PEPER AMAA BAEF IOS y MRSFundamentals of Model Rocketry s#x Principle of Propulsion of Model Rockets ‘To briefly explain how a model rocket flies, suppose that Mr. A and Mr. B, who weigh the same, are on roller skates and facing each other on a flat surface. If Mr. A pushes Mr. B as hard as he can, Mr. B will naturally fall back. This is because the exact same force that pushed Mr. B will work in the opposite direction. This is called “action-reaction,” in the third law of Newtonian kinematics. Ina model rocket, the combustion of the engine causes the exhaust gases to be ejected at high speed towarcs the earth's surface. During this, the rocket body is subjected to the same force in the opposite direction based on the “action-reaction’ principle, so it fes into the sky. The simplest principle of propulsion for model rockets is the rubber balloon. When you blow air into the balloon to inflate it and release your hand, it will fly away. The air in the balloon has mass even though it seems very light. Moreover, it is compressed and dense. Blowing this massive air backward is the action, and the reaction makes the balloon go forward. + Air Resistance (Drag) When you inflate the balloon and then letitfiy, it spins around, and you have no idea where it is going. This is because air resistance is a major force that prevents balloons from lying. This force is proportional to the shape of the object and the density of the air, and also increases in proportion to the square of the speed. This is expressed by the formula: D; Drag Force (N) V: Velocity 2 5 ty(mis) D=1/2C,pV7A —_C,; Drag Coefficient A; Reference Area(m’) As shown in the figure on the right, try ; Atmospheric Density swinging your arm with your palm up OF Oa Fees Du Ar Cay down. If you swing it slowly, you will not feel much difference, but if you swing Shape with Low Drag Force quickly, you will notice the magnitude of ua) é Sa resistance changes depending on your ~ = hand shape. This is because the resistance is proportional to the reference area (projected area) of the ‘object and also proportional to the square of the velocity. Drag force wil differ based on the shepe of the abject. The drag coefficient (C,) varies depending on the shape andsurface Streamlined, of the object, and the coefficients for 4 types of shapes are shown below. Dr Shape oethisert ‘Square 1.05 Wind Sphere 0. 47 V o Streamlinedwersons] OL 1 Steamlned sohere Cube ‘Streamlined 0.05 (Rear Truncated) Comparison of object sizes when drag is equal To make a model rocket fly high, it is necessary to reduce as much air resistance(drag) as possible. This drag is divided into four types depending on how itis generated: skin friction drag, form drag, induced drag, and interference drag. To reduce drag, the shape of the rocket body and fins (tail fins) should be made smooth and aerodynamic, and if possible, the rear of the rocket should be streamlined. Painting or polishing the surface is also effective.> Center of Gravity and Center of Pressure When a model rocket flies through the air, if ihe balance between the center of gravity and the canter of pressura is not right, the rocket will not fly straight. Next, we will explain the meaning of the center of gravity and center of pressure and a simple way to obtain them, ‘© Center of Gravity (CG) and How to Find It This refers to the center of mass of a model racket, including the engine. It can be thought of as ‘the point where overall mass, momentum, potential energy, and gravily are concentrated even when the rocket is moving forward orretaling. The engine is at the rear and it works against this center of gravity, and during powered flight, as fuel buns, the center of gravity moves forward. A simple way to find the cantar of gravity (CG) is to balance tha completad madel rocket on a wedge-shaped object as shown on the right, The center of gravity is the point where the rocket is horizontal. (At this time, the rocket should be equipped with engines, recovery wadding, parachutes, etc... and the measurement should be made under launch conditions.) © Canter of Pressure (CP) and How to Find It Each part of the model rocket during flight is subjected to its own air pressure. The center of pressure (CP) is the point at which thase pressures can be treated together as a single force, and it moves back and forth depending on the angle of attack, 90 degrees is the mast forward, and a small angle of atlack is the most rearward Tha GP can be caloulated from the shape of the fuselage, but we can prepare a silhouette of the rocket (right diagram) whare the point that is balanced is the center of pressure. This method is called tha cardboard cutout method, A general model rocket kit has a CP calculated at an angle of attack 80°, in which the CP is