Survey methods
What is the primary purpose of conducting a survey?
a) To collect qualitative data
b) To gather information from a large population
c) To conduct experiments
d) To observe natural phenomena
Answer: b) To gather information from a large population
Which of the following is a common method of administering surveys?
a) Interview
b) Experimentation
c) Case study
d) Ethnography
Answer: a) Interview
What is a disadvantage of using a face-to-face interview in surveys?
a) Higher response rates
b) Limited geographical coverage
c) Anonymity for respondents
d) Quick data collection
Answer: b) Limited geographical coverage
Which type of survey question provides respondents with a set of predefined response
options?
a) Open-ended
b) Dichotomous
c) Multiple-choice
d) Likert scale
Answer: c) Multiple-choice
What is the term for the group of individuals from which a sample is drawn in a survey?
a) Population
b) Sample
c) Respondents
d) Subjects
Answer: a) Population
Which sampling technique involves dividing the population into subgroups and then
randomly selecting individuals from each subgroup?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Stratified random sampling
c) Systematic sampling
d) Convenience sampling
Answer: b) Stratified random sampling
In survey research, what is the purpose of a pilot study?
a) To gather data from the entire population
b) To test the survey instrument before full-scale implementation
c) To analyze survey results
d) To conduct in-depth interviews
Answer: b) To test the survey instrument before full-scale implementation
What is the response rate in a survey?
a) The percentage of the population that responds to the survey
b) The time it takes to complete the survey
c) The number of survey questions
d) The level of significance in statistical analysis
Answer: a) The percentage of the population that responds to the survey
Which of the following is a potential bias in survey research that occurs when respondents
provide socially desirable answers?
a) Response bias
b) Sampling bias
c) Nonresponse bias
d) Measurement bias
Answer: a) Response bias
What is the purpose of randomizing the order of survey questions?
a) To confuse respondents
b) To increase the response rate
c) To control for order effects
d) To save time in data analysis
Answer: c) To control for order effects
Personal Telephone Internet
Dimension Mail Survey Interview Interview Survey
Can be Generally cost-
expensive, effective,
Cost-effective especially in minimal
Cost- for large terms of travel Cost-effective, no distribution
effectiveness samples costs travel expenses costs
Higher Response rates Varies; can be
response rates, can vary, affected by
participants declining due to sample
Response Often lower may feel more telemarketing selection and
Rates response rates accountable concerns survey design
Face-to-face
interaction Limited
Limited allows for Moderate interaction,
interaction with clarification of interaction, but primarily self-
Interaction participants questions lacks visual cues administered
More
opportunity for Quick data
Potential for in-depth Quick data collection,
incomplete or responses, collection, potential for
inaccurate potential for potential for self-selection
Data Quality responses interviewer bias interviewer bias bias
Suitable for Limited by Global reach,
geographically interviewer's Can reach a accessible to
Geographical dispersed travel, more geographically participants
Reach samples localized diverse sample worldwide
Relatively slow Moderately Quick data Quick data
due to mail paced, collection, can be collection,
Speed of Data delivery and dependent on hindered by time immediate
Collection return times scheduling zones responses
Relatively high
Moderate anonymity,
Participants Face-to-face anonymity, but especially in
have a higher interaction may participants may self-
level of reduce still feel administered
Anonymity anonymity anonymity monitored formats
Low Moderate High
Technology Low technology technology technology technology
Dependency dependency dependency dependency dependency
Personal Telephone Internet
Dimension Mail Survey Interview Interview Survey
Commonly
used for Commonly used,
Declining qualitative but facing Increasing
popularity due research, challenges with popularity due
to low response especially in- declining to widespread
Popularity rates depth studies response rates internet access
Sampling
What is the primary purpose of sampling in research?
a) To reduce the size of the population
b) To increase the cost of data collection
c) To generalize findings from a subset to the entire population
d) To eliminate bias in the research process
Answer: c) To generalize findings from a subset to the entire population
What is simple random sampling?
a) Selecting individuals based on their unique characteristics
b) Dividing the population into subgroups and randomly selecting from each subgroup
c) Randomly selecting individuals from the entire population
d) Systematically selecting every nth individual from a list
Answer: c) Randomly selecting individuals from the entire population
In stratified random sampling, how is the population divided?
a) Randomly
b) Into clusters
c) Into subgroups based on certain characteristics
d) Systematically
Answer: c) Into subgroups based on certain characteristics
What is convenience sampling?
