COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

CBLM IN

Sector : Agriculture and Fishery

Organic Agriculture Production NC II
Qualification Title :

Unit of Competency : Produce Organic Fertilizer

Module Title : Producing Organic Fertilizer

CBLM Date Developed: Document No.

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Page
PRODUCTION NC II December 2023 Issued by:
PTC Surallah 1
Produce Organic Develop by: Revision #
Fertilizer LEO JUN I. MAURICIO
ARNOLD G. SUNDAYON
 HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Welcome to the module in Organic Agriculture Production NC II. This module

contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are
Information Sheets, Self-Checks, Operation Sheets and Job Sheets. Follow these
activities on your own. If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your
trainer/facilitator for assistance.

The goal of this course is the development of practical skills. To gain these
skills, you must learn basic components and terminology. For the most part, you’ll
get this information from the Information Sheets and TESDA website
www.tesda.gov.ph.

This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in
Organic Agriculture Production NC II. A person who has achieved this Qualification is
competent to be:

• Organic Agriculture Farmer

• Organic Chicken Raiser
• Organic Hogs Raiser
• Organic Small Ruminants Raiser
• Organic Vegetables Farmer
• Organic Concoctions and Extracts Producer
• Organic Fertilizer Producer

This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in
this particular competency independently and at your own pace, with minimum
supervision or help from your instructor.

CBLM Date Developed: Document No.

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Remember to:

Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section.

Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested references

are included to supplement the materials provided in this module.

Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is
there to support you and show you the correct way to do things.

You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job.
Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will
improve both your speed and memory and also your confidence.

Use the self-check, Operation Sheets or Job Sheets at the end of each section
to test your own progress.

When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your Trainer
to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your Progress
Chart and Accomplishment Chart.

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 LIST OF COMPETENCIES

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Core Competencies
1. Raise organic chicken Raising organic chicken AGR61230
1
2. Produce organic vegetables Producing organic AGR611306
vegetables
3. Produce organic fertilizer Producing organic AGR611301
fertilizer
4. Produce organic Producing organic AGR611302
concoctions and extracts concoctions and
extracts
Elective Competencies
5. Raise organic hogs Raising organic hogs AGR612302
6. Raise organic small Raising organic
AGR612303
ruminants smallruminants

CBLM Date Developed: Document No.

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 MODULE CONTENT

Qualification Title: Organic Agriculture Production NCII

Unit of competency: Produce Organic Fertilizer
Module Title: Producing organic fertilizer

Introduction:
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required to produce
organic fertilizers which include tasks such as preparing composting area and raw
materials and carrying-out composting activities and finally, harvesting of fertilizer

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, you must be able to:
1. Prepare composting area and raw materials
2. Compost and harvest fertilizer

Assessment Criteria:
1. Site is selected based on compost fertilizer production requirements and
2. Site lay-out is prepared based on location.
3. Bed is prepared in accordance with production requirements
4. Materials are gather based on production requirements and PNS for organic
fertilizer
5. Prepare raw materials following enterprise procedure and PNS for organic
fertilizer
6. Appropriate composting methods are applied based on production
requirements
7. Compost is monitored based PNS indicators of fully decomposed fertilizer
8. Quality of harvest is checked based on PNS indicators of fully decomposed
fertilizer
9. Processing of compost fertilizer are carried- out based on production
requirement.
10. Record keeping is performed according to enterprise procedure

CBLM Date Developed: Document No.

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 Prepare composting area and raw materials

CONTENTS:

1. Organic fertilizer
2. Composting sites

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. .Site is selected based on compost fertilizer production requirements and

2. Site lay-out is prepared based on location.
3. Bed is prepared in accordance with production requirements
4. Materials are gather based on production requirements and PNS for organic
fertilizer
5. Prepare raw materials following enterprise procedure and PNS for organic
fertilizer

CONDITION:

All supplies, materials and farm implements needed during farm operations should
be readily available at the farm site:

• Production area for compost making

• Office supplies, tools and farm equipment
• Supplies and materials in producing organic fertilizer

• Protective clothing equipment and materials All workers involved in different

activities must be fully oriented and cautioned on the different specific work
activities of the farm

• Technical supervisors should have skills and ability in the successful

implementation of work program activities
•
ASSESSMENT METHOD:

Competency in this unit must be assessed through:

1. Demonstration with questioning
2. Written exam
3 Oral interview

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 LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Prepare Composting Area and Raw Materials

Learning Activities Special Instruction

If you have understood Information
Read Information Sheet 3.1.1 Sheet 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, you may now
and 3.1.2 answer Self Check 3.1-1. If you have
got 100% correct answer in this self-
check, you can now move to
Information Sheet 3.2.1. If not,
review the information sheet and
go over the self check again.

CBLM Date Developed: Document No.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1.1
ORGANIC FERTILIZER

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, the trainee will be able to:

1. Prepare composting area and raw materials;
2. Compost and harvest fertilizer.

OVERVIEW:

The understanding of soil fertility is indispensible in growing plants. The

abundance and diversity of microorganisms and available nutrients
determine soil fertility. This is critical in organic agriculture as opposed by
conventional agriculture.

Conventional agriculture relies much on the use of synthetic chemical inputs; it

concentrates on the heavy saturation of chemical nutrients and pesticides, in
order to promote fast and quick growth of plants, conventional agriculture put
heavily on saturating plants with nitrogen and other micro nutrients like
phosphorous and potassium (NPK). The application of urea (46% nitrogen) or
ammonium sulfate (12% nitrogen) and or 14/14/14 (nitrogen 14%
phosphorous 14% and potassium 14%) to the soil makes these chemicals melt
quickly and absorbed by the plants consequently boosting plant growth.

