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137 views85 pagesSoftware Engineering
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Software Engineering (CST : Sem & 6)
1° Balin: 2070.11
Edition 2011-12
3° ition : 2012.18
4° Baition 2010.14
5° Baton 2074.15,
6° ition : 2015-16
7 Edition : 2016.17
8° Bition : 2017.18
Price: Rs, 90- on
= CONTENTS Ses
UNIT; INTRODUCTION (-1Cw 128g,
lntrwhacion to Software Engineer, Sftwate Companens Softens
Characteristics, Software Cris, Software Engineering Brocton
‘Slay and Diterences ren Conventional Experi Prt,
Software Quality Altai. Senet Orvelopenet ile ise GOLE)
Models: Water Fall Model, Prototype Model. spial Model,
Evolutionary Development Models, leranve Enhancement Moxie
LUNTTII; SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS RS)
@1Cw2416)
Requirement’ Engineering, Process: Elicitation, Analysis
‘Decumentaon, Review and Management of User Nee,
Study, Information Modeling, Data Flow Diagrams, Entity
Relationship Diagrams, Decision Tables, RS Decument IEEE
Standards for SRS" Sofware Quality Assurance SOA). Venison
Sn Validation, SQA Plans, Software Quality Framencrks 150
9000 Models SE-CAM Ste
UNITIII: SOFTWARE DESIGN G1Cw3360)
Basic Concept of Software Design. Architectural Desgn, Low Level
Design Movularvation, Dean Stuctur Curt Pasa Cakes fess
‘Guat Coupling an Caeser Measures, Design Setnges Fares
‘Gren Design Object Onened Oesg Top Down an Bote Up
Desig Sofware Measurement ant Mets Various See Orci
Measures. Holestad's Software Science, Function Point FP) Based
Measure, Cheomatc Complexity Measures Conte Pw Gap
UNIT:IV: SOFTWARE TESTING 1Ct0433.0)
Testing Objectives, Unit Testing, integration Testing. Acceptance
Testing, Regression Testing, Testing or Functor and fsting
for Tecformance, Top-Down and Battom Up Testing statepe
Test Divers and Test Stubs Structural Testing (Wt Bon Teen,
Functional Testing (Black Box Testing Test Bata Sat Preparation,
Alpha and Beta Testing of Produ Static Testing States
Formal Technical Reviews (Pee Reviews), Wale Thrvgh: Code
Inspection Compliance with Design and Coding Standards
UNIV: SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND SPM. (5-1 Cto'5-31.C)
Sforare a an Evelutionary Ent, Ned for Maiatarce,Categnes
of Maintenance Preventive, Cortive and Perketve Matera
Cont of Maintenance, Software Re Engineering. Reverse Engineering
Software Configuration Management Activites Change Cot
Process, Software Version Control. An Overview of CASE Tole
Estimation of Various Pararnters sch 3: Cnt, ons Shadule
Duration: Constructive Cost Models (COCOMO), Resource
Allecation Model, Software Risk Analysis ant Management
‘SHORT QUESTIONS ($0-1Ct09.18C)
‘SOLVED PAPERS (2012-18 T0 2016-17) (SPACIOSPABC) Introduction
Part
smuimnne (n2C to 1-8C)
Introduction to Softwore Engineering
Software Components
Software Characteristics
Software Crisis, fl
A. Concept Outline :Part-1
- 12€
B Long and Medium Answer Type Questions.
1-2c
Parts
(1-9€ to 1-270)
‘Software Bnainsering Processes
+ Similarity and Differences from Conventional Engineering Processe
Software Quality Attributes
Software Development Life Oyele (SDLC) Models : Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Spiral Model
Evolutionary Development Model
erative Enhancement Model
A. Concept Outline :Part.2
B Long and Medium Answer Type Questions
LAC CSN Sem-4)
1-20(CSIT-Sem-4)
\ Inkroduetion
Trtroduction to Sofas
Software Cha
CONCEPT GUTLINE + PARTY
* Software engineering : Software engineering is concerned
waa peed hae aed eee aes
hardware, software and process engineering.