a) Selecting individuals who are readily available or easily accessible
b) Randomly selecting individuals from the population
c) Systematically selecting every nth individual
d) Selecting individuals based on specific criteria
Answer: a) Selecting individuals who are readily available or easily accessible
What is purposive sampling?
a) Randomly selecting individuals with a specific purpose in mind
b) Selecting individuals based on their willingness to participate
c) Systematically selecting every nth individual
d) Selecting individuals with specific characteristics related to the research purpose
Answer: d) Selecting individuals with specific characteristics related to the research purpose
What is systematic sampling?
a) Randomly selecting individuals from the entire population
b) Selecting individuals based on their unique characteristics
c) Systematically selecting every nth individual from a list
d) Dividing the population into subgroups and randomly selecting from each subgroup
Answer: c) Systematically selecting every nth individual from a list
What is cluster sampling?
a) Randomly selecting individuals from the entire population
b) Selecting individuals based on specific criteria
c) Dividing the population into clusters and randomly selecting entire clusters
d) Systematically selecting every nth individual from a list
Answer: c) Dividing the population into clusters and randomly selecting entire clusters
Which sampling technique is often used in qualitative research to identify key informants or
experts?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Snowball sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Quota sampling
Answer: b) Snowball sampling
In quota sampling, how are participants selected?
a) Randomly
b) Based on their unique characteristics
c) Systematically
d) Until a predetermined number of participants in each category is reached
Answer: d) Until a predetermined number of participants in each category is reached
Which sampling technique involves selecting every kth individual from a list after a random
starting point?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Stratified random sampling
d) Convenience sampling
Answer: b) Systematic sampling
Small-n
What is a defining characteristic of small-N research designs?
a) Large sample sizes
b) Generalizability to a population
c) Intensive study of a few cases
d) Quantitative data analysis
Answer: c) Intensive study of a few cases
Which research approach is commonly associated with small-N designs?
a) Experimental research
b) Survey research
c) Qualitative research
d) Longitudinal research
Answer: c) Qualitative research
In a small-N design, what is the primary emphasis on understanding?
a) Causal relationships
b) Statistical significance
c) Patterns and trends
d) External validity
Answer: a) Causal relationships
What is the purpose of using within-case analysis in small-N research?
a) To compare different cases
b) To explore patterns and variations within a single case
c) To establish generalizability
d) To focus on external validity
Answer: b) To explore patterns and variations within a single case
Which term is often used to describe the replication of findings across multiple cases in
small-N research?
a) External validity
b) Reliability
c) Generalizability
d) Cross-case analysis
Answer: d) Cross-case analysis
Parametric n non
In nonparametric tests, what is often used as a measure of central tendency instead of the
mean?
a) Mode
b) Median
c) Range
d) Standard deviation
Answer: b) Median
Which nonparametric test is used for comparing medians of two independent groups?
a) Mann-Whitney U test
b) Independent samples t-test
c) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
d) Kruskal-Wallis test
Answer: a) Mann-Whitney U test
What is the nonparametric equivalent of the independent samples t-test?
a) Mann-Whitney U test
b) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
c) Paired samples t-test
d) Kruskal-Wallis test
Answer: a) Mann-Whitney U test
Which nonparametric test is appropriate for comparing medians of more than two groups?
a) Kruskal-Wallis test
b) Mann-Whitney U test
c) Friedman test
d) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Answer: a) Kruskal-Wallis test
When is it advisable to use nonparametric tests instead of parametric tests?
a) When the data are normally distributed
b) When the sample size is small
c) When the assumptions of parametric tests are violated
d) When the population variance is known
Answer: c) When the assumptions of parametric tests are violated
Nonparametric Tests:
In nonparametric tests, what is often used as a measure of central tendency instead of the
mean?
a) Mode
b) Median
c) Range
d) Standard deviation
Answer: b) Median
Which nonparametric test is used for comparing medians of two independent groups?
a) Mann-Whitney U test
b) Independent samples t-test
c) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
d) Kruskal-Wallis test
Answer: a) Mann-Whitney U test
What is the nonparametric equivalent of the independent samples t-test?
a) Mann-Whitney U test
b) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
c) Paired samples t-test
d) Kruskal-Wallis test
Answer: a) Mann-Whitney U test
Which nonparametric test is appropriate for comparing medians of more than two groups?
a) Kruskal-Wallis test
b) Mann-Whitney U test
c) Friedman test
d) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Answer: a) Kruskal-Wallis test
When is it advisable to use nonparametric tests instead of parametric tests?
a) When the data are normally distributed
b) When the sample size is small
c) When the assumptions of parametric tests are violated
d) When the population variance is known
Answer: c) When the assumptions of parametric tests are violated
Aspect Parametric Tests Nonparametric Tests
Assume a specific
distribution (usually Few or no assumptions about the
Assumptions normal). distribution.