Organic agriculture applies nutrients in the soil in organic form which are
broken down through the participation of microorganisms convert these
organic materials into organic forms for the plants to absorb and use. It is
feeding the soil not directly the plants as what is done in the conventional
agriculture. Through this approach, living soil is made where the plants are
nourished to the maximum without degrading soil quality. In this process,
microorganisms that provide continuous supply of nutrients to the plants in
a sustainable manner. Having said that, the next thing to know are sources
of organic fertilizers, how is it done, what is the appropriate amount of
application, and when and how to use it.

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 SOURCES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Organic fertilizers are in two forms. Basal or solid fertilizers are applied in
the soil where the plants absorbed it through the root system, while the liquid
or foliar fertilizers are sprayed to the plants, particularly to

the leaves which are absorbed through the stomata. In both instances, the
nutrients (fertilizers) are used to condition the soil thereby making it a “living
soil” and finally nourish the plants. There are several sources of organic
fertilizers, from manures to agricultural by-products and from wastes. These
are converted into useful soil amendment through the composting process.
Under controlled conditions, raw materials go through decomposition and
humidification. In this case, when applied to the soil, it has stabilized
considerately effective contribution to soil fertility-building process.

HOW TO MAKE FORTIFIED COMPOST FERTILIZER

1. Collect 100kgs of shredded farm waste (dried leaves,

vegetabletrimmings twigs, etc.)
2. Mix and spray IMO (1liter IMO with 29 liters water or 30 liters
solution)
3. Build a pile of not less than 60cm. height
4. Cover the pile with the plastic/tarpaulin sheet
5. Open after 3 days
6. Add and mix 100kgs of pure soil taken from the same farm
7. Spray FAA while mixing (500ml FAA with 15 liters water)
8. Cover and open after 3 days.
9. Add and mix 100 kgs of pig manure and or chicken dung
a. Spray FAA/CALPHOS/FFJ while mixing (300ml
FAA/100ml,CALPHOS, and FFJ 100 ml with 15 liters water)
10. Cover and open after 3 days.
11. Spray as in item #10 everyday thereafter until 21 days
12. Wait until the temperature is lowered down
13. Pack the mixture in aplastic bag, ready to use

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 HOW TO MAKE FORTIFIED ORGANIC FERTILIZER

1. Mix two bags of D2 rice brand (100 kgs ) with 30 liters of IMOsolution(
1 liter IMO with 29 liters of water) thoroughly
2. Cover with a canvas
3. Open after 3 days and mix with 200kgs of pig manure/chicken
dung/cow manure/ carabao manure
4. Spray with 30 liters FAA solution (1 liter FAA 29 liters water)
5. Cover and open after 3 days
6. Add and mix 100kgs pure soil from the same farm
7. Spray with 30 liters FAA/FFJ/CALPHOS solution (200liters FAA/200
ml FFJ/100 ml CALPHOS with 29 liters water)
8. Cover and open after 3 days
9. Spray with 30 liters FAA/FFJ ( 250 ml FFA and 250 ml FFJ with 15
liters of water)
10. Repeat item #9 every day for 5 days
11. Add and mix 100 kgs carbonized the rice hull(CRH), ( from here it’s
optional but you can have the best organicfertilizer if you continue up to
item #17
12. Spray as in item #4 13.Cover and open after 3 days
14. Add and mix 100kgs vermicast
15. Spray 30 liters solution of IMO and FAA ( 500ml IMO and 500ml FAA)
16.Cover and open after 3 days or when it cools down
17.Ready to use or pack in a plastic bag

HOW TO MAKE FOLIAR FERTILIZER (LIQUID)

1. Prepare a 60 liter capacity container with aeration facility

2. Put 50 liters of clean water (non-chlorinated) in thecontainer
3. Aerate the water in 30 minutes
4. Put 3 kgs of vermicast or fortified compost inside the tea bag and place
inside the container
5. Pour 500ml of molasses in the aerated container
6. Add IMO 50 ml after 30 minutes
7. Cover
8. Harvest after 24 hours of continuous aeration
9. Ready to use (use the liquid extract within 24 hours)

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 WHAT IS THE APPROPRIATE AMOUNT OF APPLICATION?

The amount of basal fertilizer varies from plant to plant but there is no such
thing as over fertilization. However, it is not advisable to put more organic
fertilizer because of the additional cost. Pure organic fertilizer in the plant base
is not advisable. It stunt growth. The rule of thumb suggests 5 to 50% of the soil
base or premix the organic fertilizer/compost with soil before it will be applies.
For fruit trees and big garden plants, dig a hole from 10cm x 10cm x cm to
60 cm x 60 cmx 60 cm (W X L X D), depending on the size of the plant. Place pre-
mix organic fertilizer at the bottom of the hole out ½ of its deep then cover
with humus soil and then plant.

For the foliar fertilizer, use the compost or vermicast tea and spray directly to
the plant leaves. Use the pure liquid extract from the vermicast/compost tea
which has been fortified through the addition of
IMO and molasses to the solution ( 5 to 5 %). Use the liquid
extractwithin 24 hours. Do not keepit longer in order to maximize its
potency.

