P.

Chaya Devi 21

ONIT- LTC

Rafignale for Codin9

he transmission of the data ove the channel

deperds on two
parameters
Jransmi tted Power
Ehannel Band wid th
Jhe S/ Matio determine the probability o emor.
3or the given s/w atio, the error probability Can be

neduced funther by uing 6oding Jechnique.

input Channel
msq Modu lator
bib Enwdes
noise

Noisy signal
Demodulator Channel Hesage bi
hane Hecoder

Ghannel Encoder
4t adds extra bits (redundanuy to the menage bib.

then tYanumi tted Over the noisy chand

The enwded Signal is

2ahannel Decode-
t iderti hes the redundant biks & wu them to

detect & torrect the Errors in the menage bi it any.

 nors 9ntroduced due tv channe
Jhus, the no of
ue to the
the
noise aue minimised by fntode f Decode
dundant bi, the ouenal data inow au Hence
Aate

channel ha to accomodate the increaed data Mate Jhe

Systems be come slightty complex because ol toding tethnitua

Methods o Controlling Eors:

Jhe two main methods ed for ewor ontrollingq
CHe Foruard EroY Gonection
Error detection with etransmission

Forward Eror Gorrection:

n this method, the erors CULe detecked &
Gore cted by proper Coding techniques at the receive
e Cdeoden). Jhe edundant bis (ot) check bib ae wed
by the ueaven to detect q Corect emors Jhe eror detechon
by
and conechion capobilityof the Rereiver depend upon no. of

Yedundant bib nthe Eransmitted menage Ihe Foruand 2Yor

f ovvecHon is tate, but oues all probabiliky o exuou is high

Cannot be orre ckd

Jhis is because some Of the eroYs

Jhe traymitte entola he data with an eor orectin

wdes Cecc) G Sends the loded Mejage The Receiuor neve Sends
any menage back to brantmiten deuodes what it ecoiu
any
block
intd otiginal msgblock
 nit

upto Codes
w

aa block coduo
Jhe Codsn a mainly classiffed
and on volulien Codos

odes Consit mo. bie

Block Cocdes: Jhexe
in
n ene Gteck d cBoawbid. Jhis Codewoid Corsis
amd -A) redundant bitr. Such
blzktods
K msg tit
an called n,k) bleck ady.

.6onvouhenal eodsg Jhe Coclung opaabito i's destueti

input Sauna wih The impule
time Convolubion

Hesponse t h e encodo. The Convolutionma Entodo

aceepo tha message bi Continuuky q geniate
h Encoded Seauen Conbnuously.
Tha Codu Can ao be clagaBteds a Cine
ineas

Nen ineas od4

inea Gode wdd; 9P hvo Codewdd othe neaa Code
axe adbled hy modulb-a aithmetic, Then it produru thrd
Cocb wod in the odle

aNonn tas od Addition neninay Codewods does no

nuessaily produure thir d loco-wold.
Fror detectim tith Keb1ansmi'ssion
the input
check
Ay this me1hod, the detodu
it clstardn
detects any eror,
lhan it
Sequena .

tha
the Sepon o G1eqst
tha pant ller
Jhe transmi
tha nSmitey doy te tosanSmission.

pant the Saqena .

Thon aqain bra nsm/5 th delorle does
Jha
a deteceted
tn tohirh 0
detech
d etech tha
the
Sust
Just
the ev7o7s,it
method
Covet ttiansmitee
Thu
Send iequots
OS i
itt s S low.
ia Slw
ervo , but
ho low Propabrlty

Automatte Repeat Regest

mess too
a ansmitte sends a cge
Whon
way do a Posi tive
Keceive , sty
Stere trans mu'tI
motE
Ack nodleclgonent
unit| it
Same Snessage auto matiially
91et eve he Acknowledgement
 2