Typically used for interval Can be used with ordinal,
Data Type or ratio data. interval, or ratio data.
Often suitable for larger Can be used with smaller sample
Sample Size sample sizes. sizes.
Type of Typically used with Applicable to both continuous
Variables continuous variables. and categorical variables.
- Independent samples t-
Test Examples test - Mann-Whitney U Test
- Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) - Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
- Pearson Correlation - Kruskal-Wallis Test
More powerful when May be less powerful, especially
Power assumptions are met. with larger samples.
Data Assumes a normal Does not assume a specific
Distribution distribution. distribution.
Suitable for normally Used when assumptions of
Use Cases distributed data. parametric tests cannot be met.
Less robust to violations of More robust to violations of
Robustness assumptions. distributional assumptions.
Testing means, variances, Testing medians, distributions,
Examples correlations. ranks.
Research steps
What is the first step in the research process?
a) Data analysis
b) Formulating a research question
c) Writing the research report
d) Conducting a literature review
Answer: b) Formulating a research question
What is the purpose of a literature review in the research process?
a) Collecting primary data
b) Summarizing research findings
c) Analyzing statistical tests
d) Developing a research hypothesis
Answer: b) Summarizing research findings
What is the key function of a research hypothesis?
a) Identifying the research problem
b) Providing a rationale for the study
c) Guiding the data analysis process
d) Summarizing the literature review
Answer: c) Guiding the data analysis process
Which step involves selecting a sample from the population?
a) Data collection
b) Formulating a research question
c) Literature review
d) Data analysis
Answer: a) Data collection
What does the term "operationalization" refer to in the research process?
a) Developing a research hypothesis
b) Defining variables in measurable terms
c) Conducting statistical tests
d) Writing the research report
Answer: b) Defining variables in measurable terms
What is the primary purpose of data analysis in the research process?
a) Developing a research hypothesis
b) Summarizing the literature review
c) Drawing conclusions from the data
d) Conducting a literature review
Answer: c) Drawing conclusions from the data
Which step involves reporting the findings and conclusions of the study?
a) Formulating a research question
b) Data collection
c) Conducting statistical tests
d) Writing the research report
Answer: d) Writing the research report
What is the significance of peer review in the research process?
a) Selecting a research topic
b) Providing ethical approval
c) Evaluating the quality of research before publication
d) Conducting a literature review
Answer: c) Evaluating the quality of research before publication
In the research process, what is the purpose of the conclusion section in a research report?
a) Presenting raw data
b) Summarizing the literature review
c) Highlighting limitations and suggesting future research
d) Developing a research hypothesis
Answer: c) Highlighting limitations and suggesting future research
What step involves obtaining informed consent from research participants?
a) Data analysis
b) Conducting a literature review
c) Data collection
d) Formulating a research question
Answer: c) Data collection
Scale
What is the highest level of measurement that allows for ranking and equal intervals between
values?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Answer: b) Ordinal
Which measurement scale represents categories with no inherent order and no numerical
significance?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Answer: a) Nominal
What characteristic distinguishes the interval scale from the ordinal scale?
a) Equal intervals between values
b) Ranking of categories
c) Absolute zero point
d) Nominal categories
Answer: a) Equal intervals between values
On which scale can you perform meaningful arithmetic operations and calculate ratios?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Answer: d) Ratio
Which measurement scale allows for the identification of a true zero point?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Answer: d) Ratio
In which scale is it appropriate to say that one value is twice as much as another?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Answer: d) Ratio
What is a characteristic of the ordinal scale?
a) Absence of an absolute zero point
b) Equal intervals between values
c) Meaningful arithmetic operations
d) Identifiable rank order
Answer: d) Identifiable rank order
Which scale can represent qualitative distinctions with no numerical value assigned?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Answer: a) Nominal
On an interval scale, what is the significance of zero?
a) It represents an absolute absence.
b) It is arbitrary and does not imply absence.
c) It indicates the lowest possible value.
d) It represents a true zero point.
Answer: b) It is arbitrary and does not imply absence.