WHEN AND HOW TO USE

Basal fertilizer is used in the base of the plants or underneath its roots. It is
applied to the soil to improve its fertility so that it can produce healthy

plants that will eventually bear good fruits. In the case of leafy vegetables, the
plant will have healthy leaves and body. More fertilizers are needed for severely
degraded soil. Application can be done anytime as along as water your plants
after fertilizing and every two days without rain.

Foliar fertilizer has a quicker effect than the basal. It is usually applied by
spraying to the leaves and body of the plants. The liquid is directly absorbed
throughout the stomata found in the plant’s leaves and nourished the plants
immediately after its application. It also refills some insects which attacks the
plants. Spray the plants in the late afternoon 4- 6pm or early morning before
sunrise.

Do not apply when there is sunlight because it may cause leaf burn to the
plant. Repeat the same application weekly. Reapply foliar fertilizer if after
spraying it rains.

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 VERMICULTURE

• Is the management of worms? It defines the thrilling potential for waste

reduction, fertilizer production, as well as an assortment ofpossible uses
for future.
• It enhances the growth of plants that provide food along with producing
prosperous and financially rewarding fertilizer.
• The earthworm is one of nature’s pinnacle “soil scientists”.
Earthworms are liberated, cost effective farm relief. The worms are
accountable for a variety of elements including turning common soil into
superior quality.
• Worms facilitate the amount of air and water that travel into the soil. They
break down organic matter and when they eat, they leavebehind castings
that are an exceptionally valuable type of fertilizer.

VERMICOMPOSTING
• Is the easiest way to recycle food wastes and is ideal for people who do
not have an outdoor compost pile.
• Composting with worms avoids the needless disposal of vegetative food
wastes and enjoys the benefits of high quality compost. It is done with
“red worms” (Eisenia fetida) who are happiest at temperature between 500 F and
700 F (10 to 21 degrees Celsius )and can be kept indoors at home, school, or at
the office. Worms process food quicklyand transform food wastes into nutrient-
rich “casting”. The worms will gradually reproduce or die according to the amount
of food they receive. A sudden addition of a large amount of food waste may
attract fruit flies, so increases should be made gradually.
• Compost added to gardens improves soil structure, texture, aeration, and
water retention. When mixed with compost, clay soils are lightened, and
sandy soils retain water better. Mixing compost with soil also
contributes to erosion control, soil fertility, proper pH balance, healthy
root development in plants.

MARKET POTENTIAL

• World and local markets for vermicomposting are big.

• World consumption of organically grown food is estimated at 100billion
US dollar per year.
• In 1993, the potential use of organic fertilizer covered 2.5 million
hectares in the Philippines.
• The demand for organic fertilizers in 1993 was 6.25 billion bags (50kg.
/bag) compared to actual consumption of only 62,000 metric tons.

The growing popularity of vermicomposting has cast the lowly earthwormin

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 a new light. Vermicomposting refers to the process of using earthworms to
turn organic waste into vermicompost-also known as vermicast, worm compost,
worm castings, worm humus or worm manure-a high quality natural fertilizer
and soil conditioner.
Earthworms have been dubbed “nature’s tiny farmers” because of their
ability to help plow, aerate, hydrate and fertilize the earth and produce plant
food. As a result, farmers, environmentalists, homeowners, gardeners,
entrepreneurs and governments are now praising, soil-revitalizing powers of
this slimy invertebrates.
“ANGELS OF THE EARTH”
Antonio de Castro, a self-trained vermiculturist, said that the Chinese
character for earthworms, when translated into English, means “angels of the
earth.” Organic crop contain no contaminants.” The use of vermicompost is
good for the health of the farmers because by using vermicompost, they avoid
regular exposure to toxins and other harmful chemicals.
Vermicomposting is a simple technology that does not require a big capital
and intensive labor. One can start with a kilo of earthworms which costs from
P500 to P1,000.The basic materials for earthworm’s beds are hollow blocks,
plastic sheets and used fishing nets. A Shredder is optional
since the earthworms shred the substrate or waste materials which usually
consist of discarded vegetable, animal manure, rice hull (ipa), sawdust (kusot),
hay (dayami) and leaves.
The earthworms as an agent for generating wealth from waste now plays a
stellar role in the relentless and integrated efforts of the private and public
sectors to save the environment, increase food production, improve nutrition
and perk up the economy. It might as well be called “the heroic earthworm”
said Odette Alcantara, an environmentalist. (Source: inquirer, net.)
Recycling organic wastes from our households allows us to restore badly-
needed organic matter to the soil. Composting is our way of participating in
nature’s cycle and cutting down on garbage going into mushrooming landfills.
And one of the best, if not easiest ways, is worm composting. worm
composting is a process of recycling food waste into a rich, dark. earth-
smelling small conditioner. One of its advantages is that it can be done
indoors and outdoors, allowing year-round composting. Worm composts can
be made in containers filled with moistened bedding.
Vermicompost (also called worm compost, vermicast, worm casting, worm
humus, or worm manure) is the end- product of the breakdown of organic
matter by some species of earthworm. Vermicompost is a nutrient-rich natural
fertilizer and soil conditioner. The process of producing vermicompost is called
vermicomposting.
The earthworm species (or composting worms) most often used are Red
wigglers (Eisenia foetida) or Red earthworms (Lumbricus
rubellus).These species are commonly found in organic rich soils throughout
Europe and North America and especially prefer the special conditions in rotting
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 vegetation, compost and manure piles. Composting worms are available from
nursery mail-order suppliers or angling (fishing) shops where they are sold as
bait. Small-scale vermicomposting is well-suited to turn kitchen waste into
high-quality soil, where space is limited.
Together with bacteria, earthworms are the major catalyst for decomposition in
a healthy vermicomposting system, although other soil species also play a
contributing role: these include insects, other worms and molds.