+ Sdheawtmucpactpeg Se inggmetare ed |
aera
— 7]
WRB asa tit sctenive engineering? Deca
the objective / nim of oftware engineering.
Software enineering
1
According to Bochm, “Software engineering isthe practial application
of scientific knowledge in the design and construction of computer
programs and associated documentation required to develop, operate
‘and maintain them"
3. Tt deals with cost effective solutions to practical problems by applying
scientific knowlede,
Software engineering is the application of methods and scientific
knowledge to create practical cost-effective salutions for the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of sftware.
Objective aim of software engineerin
i. To understand user conceptual models and development of better
specification 1-6 (CST -Sem-4)
Bae ta] Explain the components of raftware,
oR
‘What is principle aim of software engineering discipline ? Define
software components.
Principle aim of software engineering :Refer Q.1.1, Page 1-2C, Unit
Components of software :
i. Set of programs
Program :A program isa set of instruction
1 It isa collection of source code and objects code. Examples of small
programs are factorial of number or print a sequence of number up to
sven limit.
A program is a subset of software and it becomes software only if
‘documentation and operating procedure manuals are prepared,
ji Software documents :
hice
of
1. Analysigand epecifcation ~
2 Design
3. Coding
4. Testing
‘The main aim ofthis manual isto Ip to operating staf for
rodcing desired output with the help ofthat particular sofbware.
© Iteanbe divided in two parts
1 User manual
2 Operational manuals
AC (CSMT-Sem-4)
GueTS | Define the term software engineering. Discuss the
various characteristics of software with examples.
al
Software engineering : Refer Q. 1.1, Page 1-20, Unit-L
Characteristics of software :
[ARTU 2012-13, Maris 10)
‘Software is developed or engineered, it is not manufactured in
classical sense :
1. Engineering / developing and manufacturing both are logically
different in working pattern and providing end product.
2. While for getting good quality of either hardware or software a
good design is compulsory.
3, But in manufacturing phase of hardware, a quality problem can
introduce ifproper attention isnot paid atthe time of manufacturing
‘as once a product is manufactured it cannot be modified easily
4. While this type of problem does not exist in case of software as it
can be easily modified and errors can be removed at the same
movement
Software does not wear out :
1. In introduetion stage of both hardware and software, there are
chances of high faihure rat.
2 Defects are corrected and then failure rate is reduced and steady
state comes.
Incase ofhardware after some time this failure rate start rising
seinas the hardvarepartabegin to wear ot with ime wich nas
‘aud by cumulative effect of dust, sudden temperature chan
(highow, vibration and otherenvironmental muiadien
Hardware
Software
Wear out
Tnfant mortality
Failure rate
deatized
Fig. 1.8.1, Failure curves, Software Bngineering
Cras
‘world environment must change or become progressively less useful
1-50 (CST Sem.
form a tub like
cation with
4 Thisfailre rate of hardware in relation wil
Curverwbich i liacalled “bath tub curve”
5 Incase of software, these failure are due to some undiscovered,
tn amt gone erers are correted the curve become lat and
ceruinus a the sare rte tits features become obsolete which
irealled idealized curve
{6 Inreal practice this ideal curve isnot posible because software
snot near out hut it becomes deteriorate and requires some
tuaintenance changes)