What type of measurement scale is suitable for variables with categories that have a natural
order?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
Answer: b) Ordinal
Type 1-2 error
What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
a) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
b) Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
c) Accepting an alternative hypothesis
d) Obtaining a significant result
Answer: a) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
Which of the following statements is true regarding Type I and Type II errors?
a) Type I error is more serious than Type II error.
b) Type II error is more serious than Type I error.
c) Both Type I and Type II errors are equally serious.
d) Type I and Type II errors are not relevant in hypothesis testing.
Answer: a) Type I error is more serious than Type II error.
In a medical diagnosis scenario, what does a Type II error represent?
a) Incorrectly diagnosing a healthy patient as sick
b) Correctly diagnosing a sick patient as healthy
c) Diagnosing a patient with a rare disease
d) Failing to reject a null hypothesis
Answer: b) Correctly diagnosing a sick patient as healthy
What is the probability of making a Type I error called?
a) Power
b) Significance level
c) Beta (β)
d) Alpha (α)
Answer: d) Alpha (α)
In a criminal trial, what does a Type II error represent?
a) Acquitting an innocent person
b) Convicting a guilty person
c) Presuming innocence
d) Presuming guilt
Answer: a) Acquitting an innocent person
What is the primary purpose of debriefing in research?
a) To manipulate participants
b) To inform participants about the study's true purpose
c) To withhold information from participants
d) To deceive participants further
Answer: b) To inform participants about the study's true purpose
Which ethical principle emphasizes the need for voluntary participation in research studies?
a) Justice
b) Respect for Persons
c) Beneficence
d) Integrity
Answer: b) Respect for Persons
Deception in research involves:
a) Providing participants with all relevant information
b) Withholding information about the research purpose
c) Obtaining informed consent from participants
d) Conducting transparent research
Answer: b) Withholding information about the research purpose
What is the term for providing participants with complete information about the research
before their involvement?
a) Deception
b) Withholding
c) Informed consent
d) Confidentiality
Answer: c) Informed consent
Which ethical principle focuses on minimizing harm and maximizing benefits for research
participants?
a) Justice
b) Respect for Persons
c) Beneficence
d) Honesty
Answer: c) Beneficence
When is deception considered ethically justifiable in research?
a) Always
b) When participants are not informed afterward
c) When it is necessary for the research and alternatives are not feasible
d) Only in medical research
Answer: c) When it is necessary for the research and alternatives are not feasible
What ethical principle emphasizes the fair distribution of research burdens and benefits
among participants?
a) Justice
b) Respect for Persons
c) Beneficence
d) Honesty
Answer: a) Justice
Which type of research typically involves debriefing to address any misconceptions or
concerns among participants?
a) Cross-sectional studies
b) Experimental studies
c) Descriptive studies
d) Observational studies
Answer: b) Experimental studies
In research, confidentiality means:
a) Fully disclosing the study purpose to participants
b) Protecting participants' privacy and keeping their information secure
c) Deceiving participants about the nature of the study
d) Obtaining informed consent after the study
Answer: b) Protecting participants' privacy and keeping their information secure
What should researchers do if they encounter unforeseen ethical issues during a study?
a) Ignore the issues to avoid disrupting the research
b) Proceed with the study as planned
c) Address the issues promptly, seek guidance, and make necessary changes
d) Exclude affected participants from the study
Answer: c) Address the issues promptly, seek guidance, and make necessary changes
What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in
research involving animals?
a) To approve research proposals
b) To conduct the research
c) To administer anesthesia
d) To provide veterinary care
Answer: a) To approve research proposals
Which ethical principle emphasizes the responsible and humane treatment of animals in
research?
a) Respect for Persons
b) Beneficence
c) Justice
d) Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs)
Answer: b) Beneficence
What does the "3Rs" principle aim to achieve in research with animals?
a) Animal cloning
b) Ethical review
c) Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement
d) Animal liberation
Answer: c) Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement
In the context of animal research, what does "Replacement" refer to in the 3Rs principle?
a) Reducing the number of animals used
b) Using alternative methods that do not involve animals
c) Refining experimental procedures
d) Replacing animals with human participants
Answer: b) Using alternative methods that do not involve animals
What is the role of the Principle Investigator (PI) in research involving animals?
a) Conducting veterinary examinations
b) Handling all administrative tasks
c) Designing and overseeing the research, including animal care and welfare
d) Monitoring ethical issues during experiments
Answer: c) Designing and overseeing the research, including animal care and welfare
