APA STYLE

Referencing Guide

At a glance:
The APA style is an author/date style used for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association Publication Manual (2010) 6th edition; check with your lecturer regarding the style and edition to use. A significant change in the 6th edition is the inclusion of the DOI (digital object identifier) when referencing an online journal article. If a doi is available it should be included, otherwise give the URL of the home page of the journal (not the database you've retrieved it from) For further information on APA style consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association available in the Main Library at BF76.7 P83 2010

In-text references
Where you are paraphrasing someone elses work, acknowledge this with the author's name(s), year of publication and page or paragraph number if referring to a specific section.

If the authors' names form part of your sentence you do not need to include them in the brackets.

Reference list
An alphabetical list at the end of the text giving full details for each corresponding in-text reference

Include the page numbers if you directly quote another work

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Examples of different items formatted for a reference list:

Print sources
Books Only the author's initials are included regardless of the presentation of the author's name in the source document Only the first letter of the first word of the title (and subtitle, if given) and proper nouns (the names of peoples, place or organisations, etc.) are capitalised. Standard format Author(s) of book family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book italicised. Place of publication: Publisher. Single author or editor Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York, NY: Harper Perrenial Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Two or more authors or editors Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin. DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Child development: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Binstock, R. H., & George, L. K. (Eds.). (1990). Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press. No author The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Edition other than first DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Child development: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. (The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first edition) Multiple volumes Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (In text, use the following parenthetical citation: (Koch, 1959-1963)
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Series Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L. Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1. Job analysis and the curriculum (pp. 140-146). Personnel Research Staff, Office of Personnel, United States Department of Agriculture. Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation) Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Brisbane, Australia: Author. Conference (complete conference proceedings) Proceedings of the National Conference on Graduate Education in Psychology, University of Utah, 1988. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum. Government publication Queensland Health. (2005). Health Systems Review Final Report. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Government. Australia. Department of Health and Aged Care. (1999). Mental health: A report focusing on depression, 1998. Canberra, ACT: AGPS Scientific / Technical report Lewis, F. E. (2006). Remedial education at higher education institutions in fall 2005 (GPO No: ED 1.328/5:R 28). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education. Patent / Standard Borwin, G. F. (2008). U.S. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Thesis or dissertation Thesis in print: Published May, B. (2007) A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud. Bristol, England: Canopus Publishing. Thesis in print: Unpublished Hos, J. (2005). Mechanochemically synthesized nanomaterials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell membranes. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia. Parts of a Book These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. Only the first letter of the first word of the title of the chapter or part is capitalised
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When providing details of the book editor(s), the editors initials are given first, followed by the surname. Author(s) of chapter family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

Article/ chapter in a book McGaghie, W. C., Butter, J., & Kaye, M. (2009). Observational assessment. In S. M. Downing & R. Yudkowsky (Eds.), Assessment in health professions education (pp. 185-215). New York, NY: Routledge Hine, C. (2001). Ethnography in the laboratory. In D. N. Gellner & E. Hirsch (Eds.), Inside organizations: Anthropologists at work (pp. 61-76). Oxford, England: Berg. Payne, S. (1999). 'Dangerous and different': Reconstructions of madness in the 1990s and the role of mental health policy. In S. Watson & L. Doyal (Eds.), Engendering social policy (pp. 180-195). Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press. Conference or Seminar Paper Scheinin, P. (2009). Using student assessment to improve teaching and educational policy. In M. O'Keefe, E. Webb, & K. Hoad (Eds.), Assessment and student learning: Collecting, interpreting and using data to inform teaching. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research. Journal Articles If the journal article has a digital object identifier (DOI), include this in your reference. If there is no DOI and you have accessed the article electronically, include the URL of the journals homepage in your reference

Standard format Journal article with DOI (print or electronic) Author(s) of journal article family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name italicised, Volume italicised( Issue or number), Page number(s). doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Journal article DOI not available and journal retrieved online Author(s) of journal article family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name italicised, Volume italicised( Issue or number), Page number(s). Retrieved from http: www.xxxxxx

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One to seven authors include all authors Journal article from print journal with no DOI Lowrie, T., & Diezmann, C. M. (2009). National numeracy tests: A graphic tells a thousand words. Australian Journal of Education, 53(2), 141-158. Journal article with DOI two authors Kerrigan, A. M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternal obesity and pregnancy: A retrospective study. Midwifery, 26, 138-146. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005 Electronic journal article with no DOI up to seven authors Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/ journals/adb/index.aspx Eight or more authors Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., . . . Griffin. W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 843-856. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.843 Note: Include all authors up to and including seven. For eight or more, include the first six, then an ellipsis, followed by the last author's name. Organization as author Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Sources of health insurance and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington, DC: Author No author given The pain of being a caffeine freak. (2001, October 6). New Scientist, 172(2311), 27. Article is in a supplement to a volume Smith, K. S., & Berridge, B. R. (2005). The ventral pallidum and hedonic reward: Neurochemical maps of sucrose "liking" and food intake [Supplemental data]. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(38):8637-8649. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1902-05.2005 Article is in a supplement to an issue Haney, C., & Wiener, R. L. (Eds.). 2004. Capital punishment in the United States [Special issue]. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(4). Newspaper article Reed, D. (2000, July 26). Top judge gets tough on killers. The West Australian. Retrieved July 26, 2000, from http://www.thewest.com.au/.