{ik Mort software is custom-built rather than being assembled from
‘existing components
1 Nowadays industries are moving towards component based
ltsembly of product whieh mean all products arenot manufactured
tthe same place
2 This type of design uses some already manufactured hardware
clement available in the market
So that designer can concentrate on truly innovative element of
design
4 While wftware is designed as por the requirement of the use.
5. Ath time of designing soRware, the developer tres to design and
implemen software element in such away that they may be reuse
inmany diferent programs
{6 Forexample, GUI is build using reusable component which an be
ued te develop other menus
iss Software is intangible:
1 Intangible products are those products which we cannot touch and
vwhoue quality cannot be measured entil the whole product is
checked
2 Forexample. a small software program which is sed to generate
telephone blleannot be said ok by only checking that, it staking
the correct input as customer name, address, number of local and
‘STD calete, unt it ischecked that iis producing correct output in
required fort
Explain why a software system that is used in a real
(AKTU 2018-16, Marks
=a
Systeme mut changer become progressively less sefl fora number
1-00 (C8IT-8em-4)
fa. The presence of the mystem changes the ways of working in ita
nvireament and thin generates new requirements Ifthese are
eer natiafed, the usefulnese of the rystem declines.
bb The business in which the system is used changes in response to
market forces and this also generates new system requirements
Theexternal legal and poltieal environment for the sytem changes
and generates new requirements
4 New technologies become available that offer significant bref
tnd the aystem must change to take advantage of them
Software change is very important because organizations are now
completely dependent on their software systems and have invested
millions of dollars in these systems.
‘Their systers are eitcal business aes and they must invest in system
change to maintain the valve ofthese assets.
A key problem for organizations is implementing and managing change
to their legacy systems so that they continue to support their business
‘operetions
‘There are « numberof different strategies for software change
Software maintenance : Changes to the software are made in
response to changed requirements but the Fundamental structure
ofthe software remains stable, This s the most common approach
used te system change.
Architectural transformation :This sa more radical approach
to sofware change than maintenance as it involves makig
significant changes to the architecture of the software syst-m
‘Most commonly, systems evolve fram a centralised, datacentric
architecture tclient-server architecture.
©. Software re-engineering: This is differen from other strategies
in that no new functionality is added to the system. Rather the
system is modifed to make it easier to understand and change
System re-engineering may involve some structural modifications
brut dors not usually involve major architectural change
GEETE | Discuss the following in briet :
i. Software characteristics
li, Difference between module and software component
‘eevee |
Software characteristics : Refer 1.3, Page 1-40, Unit-1 ‘Software Engineering
i Difference between module and software component
Module is a partitioned
| systeminto implementation
‘unite, independent task | i
‘esigument. Modules might
‘right oot be a component
ewer |
Saftware developmen stall layered teluology Tht mies to develop
saftware, one will have tego from one layer to another.
‘Thelayers are related sndeach layer demands the fulfillment ofthe previous
layer
Big. 16.18 the upward Dowchart ofthe layers of software development,
Fig. 14.
Software engincering i divide int following four layers:
L Aquality focus
Any engincering approach must rest on quality
The “Bed Rock" that mppors software engineering is quality foes.
2 Process:
4 Foundation for SE is the process layer.
1-8C (CAT-Sem-4) Introduction
SE process it the GLUE that hols all the technology layers together
‘and enables the timely development of computer software
It forms the base for management control of software project.
3 Methods:
‘a. SE methods provide the “Teehniesl Questions” fr balding eotware.
bb. Methods contain abroad array of tasks tht include communication
requirement analysis, design modeling, program construction
tecting and support.
4 Tools:
‘4 SE tools provide automated or semi-automated support for the
“Process” and the “Methods”
'b. ‘Tools are integrated so that information ereated by one tool can be
used by another.
QueLT | What is software crisis 7 Discuss main reasons and
results of software crisis,
‘Anewor
Software crisis is ase of difficulties or problems encountered while developing
software
a
tee
Dennen eta nten eater der
Decay
eatecteteen
estar
taker
Mahe et
Sai non omen cnn Beat sl sede
Pape ee 1.90 (C8ATSem-4)
+ Software engineering process It sa set of activities that
leads to the production ofa software product
+ Conventional engineering process :Itis structured logical
approach to develapa stable final product
+ Software quality : It the conformance to imple tated
‘apetina and performance requirements, explicitly documented
evelopment standards and implicit characterises that are
‘expected toll professionally developed software
+ Software development life cycle : It represents number of
identifiable stages under whieh software gacs during is fe.