DiSCRete Memonj-est Channels- Refey Unit-O

Gineny Block odleas

dinea 6loth Coc Saigtes both the Propeattn
a Bloc Coc
inea inear Cocles as wl

*Block oding
mesage bits, (n-k) check bi
For the block k
bit
aclded So, he total
i t Redundant bits ae

channel entocle a 'm. Suih

a t the cutput oh
Coco a
callud ,A) block cody
Code block

chan ne
olp
Mess a9 Entocla
block i
Messopecheck bi
Message
kem-

ineas Cocle A Code s inea iP tho Sum o

vectby.
Vectois Prooluc eu amothey lode
any to0 ods
and oDo-o)
oDoO
GI=|
/1Ol =o I D o = |
block Code
Systemate lacdes. 9n the Sustema tie
at the begtnning of h
he message bit appeat
Cochaypoid then chck bit ase bransmited in a blotk-
Ms check
 Nan Syrtematic Coclas 9m mon Systemaht Cod it s

not posible to ickeni message bit Check bis.

Jhey asu min ed m the block.

bonsidu that the Paahiulat Cocla vecbov brsi'st

osi'st
chetk hit.
amy mesage bi'g S C,Ca, - Cay
-

Jhen th Coole Veeloi on be i t e n a

X m,m me C Ca - -Cay

X M/e)
n-E,

M -bt msg veau

Cbit check Vettov.
th nole h tnor cettetian
Jhu check bi play

11eten. Jhe ineal block Codi is USegl to

&loo1
geneate chock bit
Matiix Desoaipton Linta Block Codes
Jhe Code vecko tan be epresen ted a

X Code vecor o Sae Ixn

M Message VecoyS Ia
kxn'
G Genevat mali 4 Si
 2

Jhe eneratoy mai depenol en lineal block oda

UXed. omd nepreSen t e a r

KxN

D.kxk denity mat

P KxY Submat
chetk
Jhe Vetkov Com be obtat'ned a
MP

1
- Pra
C m, P mB m3 a
Ca m, Pz Dn, B ms--Dmpa,
Soon
arvchy chasp Hatir
H (
 Pro blemt
Jhe gtntratoy matu tov a. 63) block Cods isgiven.

Hhd all Gode Vec.tos this Coola

ioo o

Sol Stes
Hind P sub malur om G
obtain &quattonr tov chenk bit Osing CMP
nd chesk utr for each Tsg Vector

We enow
Gc Prer
Coo

Pgx3
Ka, yen-k =à n.=6
Vegtos

As k=3, we have = 2°-8meag/symbo ly

Messagt bit al A m

O
 2-3

P Su lb mat

. ( - MP
o 1
m, m

C mxOmaxImgX= .
C2 , xI mxo MsXI M Dm3
m m2
C3
(111) J0 And Sade veetor

B MS cheek ht Code vector

vectwr in ene
Bock
weignt
CI C2
32Gm3 m mg C C2
3 wl)

O 3

O O

O O I o oo 3
Pasthk Matace'p'
Jhe en by
pauty Check mattir'H is given by

HpT:1
p
Pis Gian spose Psub matuy

P Pa -ha CPy Pa
P Ph P2 -Pk2

Pa Pea Prqy aPaa--Heq

Theuefpre h pay chock mala

P
Pu h - - ks o o - --0

P2 B-- PL2
P2 : 010--0

Pa Ba--Hra s o oo--

tammi'ng Codes
Hamming Codr al , k) unea bloctodig.
sahish fhe blbolhg
condluttens
NO chas b 97
. Block bng th - )
3 NO mg biy k =m-
Minium olistant min 3
 26
Stnce th mintmum ohstaonte (cin Hamming cod
is3tis Ustd v dettet douba enos & Correct

Sigl eroY
Ihis s Obtained
dinin 7 2 t )
emin St)