DIFFERENT EARTHWORMS SPECIES USED IN VERMICOMPOSTING

1. Red Wiggler
2. Red Tiger
3. Red Worms
4. Blue Worms
5. African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus euginae)

ADVANTAGES OF VERMICOMPOSTING

1. Environment friendly. Since earthworms feed on anything that is

biodegradable, vermicomposting then partially aids in the garbagedisposal
problems.
2. No imported inputs required. Worms are now locally available and the
materials for feeding are abundant in the locality as market wastes,
grasses, used papers and farm wastes.
3. Labor extensive (mechanization possible).
4. Highly profitable. Both the worms and castings are saleable

BENEFITS FOR VERMICOMPOST/CASTING ON THE SOIL

1. Increase moisture and nutrient retention of the soil

2. Improves aeration and root penetration.
3. Reduces crusting of soil surface
4. Micronutrients are added
5. Increases the number of beneficial soil microorganisms.

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 THE COMPOSITION OF CASTING USING DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES AS
FEED TO EARTHWORMS (AFRICAN NIGHT CRAWLERS)

Sample Moisture N P2O5 K2O Ca Mg Fe Mn O.M

(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Horse manure 10.2 1.77 3.16 0.44 0.44 0.92 1.00 0.01 39.7
Market wastes 16.1 1.16 0.87 0.27 0.54 1.39 1.61 0.01 25.3
Rice Straw 4.37 0.70 0.49 0.92 0.42 0.70 3.65 0.11 12.9
75%sawdust+ 23.9 0.59 N.D 0.39 1.52 1.38 0.11 N.D
25% kakawate
per substrate 17.4 0.76 N.D 0.12 1.22 N.D 0.14 0.11

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1.2
COMPOSTING SITES
SITE
Worms are livestock and should be cared for in order that they may be
put to best use. As such, select a site that would be well above the food level,
Shaded, airy and where water and raw materials are easily available. The
temperature should be about 26 degrees Celsius.
Worms are living creatures which need to be cared for and protected. They
do not have skin and die when exposed to direct sunlight. The worm
bed/container should be shaded where it is airy. Water and raw materials are
necessary and it follows that the projectto be successful should also
include cost. If the water and the raw materials will have to be brought in at
considerable expense, the cost of production would increase and impact on the
viability of the project.

IN SUMMARY, A GOOD COMPOSTING SITE HAS THE FOLLOWING

CHARACTERISTICS:
• Good drainage system
• Availability of water supply
• Proximity to the source of raw materials
• Accessibility of the composting site
• Area with minimal sunlight

SITE LAY-OUT
The method of housing the worms is site specific and person specific.
Condition obtaining in one place may not be present in another. As much, the
vermiculturist should decide what is best suited for his place. However, a
word of caution at this point is that for first timers, it is better to use tried and
tested method before modification and combination are done. With more
experience and confidence, modifications and combinations may be
instituted. The following are the option for the layout and housing type:
• Wormbins/wormbeds may be made of any material available whether
iron bars with plastic lining, old plastic basins, bamboo slats or hollow blocks.
The advantage of wormbins/wormbeds is that they are movable and can be
transferred at will. Care however should be taken that they are properly
protected from direct sunlight, too much water and natural predators. The
substrate is placed in the wormbeds where worms feed on them.
• Windrows are piles of substrate that are decomposed before feeding them
to the worms. They are usually about 1 meter wide and at least1 meter high
and can be any length desire or practicable. They have also to be covered either
by plastic material or any organic material that will protect the substrate and

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 ultimately the worms from the elements and natural predators.
• Housing Structures are the best option but are also the most expensive
so will be considered when finances permit. However, if there are abandoned
structures within the site, these can be used well for the purpose.
• In the more developed countries where labor is expensive, some
companies opt for mechanical system. Again, this can be explored when the
project is big enough and finances warrant this option
because while the manpower is low, the capital expenditure is highand
hugely dependent on electricity.

BED PREPARATION
Prepare the bed by selecting the site that is shaded, free from predators and
near to the water source. Arrange the hollow blocks making a bed of 1m x 3m
and put bamboo stakes to strengthen the bed. Used sacks and nylon net could
be used as matting. Other materials that may be needed in the stocking of
the bed are: Water and water sprinklers, plastic sheets to cover the bed.

GATHERING RAW MATERIALS

In preparing the raw materials (substrate), it is helpful to consider the source
and quality, the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio and the size of the materials.

SOURCE AND QUALITY

In sourcing raw materials, care should be taken that one is sure of the quality
of raw materials. If using animal manure, be sure that the animals were not
dewormed as this would also deworm your project. On the other hand, the
plant source should also be free of harmful insecticides, fungicides and
herbicides which may also decimate your worm population.
The worm eat all organic waste and produce vermicast. However, the quality
of the vermicast and the speed of production are dependent on several factors.

CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO (C: N)

As previously mentioned, the desired C:N ratio is 70:30. To achieve this, more
than two (2) parts of carbon source within 1 part of nitrogen source. In the
rural setting, one may have the luxury of choosing and formulating the raw
materials for the substrate in which case, the resultant vermicast is of
fertilizer quality. At a higher ratio, the carbon and nitrogen will be locked and
not easily available to the plants. A low ratio will not be able to hold the
nitrogen well and it will volatilize easily.

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 SIZE OF THE MATERIALS
The smaller the materials being composted, the faster the process.While
shredding is not absolutely necessary, it is a vital factor in speeding up the
process. After gathering the raw materials, mix well and shred. Wet the
mixture so it feels like a damp sponge.

VERMICOMPOSTING AS THE APPROPRIATE COMPOSTING METHOD

Earthworms can be classified as real earthworms or compostearthworms. The
real earthworms are those which burrow deeply and are almost near impossible
to culture in captivity. They eat the soil. They do not eat compost. They are
responsible for mixing the different layers of the soil. So, when you see that the
soil in your flower pots are in mounds and are disappearing, that is the action of
the real earthworm. Their poo is in mounds or middens. The other kind, the
compost worms are those that liveon the upper surface of the earth and they
eat the compost, not the earth. Their poo are granular but finer and are not
mounds. They can be cultured and thus can be put to good use to produce
vermicast.

COMPOST WORM HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:

• It is a true hermaphrodite. It has both the male and female organs but
most species cannot impregnate itself. It needs a partner to become
pregnant.
• When two worms come together, they both get pregnant.
• It is perfectly evolved so that if you put several species together in
wormbin, they do not cross breed.
• The African night crawlers when sexually mature breed every week and
the resultant cocoon/egg/capsule can produce from 2-10 worms. It was
observe that in six months,1,000 sexually mature worms could produce
30,000 on the low side. On the high side, it can go up to 120,000.
• One worm divided by 2 equals 1.Only the part where the vital organs
are found will regenerate. The other half will die.
• Worms are hardworking, unpaid, silent and efficient workers. They do
not demand pay increases nor to form unions. There is no learning curve
for them because they work as soon as they are born. All they ask for are
good working, living and eating conditions. They eat their weight per
day.
• Matures sin 6 weeks
• Population doubles in about a month
• Temperatures Requirement 25 degree Celsius to 29 degree Celsius under
shade.

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 Farmers use fertilizer to make crops grow and the usual choice is between
organic or organic fertilizers. Inorganic fertilizers are factory produced and
store-bought while organic fertilizers are produced through composting. The
use of organic fertilizers is on the rise because people are becoming aware
that organic fertilizers are environment friendly, safe to handle, increase the
fertility of the land, and produce better tasting fruits and vegetables. While
it is true that organic fertilizers have low amounts of major plant nutrients,
namely Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium, they also have high organic
matter content and trace elements that become included as a byproduct in
the process.

Vermicomposting is the production of compost with the use of earthworms. This

lowly creature which has remained unchanged since its creation is now
attracting attention worldwide. The process involved in this vermicomposting
technology is constant in that it utilizes organic waste, whether plant and/or
animal manure. The main objective however, may vary depending upon the
need at the moment. If the objective is fast production of earthworms, this can
be considered as vermiculture. If the desired products are fertilizer, the process
is called vermicomposting.

In a nutshell, we go into vermicomposting to produce fertilizer. To do this, we

have to formulate our substrate so that we get the desired carbon to nitrogen
(C:N) ratio of 70:30.We get the carbon from more than two (2) parts grass or
banana bracts and the nitrogen from 1 part animal manure or plant source. Plant
sources may be kakawate, ipil-ipil, azola, peanut, Kudzu, baging-ilog ,rensoni,
flamingia, mongo, etc. To increase our worm population fast, we use animal
manure, banana bracts, ipil-ipil, kakawate, on a ratio mentioned above. This is
vermiculture, Either procedure produces both fertilizer and the worm biomass
however, the formulation of the substrate has to be adjusted accordingly. Also,
in most cases, the C:N ratio from vermiculture is higher and thus may just
be soil amendment albeit very good organic source.

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 SELF CHECK 3.1.1

I. Enumeration. Give as what being ask. Write your answer on separate paper. Do
not write anything on the questionnaire.
A. Give earthworm species used in vermicomposting
B. Characteristic of good composting sites

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 ANSWER KEY ON SELF CHECK 3.1.1

A.
1. Red Wiggler
2. Red Tiger
3. Red Worms
4. Blue Worms
5. African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus euginae)

B.
1. Good drainage system
2. Availability of water supply
3. Proximity to the source of raw materials
4. Accessibility of the composting site
5. Area with minimal sunlight

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 2 Compost and harvest fertilizer

CONTENTS:

1. Compost and harvest fertilizer

2. Characteristic of vermicompost

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Appropriate composting methods are applied based on production

requirements
2. Compost is monitored based PNS indicators of fully decomposed fertilizer
3. Quality of harvest is checked based on PNS indicators of fully decomposed
fertilizer
4. Processing of compost fertilizer are carried- out based on production
requirement.
5. Record keeping is performed according to enterprise procedure

CONDITION:

All supplies, materials and farm implements needed during farm operations should
be readily available at the farm site:

• Production area for compost making

• Office supplies, tools and farm equipment
• Supplies and materials in producing organic fertilizer

• Protective clothing equipment and materials All workers involved in different

activities must be fully oriented and cautioned on the different specific work
activities of the farm

• Technical supervisors should have skills and ability in the successful

implementation of work program activities
•
ASSESSMENT METHOD:

