of lime and soda needed for
softening 1, 00,000 litres of water containing the following per liter.

1. HCl = 7.3mg/liter
2. Al2(SO4)3 = 34.2mg/liter
3. MgCl2= 9.5mg/liter
4. NaCl = 29.25mg/liter
Purity of lime is 90% and that of soda is 98%. 10% of chemicals are to be used in
excess in order to complete the reaction quickly.
(Solution: lime 4.522 kg, soda 5.948 kg)

Q.4. A sample of water on analysis was found to contain the following in gm/l

CaSO4 = 0.4, MgCO3 = 0.44, CaCO3= 2.00, MgSO4= 0.80,

MgCl2= 0.78, SiO2 = 2.40, NaCl= 2.50
Calculate the amount of lime and soda required to soften 20,000 liters of water per day for
a year, if purity of lime and soda is 90%.
(Solution: lime requirement 0.742 kg/day, soda requirement 0.0415 kg/day)
 Sub: Engineering Chemistry
Tutorial Sheet-5

(Numerical based on Lime Soda Process)

Q.1 Calculate the quantities of lime and soda required for softening 2,000 liters of water which is
analyzed as follows-

Analysis of raw water Analysis of treated water

Ca+2 = 160ppm CO3-2=30ppm
Mg+2= 72ppm OH-=17ppm
HCO3- = 732ppm
Dissolved CO2= 44ppm
HCl= 7.3ppm
(Solution: lime 1.64 kg, soda 0.551 kg)

Q.2 Calculate the quantities of lime and soda required for softening 10,000 liters of water which
is analyzed as follows-

Analysis of raw water Analysis of treated water

Ca+2 = 380ppm CO3-2 = 32ppm
Mg+2= 144ppm OH- = 36ppm
HCO3- = 1500ppm
Dissolved CO2= 120ppm
FeSO4.7H2O= 287ppm
(Solution: lime 17.08 kg, soda 6.14 kg)

Q.3 Analysis of water gave the following results: H2SO4 = 196 mg/l, MgSO4 = 24 mg/l, CaSO4
= 272 mg/l and NaCl = 25 mg/l. Water is to be supplied to the town of the population of one
lakh only. The daily consumption of water is 50 litre per head. Calculate the cost of lime
and soda required for the softening the hard water for town for the month of April 2002. If
the cost of lime is Rs. 5/- per kg and soda is Rs. 8/- per kg.

(Solution: lime 1,22,100 Rs., soda 5,34,240 Rs.)

 Sub: Engineering Chemistry
Tutorial Sheet-6

(Numerical based on Zeolite Process)

Q.1 The hardness of 10,000 litres of a sample of water was removed by passing it through a
zeolite softener. The zeolite softener then required 200 litres of sodium chloride solution
containing 150 gm/litre of NaCl for regeneration. Find the hardness of water sample.

(Solution: Hardness 2464.10ppm)

Q.2 Zeolte softener was completely exhausted and was regenerated by passing 200 litres of
sodium chloride solution containing 100 g per litre of NaCl. How many litres of a sample of
water of hardness 500 ppm can be softened by this softener.

(Solution: Volume of hard water 34188.03 L)

Q.3 A zeolite softener was 95% exhausted, when 10,000 L of hard water was passed through it.
The softener required 150L of NaCl solution of strength 50 g NaCl per litre of solution to
regenerate. What is the hardness of water?

(Solution: Hardness 641.02 ppm)