3 St) 3 72tt)

275) one emor

Corr eulad
So clotubleevos de teet ep So,

Problen-29
he Paai check mallir a paxtiulas 44) ine
blcth Coode ven by n

1
1

)
: 3

Ond Caenerator MaliG

ist
1
ode vectom
whnt ts minimm oäctance huo ode vectors ),
(it
Houw How mony erTS Con be detested &
CoTreked
Solt G Wen eLinet bloe Cocle

m 4, Lo.
M- 3.
As m -1= 2°-1
So gtven Code is lamming todi
 3x
H
3x4
Io
I o o

pT

' O
O Jaxy

Genevaby Mtiv

(T Code veetos

M 3
m2 m
o
 24

C m fm, m my xo=m,mOm3
C2 m, m2TxO O Ty =m2Dmy
C3 m, Omaxo ma my

egages Chet bib Code Yeetov wetgn

ms y C C2 (3 wlr)
a C Cz C3
OO O
O O
o
3
O0 o O 3
o
O o o
o O

33
0IIo
O o

3
O
O O

o o 0 3
o f Oo10 3

IO1. 0 o ID
 Snalleyt Weiht othey than o CodaVedor
Jho
is3 So nin3

tle enow iOmin 3 oY hammtvg od

min 7St1
32 St)
2evos deter teod

cnin 7 2t4)
37 2t)
Conr eet ed

En Code
Cncode hmmhamming locl-
lan be
orthe aove FLampla,Encool

olauw Ms hegit1/

M
Code wovds

C3
check bit 2eatev

Jhe Soiteh s Conrecded mesS age negeter krsty

hit ate taanomited, than tonnected o
all
all mg
Check b't negst ey
u tranmited
Synclnome etocling
Synclrome Deoirg the Method Used to to 1et
eo1s in irea lock lding Lt the ronsnited
Codo vestoi be x G o1esponding neleived e Vect

be nepe ented by
thon
= Ythere tsansmissibn esms
X#Y :1here
These ane ernO1s duning nansmissin

Jhe detodey detects Of C1ects these eos in

Y VSing tha
USsthg Stored brt patten in the decode .

and mo1e biE ane

Jor langer block ngths, more

Stoved in he dender. This increae

Meautred tobe
the meo add to tho ompler'4y
menD1y nequise ment and
and Cost the yten
is
Jo avoid hase problems, Syrdrome deLcding
USen Lina block eody.
We pnow that the eveyln, k) tinea bleck cede,
these exist a
Paity theck mal [H) s n

Jqxn
Jhe ians pose above mar an be tbtauned by

interchanging fhe MoDs the Colum ng e

 P

wh
PSubmais sip kxi
Identihy matuy Sige y*
Ompotant propes y ed in synhane de lading
he aans pose Paty cheek matir ) ha»
Veu imo tant pipe
XHT o. o . -- o

Jmay Jy
tha transmt es =lo) , thon
neceved Co de vecoi is thon
YH =o 9+ no tiroYS

yH 4
Sunchome (s)
wmw
the produet YH
he non-Rio Output g
is sed to detect h
iscalled Syrdrome and it
is sen ted S
exToTS in Y. Sundrome tepe
Se YT

SyN
Detoc ting eOY wrth the help 4 Syndone and

Eos Ve tor E
n-bit evor Vectoy E.
h us Congid ev am

t this Vector epresent the Positon otaNSm i'ssicn

trois in y.

X =1 o o)trasmit ed vedbv.

Y i o oT)>Rece ed vecor
Jhen E Co oOo0)-repyesen t eyo
Vectoy

71epYesent errors in y.
he non-2d esie
Lwlu
Heve we Cam
Y E
o o o®
Y-C O

O) XYDE
x 1Do oDD

y C
As the Syndhoie * 9'ven by
Se YHT
as Ye E thon

SkDE)
XHT E HT xfr6)
(S EHTRelah on bw
Synehm Br1o pathn
ple
Jhe Aity chek malti a
4,4). ammir Code is
9vey av

o 3
Calaulat Syndhoma ve ctov bov Stmgle bit evDYS
m-k 3
Jo detevmine e vo patt evn or Segle bit erors
the lengtfh EyDY pottens teSat){H
Eov patem is a brt evmoy vectoy
s o oy vestor lE, Nonzeo b
erYoY
o O O
dbit O o o O

O
th bit
O
sth bt O O
6th bit O O O
fh bit O O

(alulalin Synolvomes S EH

H
Sndhome foubit intov. o
S,E, 100 0 ooo) io
OO

.1oDoDODODoMO O0®otoDoD000 16080 o@oDR

S
Syncl rome br d bit tn
e 101.