Competency in this unit must be assessed through:

1. Demonstration with questioning
2. Written exam
3 Oral interview

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 LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Compost and harvest fertilizer

Learning Activities Special Instruction
If you have understood
Information Sheet 3.2.1 and 3.2.2,
Read Information Sheet 3.2.1 you may now answer Self Check
and 3.2.2 3.2.1. If you have got 100%
correct answer in this self-check,
you can now move proceed to Job
Sheet, after you perform it
correctly you may now move to UC
4. If not, review the information
sheet and go over the self check
again.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.2.1
COMPOST AND HARVEST FERTILIZER

STEPS IN VERMICOMPOSTING
1. Site Selection-select a site that is shaded and well-drained with
availablewater supply.
• Small scale production-wooden boxes, earthen pots, Styrofoam boxes,
plastic basin or any similar materials.
• Commercial production-provision of working space for drying andbagging.

Materials
• Worms
• Worms in bin

Substrate-either of the following combinations:

Manure + ipil-ipil or kakawate (2:1)

Rice straw + manure (1:1)

Grasses + chicken manure (3:1)
Sawdust + ipil-ipil (3:1)

Compost/rice straw + corn bran (1:1)

2. Anaerobic Decomposition
Place the substrate in containers as airtight as possible or covers it with
plastic sheet. This is the anaerobic process which is to hasten decomposition.
This is composting without air, hence the name. This stage may last from one
week depending upon the quantity being processed and the size of the
particles. The substrate is ready for use when the temperature has
dropped to ambient levels and you can see the appearance of white
mushroom.
Cut the materials for use as substrate into smaller pieces by chopping with
bolo or cutting with a scissor. For large-scale production, using a powered
shredded/chipper will shorten the time in the preparation of substrates.
Finer materials could easily decompose (partial decomposition).If using
different kinds of materials; mix the chopped raw materials before putting
them in the decomposition chamber. Moisten the materials and cover the
composting bin to initiate anaerobic decomposition.

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 3. Aerobic decomposition
When the substrate has cooled down, place the substrate in appropriate
container or remove the plastic sheet in the bed. This next phase is called the
aerobic stage or composting with air.
Aerobic decomposition lasts for 40-60days depending on the materials used
and the ratio of the worms to the substrate. Five kilograms of substrates is
enough to feed a kilogram of worm for a month. Within the period, moisten (not
soggy) the substrate regularly to provide the right moisture (60-80%) for the
earthworm to grow and multiply.

4. Stocking earthworms
After the anaerobic decomposition, introduce the earthworms into the substrate.
The rate of producing vermicast is dependent on the stocking density vis-à-vis
the amount of substrate. We have observed that the worms can eat faster if
the substrate is not too thick perhaps because of easier mobility. A depth of
about 4-6 inches of substrate at this stage appears to be ideal. It has been
observed 100 kilos of substrate can be consumed within 30 days by 1 kilo of
worms.

5. Monitoring Compost
Maintain humidity of 80%. Protect the worms from natural predators. Birds,
chickens, frogs, mice, snakes, and even pigs love to eat earthworms. While
ants do not eat worms, they can kill your population if leftunattended.
Shade the worms from direct sunlight. Worms have no skin and cannot
withstand direct sunlight. Loosen the substrate gently and do not allow it to
get compacted. The constant watering of the beds will compact the substrate.
Loosen the beds very gently when needed taking care not to disturb the
worms too much.

Practical tip for Humidity:

Test by squeezing a fistful of substrate. Five to seven drops of water
indicate about 80% humidity. Care should be taken that the substrate is
taken from the lower portion of the bed because the upper portion might
already by dry but the lower portion is still wet.

6. Harvesting Compost
The earthworms are well mannered and polite. They do not like to live with their
poo. They eat the substrate and deposit their casting on the top. In about 6-
8 weeks, the substrate that was formerly identifiable as a grass and leaves
becomes transformed into granular earthly material. The decision to harvest
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 depends on one’s needs.
Prior to harvest, refrain from watering the substrate for 1 week to ease the
separation of casting from worms and likewise preventing the casting to become
compact. Then segregate the breeder worms from juvenile/baby worms by
placing them in different containers or bins.

Practical tip: Compost is ready to use when it is dark brown, crumbly

and has an earthly smell.

OPTIONS:
A. Pick the worms by hand and transfer them to a new wormbed. The
vermicompost may be allowed to dry in the shade for a few days and then sifted
if finer compost is desired.

B. In the shade, pile the vermicompost in such a manner that it looks like
a pyramid. After a day, you can harvest the top part easily because the worms
have gone to the bottom of the pile. When you reach the bottom of the pile,
you can extract the worms manually.

C. Move the contents of the whole bed to one side. Fill the empty half with
new substrate. Allow the worms to move freely to the new food. Harvest the
castings left by the worms.

D. Fill an onion bag with fresh food and bury it in the middle of the bed.
After a week or so, the bag will be filled with worms which you can empty to
a new wormbed. This facilitates the gathering of most worms.

E. If you are not ready to harvest your vermicompost which is fully eaten by
the worms, place a net on top of the bed and place a 5cm layer offresh
substrate on top. You can delay harvesting for about a week (depending on the
volume of worms in the bed) because the worms will transfer to the new food. At the
same time, when you are ready to harvest, you can first remove the net with the food
and you will seethat the worms have mostly transferred here.

