Change of variables(Triple integrals):

Case(i):Change of variables from Cartesian to Cylindrical polar co-ordinates

Cylindrical Co - ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑧
𝑥! = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦! = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃,𝑧! = 0 𝑦" = r𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑥" = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃,𝑧" = 0,𝑥# =0, 𝑦# =0 ,𝑧# = 1
𝑥! 𝑥" 𝑥# 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0
$(&,(,#)
J= $(!,",#) = 𝑦! 𝑦" 𝑦# = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 = 𝑟
𝑧! 𝑧" 𝑧# 0 0 1
Then ∭* 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭*΄ 𝑓 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 with J=r
!"# $%#

Volume in cylindrical polar co-ordinates= ∭ 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧= ∭ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

Height in terms of z
Imagine Cylinder

Base in xy plane
Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS
• Evaluation of T.I in cylindrical polar coordinates
• 1.Evaluate ∭ 𝑧 ! dxdydz taken over the volume bounded by the surfaces 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎! , 𝑥 ! +
𝑦 ! = 𝑧, and z=0
Sol:In cylindrical polar coordinates
9 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 9 𝑓 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
"!"# "΄$%#
% &'&
&
• In 𝑅΄ :G.I=∫ ∫ ∫$ 𝑧 ! dzdxdy
(%& &'& )' )
=∫ ∫ *
dxdy over the region 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎!
Put x = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 & 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦= 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Now 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎! transforms into r=a
In r=a circle, we have r: 0 to a & 𝜃:0 to 2 𝜋
(+ ( )
G.I. = ∫ ∫ * 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃=Evaluate
STEP1: First (if possible) fix z (limits in terms of other variables)limits to inner integral and evaluate
STEP2: Moving to xy-plane (𝑥 ! +𝑦 ! = 𝑎! ) ,evaluate double integral in polar coordinates by the
substitution 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 & 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥=r 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
STEP3:In polar co-ordinates, we integrate first w.r.t r & then w.r.t 𝜃

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

• 1.Evaluate ∭ 𝑧 L dxdydz taken over the volume bounded by the
surfaces 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L = 𝑎L , 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L = 𝑧, and z=0
From given surfaces 𝑧: 0 to 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L
𝑦:− 𝑎L − 𝑥 L to 𝑎L − 𝑥 L
𝑥:-a to a
Fix these limits to G.I and Try to evaluate

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

Volume as T.I (in cylindrical polar coordinates)

1.Find the volume bounded by the cylinder 𝑥 , + 𝑦 ,=4 and the planes y+z=4 and z=0

Sol: V=∭- 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∭ 𝑑𝑧(𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃)

From given surfaces z: 0 to 4-y
/0(
V=∬ ∫. 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥= ∬ 4 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 over the region 𝑥 , + 𝑦 ,=4
Put 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 & 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥=r 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Now 𝑥 , + 𝑦 ,=4 transforms into r=2
Here 𝜃: 0 to 2𝜋 r: 0 to 2
21 , 21 ,
V=∫. ∫. (4 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) r 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃= ∫. ∫. (4𝑟 − 𝑟 ,𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = =16 𝜋 units
STEP1:Write volume as V=∭- 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∭ 𝑑𝑧(𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃)
STEP2: First (if possible) fix z (limits in terms of other variables)limits to inner integral
and evaluate
STEP3: Moving to xy-plane (𝑥 ,+𝑦 ,=4) ,evaluate double integral in polar coordinates
by the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 =Dr.DRAJ'S,𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 & 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥=r 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Dr. MVDNS
Volume as T.I (Direct method)

1.Find the volume bounded by the cylinder 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L =4 and the planes

y+z=4 and z=0
Sol: V=∭M 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
From given surfaces 𝑧: 0 to 4-y
𝑦:− 4 − 𝑥 L to 4 − 𝑥 L
𝑥:-2 to 2
L ON P ! ONR
V=∫NL ∫N ON P ! ∫Q 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =Evaluate(it takes time)
x y z

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

• 2.Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! =az, the cylinder 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! =2ay and the
plane z=0
Sol:V=∭, 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥= ∭ 𝑑𝑧(𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃)
Here z: 0 to 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! /a
%& &'& /a
V=∬ ∫$ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
!
= ∬(𝑥 ! +𝑦 ! /𝑎)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 over 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! =2ay 𝜃=
" 𝜃 r=2a 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Put 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 & 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥=r 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 0 0
Now the circle equation (cylinder) becomes !
𝜃=0 2a
𝑟 ! =2a 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜃=𝜋 "

Here r: 0 to 2a 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜋 0
Now from r= 2a 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (perpendicular line symmetry), 𝜃: 0 to 𝜋
- !./012 !
V=∫$ ∫$ 𝑟 /𝑎 r 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
-
=4𝑎* ∫$ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
-/!
=8 𝑎* ∫$ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