located at the most forward it can possibly be located at. Though wind =. Diraction of Mation direction will vary more, a stable fight can EF a be conducted. ‘Angle of Attack Vertical Axis iS — Diagram of *& Stable Rocket Flight Angle of Attack Rockets fly through air without any support after it is launched. If the center of gravity of the rocket were on its central axis, the converging line of the engine thrust would have to coincide with the central axis. If there is even the slightest deviation, the rocket will start to pivot and deviate from its correct trajectory. When building a model rocket, the angine mount must be precisely aligned with the ‘central axis of tha rocket. a However, because its difficult to ensure 2 ‘that the engine thrust is even across the ia entira nozzle cross-section, itis impossible - for the ling of thrust to always coincide with the central axis line. ‘ic in The mation of a rocket is divided into three axes of motion: roll, pitch, and yaw, as shown in the figure on the right. Rocket Movement (Roll, Pitch, and Yaw )In a real rocket, the thrust is automatically changed to adjust its direction, but in a small rocket like the model rocket, it can be stabilized by adding fins at the rear so that the force of air works away from the rear of the center of gravity. There are three possible positions for the center of gravity and the center of pressure, as shown in the figure on the right. Dis positive, 2 is neutral, and © is negative. ‘The model rocket will not undergo stable flight unless the center of gravity is in front of the center of pressure. Therefore, is the best option. When building your own model rocket, the ratio of overall length to diameter should be at least 10:1. The distance between the center of gravity and the center of pressure should be equal to or greater than the diameter. ~~ The Swing Test To check the stability of a rocket, the center of gravity and center of pressure can be determined using the aforementioned methods and formulas, or by conducting the “Swing Test’ ‘Attach the engine, parachute, etc. to the rocket, and tie the rocket to the center of gravity with a strong string such as a 3-m-iong kite string so that the rocket is horizontal, and secure it with tape. Hold one end of the string and ‘swing it around in a large circle. Stability (positive) can be confirmed when the rocket is heading in the correct direction of travel, even with slight changes in speed and up and down waves. Ifthe rocket goes around in circles it is neutral, and if it goes backwards and forwards, it is negative. If this is the case, increase the size of the fins or fil the nose cone with clay and test again ‘Once stability is confirmed, lower the position of the string backward slightly in a position where the nose cone points down about 10 degrees, and swing it around in the same manner. If the nose cone still moves stably in the direction of travel, itis considered to be sufficiently stable. Kl rection the rockets gong. “The tip ofan ancmamstor faces th decton off wn The rocket's stability is maintained by the fins. (\ ) CHES @ Positive @ Neutral @ Negative Relationship Between the Location of the Center of Gravity and Center of Pressure of the Rocket yore When the area of the fine are 4.2% 1.2 times the area of the fuselage itis stable }) 120 120 Atleast 100 Things to Consider When Building Your Own Model Rocket The Swing Test [tach ths thas athe pion wha the rocket tp i about 10" oxy Fon 9 Stability Test of Model Rocket+ The Multistage Method A multistage rocket is used to fly a model rocket to a higher altitude: the second stage is ignited as soon as Expect the first stage finishes burning, and the first stage is detached by the gas from the second stage, and the rocket continues to fly. Then, a recovery device (streamer) is activated to return the rocket to the ground In the first stage, the engine used is called the booster engine, which has no delay charge or ejection charge. The engine rating system is indicated as 0 for the last delay time, and there are three types: A10-0T, B6-0, and C6-0. ‘The engine used for the second stage is called an upper stage engine, which has a longer delay time of 5-7 seconds to facilitate rocket recovery. When launching with the multistage system, the total combined engine gunpowder should not exceed 20g using the standard gunpowder reference below. 