1-100 (C81T-Sem-4 loeradction
Difference between software engineering process and conventional
‘engineering procers
Pe ie
1, [Fosdatins | Based campeter
| non nants
fet ead Ear |
st
Tnnovation
Replication
Dutlding ‘or development efforts,
hanging old desig to
[_ ald new features.
z Few software Many of conventional
WEBTI] ovtneconveatinal engineering presses. How i
‘uterat fom ftvaeenginering ponenee’?
a)
Conventional Process is a structured logical approach to
develop astabl final prot
% Conventional engineering process utes the software tons to design asd
salve their oom epetem
3 Therefore, developed electronic
implementation end testing
document gues through analysis, sigh
Dhases just lke software engineering
age engineers manage
tore comnts
| sarioctarog
| (Bey alae ented on
= ______. jastages "|
Wor Explain software quality attributes,
_ a
Define sttwarequaity.
Setar uty ltt nd racic tt ea
try ha deste te desi
‘tenbutes of software products It is concerned with following “ene
1 Conran cca 1-11 €(CSATSem-4)
Software Engineering = =
2 Fitness for the purpose
8 Levelof satisfaction
quality attributee area flows
a intnonally corect fit behave according to
1 Correctness: Aste
erMcune rear spesexinn
a tat rales desi op en
2 Rete Arte apne ike ardor oF ince of Ero
asin
Reuss: I expan how
weed rourenen
Toone
4 Porae Stare toprtat
ite acs toro on sm
Saeed
reestandabiity ow wld the developers understand nyt
ane super evlaatyanguntesanta.
4 Pesformane Insofar egeerng performance ies with
aera quel eprom ts operation,
saperabiy Cana sytem ceperate wth ante sytem
At vesmabiestcucks wether the propertin ste system be vr
8 Tien
te Eoiency ts tbe ety fsetware yates flit purges with
ree nomenon emu ich ne erage
‘Pawan hae prorat
does system behave in situations not
rureect input, hardware failure, las
ithe ease with which asoftware
ier other than one for which it
ability to deliver a system on time,
‘oe Lad | Whatssottware quality? What are three dimensions of
oftware quality? Explain briefy, _ [ARFUB0IS-14, Maes 05)
‘ARTU 2016-16, Marke 19)
‘Answer
Software quality : Refers Q.19, Page 1-100, Unit-1
Thrce dimensions of software quality are :
L. Quality of design : I is the extent to which the design reflects
prodoct or ervice that satisfies customer needs and expectations. All
‘the necessary characteristics should be designed into the product oF
service at the outset
AC (CST Sem-4) Tinea
2 Quality of conformance : Iti the extent to which the product or
service conforms ts the design standard The design has tbe fathfaly
reproduced in the product or service
| Quality of use : It is the extent by which the user is able to secure
tontinuity of use from the product or aervice, Products need to have a
low cont of ownership, be safe and reliable, maintainable in se, nd
ceaty to use
Que Lil.] Explain Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Discuss various activities during SDLC.
1 eh
also ‘and their sequence in life
2 Softwar life eyele represents numberof identifiable stages under which
software goes duringits life
‘We have different ie cycle mode
and disadvantages
each one have its own advantages
4. We ean choose any one of them on the basis of
1. Development speed
Product quality
i, Projet visibility
iv. Administrative overhead
Risk exposure
Phases of software development life cycle models:
Requirement definition (system analysis and system specification)
‘System and component (software) design
i. Implementation and unit testing
i. Integration and system testing
Operation and maintenance Software Bagineering
] Tey 1
(eree| 4
Fig. 111.1. Software development lf pele model
nd product ofeach phase
The output of roqurement definition is software requirement
specification (SHS) document.
1h The output of system and software design is entity relationship
TER) cungram, dota flow diagrarn DPD), low chart te