)
!. . 156 15* 157 -
Formula:∫$ 𝑓(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃= 2∫$ 𝑓(𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝜃)= 𝑓(𝜃) and∫$ 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 𝜃 d 𝜃 =
& ……….
1 15! 153 !
Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS
• 2.Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L =az, the
cylinder 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L =2ay and the plane z=0 (Direct method)
Sol:V=∭M 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
From given surfaces z: 0 to 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L /a
In xy plane(𝑥 L + 𝑦 L =2ay )
x: − 2𝑎𝑦 − 𝑦 L to 2𝑎𝑦 − 𝑦 L
y: 0 to 2a
LX LXRNR ! P ! YR ! /a
V=∫Q ∫N LXRNR ! ∫Q 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =Evaluate(it takes time)
y x z

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

• Prob4:Find the volume of the portion of the sphere 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! + 𝑧 ! = 𝑎! lying inside the cylinder
𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎𝑦
Sol: Given curve eqns are 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! + 𝑧 ! = 𝑎! and 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎𝑦
The required volume is easily found by changing to cylindrical polar co-ordinates (r, 𝜃, 𝑧)
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 & J=𝑟
.& 5% & 5'&
V=∬ ∫5 .&5% &5'& 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∬ 𝑎! − 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! dydx over 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎𝑦.
Now we transform this region into polar coordinates by the substitution
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 & 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Here r varies from 0 to 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃& 𝜃 varies from 0 to 𝜋
- ./012
Hence required volume V=2∫$ ∫$ 𝑟 𝑎! − 𝑟 ! drd 𝜃
! & (− !)]𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 d𝜃
'
- .' -
= 2 ∫$ [ 𝑎! −𝑟 = 2 * ∫$ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 * 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
* 0
.' - * .' )⁄
=2 [𝜋 − ∫$ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃] = 2 [𝜋 − 2 ∫$ &
𝑐𝑜𝑠 * 𝑑𝜃]
* *
.' *56 !.'
= 2 * [𝜋 − 2 * ] = 9 (3𝜋 − 4 )

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

• 5.Find the volume of the portion of the sphere 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L + 𝑧 L = 𝑎L
LX "
lying inside the cylinder. 𝑥 L + 𝑦 L = 𝑎𝑥 (Ans: (3𝜋 − 4)
b
• Hint: Here r varies from 0 to 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃& 𝜃 varies from −𝜋/2 to 𝜋/2

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

• Case(ii)Change of variables from Cartesian to Spherical polar co-ordinates

Spherical polar co-ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛷, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑥+ 𝑥2 𝑥=
:(%,',<)
J= = 𝑦+ 𝑦2 𝑦= = 𝑟 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
:(+,2,=)
𝑧+ 𝑧2 𝑧=
∭" 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭"΄ 𝑓 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛷, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑 𝛷
!"# $%*

V= ∭ 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷 where J= 𝑟 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Max.limits:0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 & 0 ≤ 𝛷 ≤ 2𝜋

General Spherical polar co-ordinates(also called elliptic coordinates) :

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛷, 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑥+ 𝑥2 𝑥=
:(%,',<)
• J= = 𝑦+ 𝑦2 𝑦= = = abc𝑟 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
:(+,2,=)
𝑧+ 𝑧2 𝑧=
Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS
z-axis

𝜃: 0 to π

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

 6 65%& 6 ><>'>%
• 1.Prob:Evaluate ∫$ ∫$ ∫ %&&'& & & &
% &' &<
Sol:To change Cartesian co-ordinates(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to polar co-ordinates(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝛷) ,
put 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos𝛷 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and J= 𝑟 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
From limits of integration 𝑧: 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! to 1, 𝑦: 0 to 1 − 𝑥 ! & 𝑥: 0 to 1
From the limits 𝑧 = 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! ⇒ 𝑟cos 𝜃 = (rsin 𝜃cos𝛷)! +(rsin 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷)!
-
⇒ 𝑟cos 𝜃 = 𝑟sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟 = 0 , 𝜃=
3
𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 0, 𝜃 = 0, 𝛷 = 0
-
𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛷 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 0, 𝜃 = 0, 𝛷 =
!
- -
• ∴ 𝑟: 0 to 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃, 𝜃: 0 to and 𝛷: 0 to
) )
3 !
𝟐
/?@2 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽>+>2>=
Given integral = ∫$& ∫$+ ∫$
+&

𝛷 𝜃 r – Integration order
) )
/?@2 ( ! 56)-
=∫$ ∫$ ∫$
& + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷 =
3