If you are in a hurry and need of castings, scrape the top of the bed ofthe
castings deposited there. You run the danger though of losing the eggswhich may
be there and have not yet hatched.
Dry your vermicompost in the shade only. Exposing organic fertilizer to the
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 sun will cause it to lose its nitrogen content. Vermicompost can be stored at
30% humidity in plastic bags. Store in a cool place away from the direct sunlight.

Practical tip: To check if it is 30% humidity, place some vermicompost

in your hand and squeeze to form a ball. Open your palm and apply some
pressure with the index finger of the other hand. If the ball breaks easily
into two to three parts, that is about 30% humidity. If the ball crumbles
easily, that is less than 30%.If your finger leaves and imprints on the
ball and the ball breaks, `that is more than 30%.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.2.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF VERMICOMPOST

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERMICOMPOST
Physical
Physically, the gross appearance of the vermicast is granular. It has been
observed that the bigger worms produce bigger granules. In the intestines of
the worms, the nutrients are ground and mixed. The worm excretes mucus
which coats and binds all these elements together.
This granular character will allow the plants to extract the elements they
need, as they need. It is believed that the vermicast can stay for as long as five
years in the soil. It also will not leach out because of its granular nature. Plants
respond fast to applications of vermicast and within a few days, new shoots
are observed and the leaves turn green.
Vermicompost is cool to the touch and holds three times its weight in water.AS
such, the plants need less watering and can withstand longer periods without
water.
Chemical
The pH of vermicast is almost neutral and as such, it also acts to buffer the
pH of the soil to neutral
Vermicast can be used directly on the plants at any point because it does not
burn the plant. Compost produced traditionally cannot be used directly but has
to be aged properly. Vermicast is ready for use as soon as itis produced. It is
virtually impossible to overdose with vermicast.
Vermicast has auxin, a naturally occurring hormone. This hormone is present in
the tips of plants and is responsible for the fast growth of plants.It has been
observed that especially when vermicompost is used in the soil and then
vermitea is sprayed as foliar, the growth is lush and robust.
The worms clean up whatever they eat. They also do not pass on whatever
poisons are contained in their food because they die when ingesting poison.
As such, they clean the soil and even ‘capture” toxins in the soil, especially
heavy metals.
Microbiological
It is living soil, full of friendly and beneficial microorganisms. These
organisms increase the fertility of the soil and protect the plants. They also
awaken the dormant microorganisms in the soil.im
Some studies claim that even where there pathogens in the substrate, the
resultant vermicast did not produce growth when cultured in the laboratory.
Some studies also claim that the vermicast also has fungicidal action.

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 APPLICATION OF THE VERMICOMPOST
Basal
Vermicompost can also be used for basal application. Line the trenches with
vermicompost before you put in the plants. The amount put depends on the
amount available for use. You can also put this into the pots after you have
put in some soil but before you put in the plants.

Topdressing
You can use vermicast as top dressing. You can place about 50 gms on top of
the soil in small 15 cm pot and work in the vermicast into the soil. This should
keep the plants happy for about half the year.

Potting Mix
Vermicompost can also be incorporated into the potting medium. One part
vermicompost plus one part good garden soil and one part carbonizedrice
hulls are very good potting medium for most plants, generally. This potting
medium can also be used for seedling trays or to germinate seeds. Ifa lighter
medium is desired, add more carbonized rice hulls.

Basal and foliar fertilizer

Basal fertilizer is applied on the soil before planting while foliar fertilizer is
applied on and underneath the leaves. Both types contain macro and
micronutrients and have microorganisms. Plant can absorb foliar fertilizer
than basal fertilizer.

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 Properties of soil Organic Fertilizer Chemical-based fertilizer
improves structure Destroy soil structure
byadjusting (Massive)
the arrangement of soil
particles
Soil become porous Soil become compact and hard due
to fillers present in the material
Physical Property

For light textured soil, it No contribution on theimprovement

increased water holding of the water holding capacity of the
capacity while for heavy soil
texture soil, easy to drain
Adds organic macro a No organic matter addition
micronutrients n
d
Provides both macro a Contains 1-4 elements an
micronutrients n mostly macronutrients only
ChemicalProperty d
Improves soil pH Contributes to the acidity ofthe
soil
Lowers level of
toxicit
ymicronutrients
Biologicalproperty Increases population density Kills most of beneficial
ofbeneficial microorganism microorganisms in the soil
Promotes biodiversity

• Organic fertilizers contribute to the environment by improving

soil and water conditions and promoting to the health aspects of nature and
human
• Fertilizers become organic when material is free of
chemical substance, there is presence of high organic matter content and the
raw materials use are indigenous in the locality

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 TO PRESERVE THE POTENCY OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER, THE
FOLLOWING MUST BE OBSERVED:

• store in dry, dark and cool place

• Packaging material should be lined with plastic bag
• for foliar, when aging add molasses to prolong shelf-life

RECORD KEEPING

To effectively monitor the production of organic fertilizer, the following

information must be recorded:

• Manufacturing date
• Expiry date
• Quantity
• Moisture content
• Nutritional composition