2 Barel 3 Cluster we The Cluster Method . if the multistage system is used to achieve higher Ht _ altitudes, the cluster (bundle) or parallel (arrangement) | method is used to launch heavier loads, as seen on the 3 Baral diagram to the right. This method increases the 4 Cluster instantaneous thrust so that the maximum weight of the load can be increased efficiently, but it is structurally disadvantageous, having reduced efficiency for an } aircraft that lifts with a single engine. Also, the cluster Cluster (parallel) method method involves igniting multiple engines simultaneously, so a controller with a low electric current of 6V cannot be used. Please use a capacitor-charged 5 + type or one with a large electric current of 12V as the . SF controller. SG When launching with the cluster method, use the same = type of engine and make the total gunpowder amount a maximum of 20g when creating the combination. The right diagram shows the connection method of the + ignitor as well as the clip whip (the combination part of - the micro clip) when clustering. Multistage (two-stage) method and engine example Clip Whip #< Gunpowder Standard Reference (Japanese Association of Rocketry Approved) Engine Type | Kwanris) | Engine Type | Snceng) | Engine Type | wena Ag-4T ae | Be-o $s | Bens ae Al)-0T 40 B6-2 11 c5-3 14.5 Al)-3T Ag B6-4 a4 c6-0 13.0 WtA6-2 ae B4a-2 a1 Cc6-3 4.2 A8&-3 68.6 B4a-4 4.8 C6-5 14.9 AB-5 63 B4a-6 10.5 c6-7 18.6 3% Engines that fall under the category of gunpowder flares are limited to FA cerlfied C type engines that are a maximum of 20g of total gunpowder (including the ignitor) 3 The gunpowder amount of the engine includes the propellant, delay composition, ejection charge, as well as the ignition powder for the booster engine combined. The gunpowder of the ignitoris 0.029,Model Rocket Structure and The Flight Process The engine structure consists of the three layers of the propellant, delay composition, and the ejection charge, where after the propellant combustion, inertial flight at a specified time is conducted and the parachute ejection charge is ignited. To protect the parachute from the heat generated, fireproof paper called the recovery wadding is inserted between the engine and the parachute. With this curriculum, you can obtain a grade 4 model rocket license. Usable Engine Range for Grade 4 Model Rocket License (Based on Notification 499) Type _| Net impulse Ns) [Combustion Time (s)| Delay Time (s) 18-3 2.5 0.32 3 86-4 5.0 0.83 4 (5-3 10.0 2.10 3 c6-7 10.0 1.70 7 Election Charge (Parachute Ejection) Delay Time / Seconds @ Callecion System Release ‘Avorage Newtonian Theust Not Impulse Clacton System Delay Compesition (to extend s : Opens time unt! parachute ejection) Exhaust Nozzle Solid State Fuel (for thrust) ‘ Structure of a Modal Recket Rise and Acceleration {rom high thrust Lanaing ane Screw Eye Callecton ‘Shock Cord Snap Swivel ‘Shock Cord Mount Body Tube Parachute (teemer Recovery Wadding ‘ . (Flome-resetant paper) Fight Process! Engine Btock Launch Lug Pipe Space Ring ‘© Modal Rocket Engine Charactrsties (Basic Structure dad Functiens) Engine Hook Engine Mount TubeNecessary Items in the Model Rocket Launch Recovery Wadding (Flame-resistant Paper) (ye fea Geof) . Ignitor Pi Launch ignitor Pug Controller a > s Launchpad Engine for Ignitor Model Rocket Preparation for Model Rocket Launch 1 =. Setting up the Collection Device ® A. Gently crumple up the necessary —— oe amount of recovery padding, and lightly stuff it in the body tube. Pull (G for Alpha III) Fold B. Make sure the parachute lightly slides in the body tube. a v Roll up If itis tightly packed, fold it again g from the start and stuff it back in. Q yp C. When inserting the nose cone in the body tube, be careful not to get the shroud lines and the shock cord caught in it. © Insertthe nose cone Wrap the string lightly around the parachute and insert in the tube2. Installation of Igniter Plug ® Caution The igniter tip must touch the > E. Insert the igniter plug. F., Push it in slowly. G. Bend the end of the igniter wire. H, Insert the engine into the rocket propellant in the engine nozzleto (pap{pasfpafpaa-s0 (pap ignite. Igniter plugs are marked with a A8-3 engine — Yellow tag and color to indicate which engines they can be used on. . Cut the paper tape with scissors to separate the igniter. | | © i@ . Igniter wires that are attached to the igniter should be separated. V Do not use a wire with a broken end. © Place the igniter straight into the engine nozzle hole. No. ves 9 yw. e Propellant Fold and Bend and secure it with the engine hook. A. Launch and Collection Launch Area % Make sure the launchpad is set in a large open Microclip area at least 50m away from houses, power | lines, trees, and obstacles in all directions. % Make sure there are no dry leaves or easily combustible objects in the are of the launchpad. + The launch controller is placed 5m away a a) from the launchpad, and the lead line with the microclip is passed once through the Leave 5m of space hole in the leg of the launchpad.6 . Launchpad Setup 4x The launchpad should be set up so that it can be angled in the direction of the wind. 4 The launchpad