Programming 1
Lecture 3 – Data types & Variables 2
Standard Input
Faculty of Information Technology
Hanoi University
Contents
• Java naming convention
• char and String
• type casting
• Chaining if statements
• Scanner
Java naming convention
• To make our codes easier to read
Inconsistent naming style
public class Fruitprice {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int numof_Apples = 3;
int NumOforanges = GET_Intfrom_keyboard();
double toTaLpRiCe = numof_Apples * 30 + NumOforanges * 15;
System.out.println(toTaLpRiCe);
}
}
Java naming convention
• …and more beautiful
Consistent naming style
public class FruitPrice {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int numOfApples = 3;
int numOfOranges = getIntFromKeyboard();
double totalPrice = numOfApples * 30 + numOfOranges * 15;
System.out.println(totalPrice);
}
}
Java naming convention
• Class names: UpperCamelCase
– E.g. Sprite, ImageSprite, StudentManager
• Methods: lowerCamelCase
– E.g. age(), myAge(), getMyAge()
• Variables: lowerCamelCase
– E.g. height, maxHeight, errorMessage
• Constants: uppercase & underscore
– E.g. ROWS_PER_PAGE, PLATFORM, WINDOWS_WIDTH
char data type
• Memory size: 2 bytes (0 to 65,535)
• Can store char literals as well as integers.
char c = 'Q'; // ASCII
char x = 'Ặ'; // unicode
char x = 65; // A
char x = 1260; // Ӭ
char and String
• A String is composed of characters
String s = "HELLO";
H E L L O
int len = s.length();
char c = s.charAt(0);
(the length is 5)
char c2 = s.charAt(1);
String type is not primitive
• String variables and literals are objects
• An object has members (attributes, operators)
which can be accessed through a “dot”.
• Examples
– System.out: System is an object, out is one of its
attributes, and also an object itself.
– Math.sqrt(): sqrt is an operator which belongs to
the Math object. Operators carry a function, which is
square root calculation in this case.
– "abc".charAt(1): get character 'b' from the String.
Abstract vs. Primitive data types
• Primitive: values directly map to machine
representations.
int a = 5;
• Abstract: actual representation is hidden. Only a
public API is exposed.
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = sc.nextInt(); // public method
• Abstract data types are represented by classes in Java.
String operations
• Java supports many operations on a String
String str = "Programming";
String s = str.toLowerCase(); "programming"
String s = str.toUpperCase(); "PROGRAMMING"
String s = str.replace("m", "n"); "Progranning"
String s = str.substring(1, 4); "rog"
See https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html
String comparison
• The == operator is not used for String
comparison
String comparison
• The equals method should be used instead.
Type casting (conversion)
• Converting a value from one data type to
another.
double d = 1.5;
float f = d;
double d = 1.5;
float f = (float) d;
Type casting
• Automatic (implicit) type casting
int a = 15;
long b = a;
float f = 2.1f;
double d = f; // no error
Type casting
• Explicit type casting
long a = 15;
int b = (int) a;
double d = 2.1;
float f = (float) d;
Type casting
• Get number values from String
String s = "15"; // number stored as String
int n = Integer.parseInt(s); // convert to int
String s = "4.8"; // real number as String
float score = Float.parseFloat(s);
String s = "3.5";
double score = Double.parseDouble(s);
String s = "4678374823433";
long n = Long.parseLong(s);
Example 1
• Write the code to extract any of the following
class names
1C20, 3K18, 8A19
into 3 parts:
– the class number (1, 3, 8), an integer
– the department code (C, K, A), a String
– the year (20, 18, 19), an integer
Answer
public class Example1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s = "1C20";
String s1 = s.substring(0, 1);
int classNumber = Integer.parseInt(s1);
String deptCode = s.substring(1, 2);
String s2 = s.substring(2, 4);
int classYear = Integer.parseInt(s2);
}
}
if…else…if statement
// find largest among a, b and c
if (a > b && a > c) {
System.out.println(a + " is largest");
} else if (b > c) {
System.out.println(b + " is largest");
} else {
System.out.println(c + " is largest");
}
• The conditional statement if can be chained to
divide the logic into many branches.
Example 2
• Given a student's score S ∈ [0, 10]. Show his grade
letter based on these rules:
– If 0 ≤ S < 6, grade F
– If 6 ≤ S < 7, grade D
– If 7 ≤ S < 8, grade C
– If 8 ≤ S < 9, grade B
– If 9 ≤ S ≤ 10, grade A
• For S = 7, expected result:
Score: 7.0. Grade: C
Answer
double s = 7; // assuming s is in valid range
System.out.print("Score: " + s + ". ");
if (s < 6)
System.out.println("Grade: F");
else if (s < 7) // means: s >= 6 && s < 7
System.out.println("Grade: D");
else if (s < 8)
System.out.println("Grade: C");
else if (s < 9)
System.out.println("Grade: B");
else
System.out.println("Grade: A");
The import statement
• Import class(es) into a program so that we can
use them in our code.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
}
}
• java.lang.* is imported automatically.
The Scanner class
• System.in represents the keyboard.
(And System.out represents the monitor/screen)
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
}
}
Get an integer with Scanner
• Get an integer from keyboard with Scanner.
• Use Scanner's nextInt() method or
nextLong() method.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int a = sc.nextInt();
long b = sc.nextLong();
}
}
Get a real number with Scanner
• Use Scanner's nextDouble() method or
nextFloat() method.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = sc.nextDouble();
float f = sc.nextFloat();
}
}
Get a String with Scanner
• Use Scanner's nextLine() method to get a line of text.
• Use Scanner's next() method to get one word.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
String s = sc.nextLine();
String w = sc.next();
}
}
Don't forget to interact with the user
• It is customary to print a text before you let user
enter something.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter ur name: ");
String s = sc.nextLine();
}
}
Get multiple values at the same time
• In this case, the user just has to enter 3 numbers in
one line, separated by spaces.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter 3 numbers: ");
int a = sc.nextInt();
double b = sc.nextDouble();
int c = sc.nextInt();
}
}
Validation
• We always want to make sure a variable has a
desired value.
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter year of birth: ");
int yob = sc.nextInt();
int age = 2018 – yob;
System.out.print("Your age is: " + age);
Result
Enter year of birth: 2048
Your age is: -30
Validation
• We never know what a user types in.
Console
Welcome to the bank, user!
Your balance is: 300
How much do you want to withdraw? -5000
Thank you!
Your balance is now: 5300
Cases of validation
• Check if X equals some value
• Check if X is one of several values
• Check if X is between some range
• Check if X has certain characteristics
– A string shouldn't be empty or too long.
– Check for a valid email address or phone number.
Example 3
• Write a program to ask user to enter a password.
• If he enters the correct password (which is
“abc123"), then print a "Login successful"
message.
Expected output
Enter the password: abc123
Login successful!
Answer
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Login {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the password: ");
String password = sc.nextLine();
if (password.equals("abc123")) {
System.out.println("Login successful!");
}
}
}