S 6HT
' o o o oo o

o 01J.

S oD1®oBO Do Doo|

> Synd1ome r 370 bit in er 101.

S E -(o o o oo o

o®oDo®D®O®D oD0DoDo BobD

J

Synd ome o h bit ineror

Sy y 4T- (o o oi oo o)

oO
 owoDo®0®Do HoDD ODODo®1Do®o®d
Sy
7Syndome fov 5hbit in er0
Ss Es HT o o o oo|0o

o oDoDOOI Do@o
oBDDoDo@oDo®Od oDD®DDoDobD Do
g-io
Syndhome or6th bit in enor

OD
OI'D
001

S o po
Sy ndho me y Tth bit in evo to

o oo o o o
O

DIO

S-o o01

Sypdome
O To H
O O O 3d 70
3rd
H'
O O O O O
O O
sth od o HT
O
O O
 A
ETTOY Coretion Usin Syncrome Vectort-

de e's See how

how Stigbit ev101S Can be Co11ected Vsi

Syndrome de toding le will see this tor 4) blok odp

Lt the Cians mited Code. vector be
X CiI o oII o
Coeated tn 3d bt inh necerved
Let theve is on esvoY

Code vetb y. Jhun Y ill be

0 0 b t 2rroY

Steps o eor Coecion

alculat tha Syndrome S-H
hich s Same y's.
&. Chek the now oHT
3. h T
oi pth 7Dud
o H p bit
iS in eroy. Hente
ite vecdy E).
w te Corespondihg eTsor

obtaun CoTTect vecto by e Y®E.

obtain Syndhome Veto (
S YH

S o o o

S 1o®I@O®1DoDo oDoDIDOD1OD
S
ere
Weinou
S: YHT= EHT
-1o
DJD de termne o H'hich r Sam a
On CompaRing thus Sy ndrome wth H, tn the
yndrome obtained s= io) the zd nos H
4 H
T.

Jherefor EYD Padey E(o ol o oo )

i) enw1 Puttern
E o oI oooo
3oobtain Covveet vectoy
from
Jhe Covreet vector obtained

X DE

Same ay trarsmite
X 1 oo 1o Code vetbY

lhat hofpeny f daible esT01 Oos in

Vector X'ie
megage
Bonsidae T Same
and
X o o I
har erros
in
in 3 Guhuiy
vecto y
he neceived
o DO 11oJ
 20

Jhan S YHT v

S oI o
1o)

s io1)
teve Sundrome CorTespondr to an ervor
padeyn
E O o o 0o 0) which is og a r erosin 3,9 bit
So
So, Ero1 deteeon
& Correetion pes twiorg.
he probabilto OtuTen te mul kipb erros
is less Compased to
Single esvorS Jo Co1rest mulipla-
evros, 2x tencled hammin9 odos a l
bsee.
Problem
Jo1 a unea block Cada, Prove woith esam ples that:
Al emo
Puttens hat drfer by a codeuword have
the Same Syndrome

b tg; Jhe paty check mallix is

H

onside two codewoids,

 2:20

t an eoy be inbiduted in Avst (MsR) bit

a bove ode wocs Jhen w gel
Jet

Ya o o O1
s ( oo o
Heve encxeled b+is in eno.

No,the Syndhome f o Y " is

O
oo IO

the Syndrome tov Y is

Similay
1 O

T
SS2Y s H ooIO
O

it too
Thuus the Syndome -%=i n ) even

Cocl euwovddr adlferent. Jhis Proves that tov a

Paa traula eoY pattern yncbrome S Same even
CxdeCode wddr a dutterent