Types of wastes Nutrient (%)per dry weight basis

N P K Ca Mg C:N ratio
Coconut coir dust 0.39 0.06 1.76 0.13 0.11 117.0
Rice Hull 0.40 0.05 0.38 0.07 0.04 102.0
Rice Straw 0.53 0.27 1.70 0.50 0.48 67.0
Pineapple Trunk 1.18 0.08 2.26 0.09 0.10 37.0
Corn Stalk 1.13 0.44 1.75 0.37 0.18 43.0
Oil Palm Frond 0.70 0.07 0.97 0.53 0.14 61.0
Oil Palm Empty Bunch 0.60 0.06 1.92 0.13 0.11 83.0
Chicken Dung 1.72 1.82 2.18 9.23 0.86 12.42
Cow Dung 2.05 0.76 0.82 1.29 0.48 30.25
Cocoa Pods 1.0 0.05 1.08 0.12 0.05 na

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 Manure Chemical composition (%)
Water N P K Ca Mg
Cattle (Fresh) 79.0 2.06 0.66 0.77 0.70 0.16
Cattle(Old) 71.4 2.41 0.75 0.88 0.81 0.12
Carabao (Fresh) 71.0 1.22 0.85 0.79 0.15 0.09
Carabao (Old) 67.8 1.09 0.82 0.70 0.19
Swine (Fresh) 73.8 2.76 2.64 1.47 1.26 0.09
Swine (Old) 70.5 2.11 2.41 0.91 0.35 0.04
Broilers (Fresh) 82.1 3.17 3.25 2.35 0.52 0.25
Broilers (Old) 44.6 3.17 3.29 2.41 0.65 0.37
Pullet (Fresh) 79.6 2.60 4.42 3.06 3.38 0.09
Pullet (Old) 53.8 3.61 3.33 2.38 1.39 0.41
Layers (Fresh) 73.5 4.02 3.71 1.55 4.09 0.14
Layers (Old) 52.2 4.22 3.82 2.00 4.12 0.48

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 SELF CHECK 3.2.1

I. Enumeration. Give as what being ask. Write your answer on separate paper. Do
not write anything on the questionnaire.

A. Factors to consider in order to preserved the potency of the organic fertilizer

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 ANSWER KEY ON SELF CHECK 3.2.1

A. 1. store in dry, dark and cool place

2. Packaging material should be lined with plastic bag
3. for foliar, when aging add molasses to prolong shelf-life

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 JOB SHEET 1
Title: PERFORM COMPOST
Performance Objective:

Given one unit of competency in your qualification, you should be able to prepare raw
materials ,composting area, and perform composting.
Supplies / Materials:

1. Bolo
2. Apron
3. Empty sack

Equipment:

1. Production area
2. Weighing scale

Steps / Procedure:

1. Gathered all materials needed in this activity

2. Select site, lay out and prepare bed for production
3. Prepare raw materials, weigh it according to instruction
4. Perform composting base on appropriate method
5. Observed 5’s and after care

Assessment method:

Demonstration and interview

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 Performance Criteria Checklist

CRITERIA YES NO
Did you completely prepared all your tool and materials?
Have you prepared your composting bed?
Have you completely prepared all the raw materials needed?
Did you weigh individually your raw materials as needed in require
volume you prepare?
Did you performed composting base on method you are instructed?
Did you observed 5’s and after care?

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 PRE-TEST
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
UC 3: Produce Organic Fertilizer

Name:______________________________________________ Score: __________

1. What is the process of composting that uses as decomposer

worms?
a. Vermicomposting b. aerobic c. anaerobic d. composting

2. What ANC means in composting?

a. Anti-Nutrient Compound b. African Night Crawler c. African New Crawler

3. How much is the Carbon Nitrogen Ratio of substrates?

a. 60%C- 40% N b. 70%C- 30%N c. 30%C-70%N d. 50%C-50%N

4. Process of composting allowing air in heap?

a. Anearobic b. aerobic c. composting d. vermin

5. What raw materials is main source of nitrogen?

a. Dried leaves b. green leaves c. CRH d. cobs

6. What is the source of carbon?

a. Legumes b. dried leaves c. banana trunk d. manure

7. How many percent should the moist of bed?

a. 80% b. 45% c. 50% d. 65%

8. Characteristics of ANC?
a. Hermaphrodite b. hemapodite c. heridite d. hermaphodite

9. What are the predators of ANC?

a. Ant b. chicken c. goat d. frog

10. Main purpose of Vermicast?

a. Fertilizer b. compost c. feeds d. foliar

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 ANSWER KEY

1. VERMICOMPOSTING

2. AFRICAN NIGHT CRAWLER

3. 70% CARBON AND 30% NITROGEN

4. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC

5. LEGUMINOUS LEAVES

6. SAW DUST AND CORN COBS

7. AT LEAST 80%

8. HERMAPHRODITE

9. RATS, BIRDS,CHICKENS etc.

10. BASAL FERTILIZER

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 1

CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Select site based on compost fertilizerproduction
requirements ?
2. Prepare site lay-out?
3. Prepare bed in accordance with production
requirements?
4.. Gather raw materials based on production
requirements?
5. Prepare raw materials following enterprise procedure
and PNS for organic fertilizer?

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 JOB SHEET 2

Title: PREPARE WORM BEDS

Performance Objective: Assess the knowledge and skills.

Supplies/Materials : Animal manure, Leguminous leaves, dried

leaves, Coco coir, IMO,

Equipment : Shovel, Rake, Knapsack sprayer

Steps/Procedure:
1. Fill the bin with brown and green substrates alternately.
2. Water the worm bed after filling.
3. Spray with IMO.
4. Cover the worm bed with laminated sack for 7 days ofincubation
period.

Assessment Method: Demonstration