should be secured with a picket or other means to prevent it from breaking. % Launch rods should not be tilted more than 30 degrees. c- Countdown and Launch % Ensure that the safety key on the firing controller is pulled out. 4 Take the safety cap off the launch rod and thread the launch lug pipe of the rocket through the launch rod. % See if the rocket moves smoothly along the launch rod. 4x Connect the microctip to the igniter lead. At this point, make sure that the microclip does not come into contact with any other metal parts. x Insert the safety key into the firing controller and check that the miniature light bulb comes on. + When all launch preparations are complete, start the countdown. More than 30° Launch Rod Stabilize with Direction neket 0p of the wind mek R71 | On the launch. OK! Seni 1 | Notow fying aircraft vmzmsat welll 5.4.3, 2] Teminus tive... Four... .1l aki | Three... Two... One... Ignition! CChack that thera ie no one around, Look around and check the sky above. 4. Hold down the bo. After Launch 4 After each launch, remove the safety key from the launch controller. 4. The removed safety key should be left inserted asa safety cap at the end of the launch pad launch rod until the next launch, The safety key and safety cap must always be connected by a single string satay key. Microctip 2. Press and hold the fring button Alter inserting the safety key, press ard hold itto urn on the lamp. Toit, goss both the safely key and he igation ting baton, Press both buttons when firing Safety Cap Launch Rod Launch Controller Safety KeyModel Rocket: Points To Look Out For When Launching , te Stabilize the launchpad with the picket. Do At most 30° not turn it more than 30° from the vertical. Don’t let the picket make it fall te Have a fire extinguisher or a bucket filled with water ready near the launchpad. Bucket of Water + All engines/igniters must be kept in G separate boxes that are not metallic. Separate in a Plastic/Vinyl Box ste Check to see that your engine does not have any cracks and that it is not 4 damaged A is No Smoking! ye Do not light any fire around the engines. # Allengines must be placed at least NO FIRES 20m from the launchpad. + Donot bring more than one At least 20m engine to the launchpad. Veen + Anyone unrelated to the launchings are prohibited from entering the engine placement area. ~*~ Be careful not to get your engine stolen. + Do not launch in strong wind, rain or thunder. (Wind Speed 8m/sec)In Case of Misfire (if it doesn’t launch) If the engine fails to ignite, remove the safety key from the launch controller and wait 30 seconds before investigating the cause. If the igniter tip was burning but the engine did not ignite, it is because the igniter tip was not touching the engine propellant. Replace with a new igniter and start over. It the igniter tio is not burning. # is either in poor contact with the microclip or there is insuffcient battery capacity in the launch controller. The microciip should be occasionally polished with sandpaper on its surface. If the batteries are low in capacity, replace all four with new alkaline batteries. More than 90% of all misfires are caused by the two causes listed above. Other possible causes include shorted or broken leads, but advice should be sought from experienced persons. Enjoy a Safe Launch Ifthe rocket opens its parachute above you and starts descending gradually, check the landing point before retrieving it. It is very dangerous to chase it while looking up. Ifthe rocket falls into a pond or river, or gets caught in tall trees or power lines, do not try to retrieve it and give up. Used up engines and igniters must be collected after launch and taken back for disposal. Modifying the engine or using it for any other purpose is prohibited by law. Never do this for your own safety. Ifan engine is accidentally damaged or is found to be outwardly damaged, it should be thoroughly soaked in water and then disposed of (buried in soil Ifit starts to rain heavily or there is thunder, the launch will be immediately suspended. The same applies if there is wind speeds of 8 m/s or more. If the weather does not improve after a short period of time, the launch will be stopped there. Observe the safety regulations for model rockets (Voluntary Consumption Standards - established by the Japan Model Rocket Association) when launching. Let's enjoy the launch! Astrocam 110 (Obsolete type) Cn i 2 Caesar Wing transport (Rotary-wing mode! Glider) Hercules (two-stagod eystom)saul] Jamod pue ng ‘speoy wg Ise] Je BouR;sIG - auiBue o/g edAy YIM BulyoUNe s6ul i | WG] 1S29] Je S9URISIQ = sUIBUS y odA] Ym BuIyoUNe] Jae BO rroune ou, HOR BEENY =S | 73 See = oO» ‘skqpueys youne| 0) WO}, C48 J 5 qj - Aqsiassed v v Ke v pedyoune7 ay} woi4 saoue}sig ay) ae