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 Electronic sources
Generally include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a reference to a fixed-media source and add as much electronic retrieval information as needed for others to locate the sources you cite. An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details. The access information will usually be just the URL of the source.

E-Books Standard format DOI available Author, A., and Author, B.(date of original publication). Title of e-book: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher. doi: 10.XXXX/XXXXXXXX.XX

No DOI available Author, A., and Author, B.(date of original publication). Title of e-book: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher. Retrieved from Source: internet address

Whole book Eckes, T. (2000). The developmental social psychology of gender. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Retrieved from netLibrary: http://www.netlibrary.com Article/chapter from an electronic book Jones, N. A., & Gagnon, C. M. (2007). The neurophysiology of empathy. In T. F. D. Farrow & P. W. R. Woodruff (Eds.), Empathy in mental illness. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from EBL: http://reader.eblib.com.au E-Journals Standard format DOI available Article Author, A. A., & Article Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), inclusive page or paragraph numbers. doi:10.XXX/XXXXX.XX No DOI available Article Author, A. A., & Article Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), inclusive page or paragraph numbers. Retrieved Month date, Year, from Database name.

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Journal article abstract accessed from online database Lassen, S. R., Steele, M. M. & Sailor, W. (2006). The relationship of school-wide positive behaviour support to academic achievement in an urban middle school. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 701-712. Abstract retrieved from http://www.interscience.wiley.com Journal article from online full-text database Journal article from online full-text database with DOI Vogels, A. G. C., Crone, M. R., Hoekstra, F., & Reijneveld, S.A. (2009). Comparing three short questionnaires to detect psychosocial dysfunction among primary school children: a randomized method. BMC Public Health 9, 489. doi:10.1186/1471-24589-489 Journal article from online full-text database with no DOI Altobelli, T. (2009). Family violence and parenting: Future directions in practice. Australian Journal of Family Law, 23, 194. Retrieved January 22, 2010, from LexisNexis AU. Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet) Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 3848. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100 Journal article in an electronic journal subscription Fallon, A., & Engel, C. (2008). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The Practising Midwife, 11(9), 1-27. Retrieved from http://www.practisingmidwife.co.uk Newspaper article from online database Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen as suicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26. Retrieved from Factiva database. Newspaper article from the Internet Sandy, A. (2009, January 22).Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/ Internet/Web Sites Standard format Author(s) of page person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page italicised. Retrieved from web address. Do not include retrieval date unless the material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).
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Professional Internet site/page (corporate or organisational author) Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour modification. Retrieved from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/ behaviour_mod.htm Personal Internet site/page Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to find fundraising ideas [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://nlrp.blogspot.com/ General Internet site/page Queensland Health. (2009). Sun safety and physical activity. Retrieved from http://access.health.qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalAct ivity_ap.asp. Podcasts Al Zaabi, M. (Producer) & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter). (2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/hn/talks/ Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007), December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ Other Items Standard format Artist, A. A. (Credit), & Artist, B. B. (Credit). (Year of copyright, Date of recording). Title of episode. Title of Programme: Subtitle [format]. Place of recording: Publisher. (Year of recording if different from year of copyright).

Microform French, L. A. (1986). Cognitive consequences of education: transfer of training in the elderly (Ph.D. thesis - University of Illinois, 1980) [Microform]. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International. Video recording/film Smith, S. (Producer). (2009). Excellence in teaching : Lesson planning [DVD]. Plainview, NY : Sunburst Media. Television Program Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001, September 12). The Bryant medical hour [Television broadcast]. Sydney, Australia: Public Broadcasting Service.
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Abbreviations

The following abbreviations may be used in your citations:

ed. et al. No. para. Pt. Rev.ed Suppl. Vol.

edition and others number (series) paragraph part Revised edition supplement volume (book)

p./(pp.) page/pages (book)

Further information
This is not a comprehensive guide. Please refer to the following sources when you require further information or more detailed examples:

Publication manual: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Located on Level 3, BF76.7 .P83 2010 [copies also held in Reserve] Internet site: American Psychological Association. (2009). APA Style. Retrieved January 4, 2010, from http://www.apastyle.org

Acknowledgements
Examples used in this guide were taken from: University of Queensland Library, 2010, http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/apa_6.pdf Murdoch University Library 2010, http://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/content.php?pid=63242&sid=466313 Nova Southeastern University 2010, http://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992685
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