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

 6 65%& 65%& 5'& >%>'><
• Imp:2. Prob:Evaluate triple integral ∫$ ∫$ ∫$ by changing into spherical
65%& 5'& 5< &
polar coordinates
Sol: To change Cartesian co-ordinates to Spherical polar coordinates , put 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos𝛷 ,
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and J= 𝑟 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
From limits of integration 𝑧:0 to 1 − 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! , 𝑦: 0 to 1 − 𝑥 ! & 𝑥: 0 to 1
(Also the region of integration is the volume of the sphere 𝑥 ! +𝑦 ! + 𝑧 ! = 1 in the +ve octant
- -
for which 𝑟 varies from 0 to 1 ,𝜃 varies from 0 to and 𝛷 varies from 0 to )
! !
-
𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =0 ⇒ r=0 or 𝜃 = 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! ⇒ 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! + 𝑧 ! = 𝑎! ⇒ r=a
!
𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷=0 ⇒ r=0 , 𝜃=0,𝛷=0 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 ! ⇒ 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎! ⇒nothing
-
𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos𝛷 =0 ⇒ r=0 , 𝜃=0,𝛷=
) ) &
!
6 65%& 65%& 5'& >%>'>< 6 + /012
∫$ ∫$ ∫$ = ∫$ ∫$& ∫$& 65+& 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷
65%& 5'& 5< &
) )
6 65(65+ & )/012
=∫$ ∫$ ∫$
& &
&
𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷
) )
65+
6 6
=∫$& ∫$& ∫$ { &
− 1 − 𝑟 ! }𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷
) )
65+
+ 6 1
=∫$& ∫$& [sin56 𝑟 − 1 − 𝑟 ! − sin56 𝑟] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷
) )
!
&
! 0
- -
= ∫$& ∫Dr.DRAJ'S,
$
& 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷 =
Dr. MVDNS
3 F
• Prob3:Using Triple integral ,find the volume of the sphere 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! + 𝑧 ! = 𝑎!
Sol:The sphere is symmetrical about the 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis and 𝑧-axis in space
Hence we get 8 symmetric parts of the sphere
Required volume = 8(volume of the solid bounded by the sphere in first octant)
In positive octant 𝑧 varies from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑎! − 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 !
𝑦 varies from 𝑦=0 to 𝑎! − 𝑥 !
𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝑎
To change Cartesian coordinates(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to spherical polar coordinates(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝛷) ,
put 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos𝛷 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and J= 𝑟 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
-
𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =0 ⇒ r=0 or 𝜃 = 𝑧 = 𝑎! − 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! ⇒ 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! + 𝑧 ! = 𝑎! ⇒ r=a
!
𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷=0 ⇒ r=0 , 𝜃=0,𝛷=0 𝑦 = 𝑎! − 𝑥 ! ⇒ 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑎! ⇒nothing
-
𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos𝛷 =0 ⇒ r=0 , 𝜃=0,𝛷=
!
- -
∴ 𝑟: 0 to a 𝜃: 0 to 𝛷 : 0 to
! !
V=8 ∭, 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∭ 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷
) )
. ! 3-.'
= 8∭ 𝑟 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷 =8 ∫$ ∫$ ∫$ 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷=
& & 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
*

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

 !! #! %!
Prob4:Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + =1
"! $! &!
Sol: Given ellipsoid is symmetrical about the 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis and 𝑧-axis in space
Hence we get 8 symmetric parts of the ellipsoid
Required volume = 8(volume of the solid bounded by the ellipsoid in first
octant)
In first octant,
!! #! !!
𝑧 varies from 0 to c 1 − − , 𝑦 varies from 0 to b 1 −
"! $! "!
𝑥 varies from 0 to a
To change Cartesian coordinates(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to generalized spherical polar
coordinates(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝛷)
put 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos𝛷 , 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and J=abc 𝑟 ' 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

 1
𝑧 = 0 ⇒ c𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =0 ⇒ r=0 or 𝜃 =
,
&& (& && (& #&
𝑧 =𝑐 1− 8&
− 9& ⇒ 8&
+ 9& + :& = 1 ⇒ r=1
𝑦 = 0 ⇒ b𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷=0 ⇒ r=0 , 𝜃=0,𝛷=0
1
𝑥 = 0 ⇒ a𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃cos𝛷 =0 ⇒ r=0 , 𝜃=0,𝛷= ,
1 1
∴ 𝑟: 0 to 1 𝜃: 0 to , 𝛷 : 0 to ,
V=8 ∭- 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∭ 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷
= 8𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∭ 𝑟 ,𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷
' '
; , /18(
=8𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∫. ∫. ∫. 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷= < 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐
& & 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS

• Case 3: Let the function 𝑥=𝛷q 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 , 𝑦=𝛷L (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) and
𝑧=𝛷r (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) be the transformation from Cartesian coordinates to
the curvilinear coordinates 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤
• The Jacobian for this transformation is given by
wP wP wP
wt wu wv
P,R,s w(P,R,s) wR wR wR
• J = J( )= = (≠ 0)
t,u,v w(t,u,v) wt wu wv
ws ws ws
wt wu wv
• Then ∭x 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭x΄ 𝑓( 𝛷q , 𝛷L , 𝛷r ) 𝐽 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑤
Dr.DRAJ'S, Dr. MVDNS